Home Dynamics of mid-channel bars in the Middle Vistula River in response to ferry crossing abutment construction
Article Open Access

Dynamics of mid-channel bars in the Middle Vistula River in response to ferry crossing abutment construction

  • Anna Sosnowska EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 7, 2020
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The investigation focused on the non-migrating mid-channel bars that emerged in the river channel as a consequence of river engineering. A reach of around 280 km of Middle Vistula River (Poland) was taken into account as the study site. The most vivid examples of the river engineering works potentially influencing the river channel are the ferry crossings. Along the Middle Vistula River reach, there are 17 ferry crossings that were constructed from 1970s to 1990s. A cartographic analysis was carried out to determine the influence of the ferry crossing construction over the river channel. It was performed on the basis of aerial photographs (traditional aerial photography and UAV photography). In 3 out of 17 potential localizations, the emergence of large non-migrating mid-channel bars was observed. A study of cartographic materials (from 1950s to 2000s) allowed determination of the dynamics of those bars, including time of emergence and the changes of their size.

Keywords: channel bars; river engineering; Middle Vistula River; sediment transport

1 Introduction

Channel bars in alluvial rivers are integral structures in the river channels [1]. The reasons for non-migrating mid-channel bar development can be either channel planform variations or changes in channel width [2,3]. The nature of those processes can be dual: natural or activated. Irrespective of the reasons for mid-channel bar formation, the conditions in which they are formed are always similar. The emergence of bars in the river channel is always connected to high water flows which are characterized by high transporting potential. Not without a significance is the geological aspect of the river valleys. Valleys of rivers flowing in lowlands are composed of deep erosional base which is filled with alluvial deposits. Without such geological structure, the river would not have the possibility to adapt and reshape its channel in response to the flow dynamics [4].

The process of mid-channel bar creation itself in the river channel was described by many authors. In braided rivers, where different types of bars are ubiquitous, this process can be generalized into three steps. First, at the junction of two channels, a scour hole develops due to high flow velocity and flow turbulence in the central part of the joint channel. Then, the deposition of bed material begins downstream the scour hole, which is considered as bar growth. Finally, the size of the deposited bar is big enough to direct the flow into adjacent banks. This provokes bank erosion and flow divergence and results in creating two separate channels again [5].

Apart from flow dynamics, vegetation is the factor that is strongly connected to the stability of bars and islands, especially in braided rivers [6]. Experiments [7] show that the existence of riparian vegetation reduces the number of active channels in a braided river and reduces the mobility of the channel, simultaneously strengthening the banks and bars in the channel.

As long as the morphological changes in the channel occur naturally in small rivers, they are usually of low importance. It is different in the case of big rivers that are widely used in many ways (e.g., transportation, water supply and energy plants). Any change in the river morphology may affect the exploit of the river. In this case, Vistula River, the biggest river in Poland, is discussed. Thus, any morphological changes are very important and need close observation.

The main objective of the present work is to describe the trends and the rate of the mid-channel bar formation due to the human impacted contraction of the river channel. The most vivid example of river engineering works that lead to sharp narrowing of the main channel is the construction of ferry crossings.

2 Study site

Vistula River is the longest and the biggest river in Poland. It has a length of over 1,000 km and a catchment area of almost 2,00,000 sq km. The whole river, due to hydrological conditions, is divided into the following three reaches: upper, middle and lower one. The focus is on the Middle Vistula River reach, which stretches from the mouth of San River (297.7 km of Vistula) to the mouth of Narew River (550.5 km of Vistula). The floodplain valley width varied along the Middle Vistula and is from 1.1 to 14 km. The whole river reach is embanked, regulated and equipped with technical devices, such as water intakes, gauging stations, bridges and ferry crossings [8]. However, the last large-scale engineering works in the river channel were conducted in 1960s and 1970s of the last century. Since that time, there were only necessary renovations carried out of local coverage. Thus, the technical condition of the river engineering constructions is rather moderate or even weak.

Middle Vistula River is a big sandy braided river, with a predominance of sediments being transported as bedload. Even though it does not look like a typical braided river with multiple anabranches, it fulfils majority of the braided river’s characteristics, such as high stream power, non-uniform flow, unconsolidated flow and non-uniform bed topography [5]. Average yearly river load for Vistula River in Warsaw (for 1948/1949–1960/1961) was calculated to be around 0.5 million cu m. [9]. This value was then confirmed in calculations for 2006–2007 [10].

The origin of the Vistula River is connected to the glaciations that took place in the Quaternary and the period of great climatic changes between Pleistocene and Holocene. Those changes resulted in the gradual development of meandering river channel as a consequence of equalization of discharges. Vistula River has maintained its meandering character up to seventeenth century. Since then, as a result of human activity, the hydrological conditions have changed to more extreme flows leading to the formation of braided river pattern by the Vistula. [11]

The contemporary braided channel of the Middle Vistula River is confined by cohesive deposits. Their existence in the river channel, as revealed by the field studies, takes the shape of elevations made of non-erodible deposits. Those forms are exposed in the channel bottom during floods and prevent the river from eroding deeply along its whole length. The morphology of these elevations affects the position of the flood main stream and the localization of erosional processes [4].

In the preliminary studies, the whole Middle Vistula River reach, which is about 280 km long, was investigated. Along this river section, 17 ferry crossings were identified, which could possibly have strong impact on the local river morphology. At each crossing localization, the river fragment of about 1 km upstream and 3 km downstream was considered. Due to the restricted availability of the archival aerial photographs, 13 ferry crossings were finally analysed. In only three localizations, the emergence of large non-migrating mid-channel bars was observed. According to the terminology used by Smith [12], all of the identified bars were unit bars of longitudinal shape.

Those localizations (Figure 1) are as follows:

  • Gassy–Karczew crossing (488 km of Vistula River; Figure 2),

  • Brzumin–Piwonin crossing (469 km of Vistula River; Figure 3) and

  • Latków–Ostrów crossing (440 km of Vistula River; Figure 4).

Figure 1 Localization of the ferry crossing constructions investigated in the study, map source [13].
Figure 1

Localization of the ferry crossing constructions investigated in the study, map source [13].

Figure 2 Localization of the Gassy–Karczew ferry crossing, map source [13].
Figure 2

Localization of the Gassy–Karczew ferry crossing, map source [13].

Figure 3 Localization of the Brzumin–Piwonin ferry crossing, map source [13].
Figure 3

Localization of the Brzumin–Piwonin ferry crossing, map source [13].

Figure 4 Localization of the Latków–Ostrów ferry crossing, map source [13].
Figure 4

Localization of the Latków–Ostrów ferry crossing, map source [13].

Those three localizations were analysed deeply in the next step of the study. First, some geometry measurements were made. They include the width of the ferry crossing, the width of the main river channel and the width of the flood channel. The width of the ferry crossing is the distance between two abutments of the crossing. The main river channel width is the distance between the right and left bank of the river, just upstream the ferry crossing. The flood channel width is the distance between the embankments, which was measured about 5B in length upstream the crossing (while B is the main channel width). Then, based on those values two concentration coefficients (for main channel and for flood channel) were calculated to characterize the cross-sections on the Vistula River at the ferry crossings. Geometry of the river channel and the ferry crossings is described subsequently.

2.1 Gassy–Karczew crossing

The ferry crossing between Gassy and Karczew is localized in 488 km of Vistula River. It was commissioned in 1981, but the construction is visible in the river channel on the photographs from 1979. The ferryboat operates from April to November as long as the hydraulic parameters of the river allow for that. The structure consists of two abutments protruding from the banks of the river channel. The crossing is placed in the central part of the channel’s cross-section. Considering the planform of the river, it is localized at the run (inflection) between two bends. The width of the crossing is around 190 m, while the distance between the bank upstream and downstream the crossing is about 460 m. The channel contraction ratio at the crossing is 41%. The flood channel width is around 980 m and that gives the flood concentration coefficient of 17%.

2.2 Brzumin–Piwonin crossing

The Brzumin–Piwonin ferry crossing is localized in 469 km of Vistula River. The structure was commissioned in 1983. There is no ferryboat operating regularly here. Two protruding abutments create a narrowing that is positioned centrally in the cross-section. However, at the right bank of the river channel there is a stable point bar that was formed in the past and now creates a new shoreline. This gives an impression that the crossing is positioned at the right bank. The crossing is localized at the run. The width of the narrowed channel at the crossing is 210 m. The width of the river channel upstream and downstream is around 280 m. The contraction ratio is 75%. The width of the flood channel is about 1,100 m. The flood concentration ratio is 19%.

2.3 Latków–Ostrów crossing

The crossing connecting Latków and Ostrów is localized in 440 km of Vistula River. It was commissioned in 1992. The ferryboat operates periodically during favourable river conditions. The structure is composed of one abutment protruding from the right bank of the river channel. At the left bank, there is only some bank reinforcement. The crossing is about 170 m wide, while the cross-section of the river channel is around 460 m. That gives the contraction ratio of 37%. The flood channel width is around 980 m, so the flood concentration coefficient is 19%.

The summary of the most important data concerning those three ferry crossings is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Description of the ferry crossings

Ferry crossingLocalization in cross sectionLocalization in planformWidth of the crossing (m)Width of river channel (m)Width of flood channel (m)Contraction ratio (%)Flood concentration ratio (%)
GassyCentralRun1904609804117
BrzuminCentral (right bank)Run2102801,1007519
LatkówLeft bankRun1704609803719

3 Methods

The method of comparison of cartographic materials used in this work is common and suitable for river morphology evaluation [14,15,16]. The investigation of the changes in the river channel was based on the analysis of the aerial photographs of the river that were taken in different time periods. Distinct series of photographs come from years: 1959, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1997, 2000s (2003–2007) and 2018 (only for Gassy crossing). The hydrological conditions corresponding to the distinct series are similar. All the photographs were taken for flow values between mean and low flow values. This is particularly important for morphological analysis, as all the structures in the channel are clearly visible during low stages. Example hydrological data (for Warszawa–Nadwilanówka gauging station) are presented in Table 2 together with the corresponding values of mean and low flow.

Table 2

Information about aerial photographs’ series [17]

SeriesDateStage (cm)Flow (cu m per s)Mean flowa (cu m per s)Low flowa (cu m per s)
195913-Sep-1959—b573 (±117) 211 (±58)
19797-Oct-1979127338
198127-Oct-1981204483
198431-Oct-1984143373
19978-Dec-1997319541
200319-Sep-2003192193
201813-Oct-2018
  1. a

    Values for Warszawa–Nadwilanówka gauging station for time period from 1951 to 1990 according to [17].

  2. b

    Gauging station non-existent.

The analysis of the photographs was conducted using ArcGIS software by georeferencing the pictures coming from distinct series. Based on the photographs some morphological measures were compared for each series of photographs. Those were as follows:

  • Course of the shorelines.

  • Contours of the mid-channel bars.

  • Area of the mid-channel bars.

The effect of the photograph comparison for all three localizations is visible in Figures 5–7.

Figure 5 Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Gassy–Karczew crossing.
Figure 5

Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Gassy–Karczew crossing.

Figure 6 Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Brzumin–Piwonin crossing.
Figure 6

Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Brzumin–Piwonin crossing.

Figure 7 Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Latków–Ostrów crossing.
Figure 7

Changes in shorelines and mid-channel bars for Latków–Ostrów crossing.

4 Results

In case of all three localizations, some changes in shorelines were observed. For Gassy crossing, the width of the channel has been slightly decreasing in time along the analysed fragment. There is only one exception, on the right bank along the bow downstream the crossing, the process of bank erosion was observed. As it was stated in [18], the right bank of the channel has moved around 270 m (from 1959 to 2003). In the second localization (Brzumin), slight changes in shorelines along the section are visible as well. The channel has been narrowed with the exception of the fragment along the mid-channel bar that has arose downstream the crossing. Along this bar, channel widening is visible. At both banks, the widening is of about 100–200 m. In the case of Latków crossing, there are no significant changes in shoreline localization yet.

Considering the mid-channel bar development, in all three localizations the dimensions of the bars have increased in time (Figure 8 and Table 3).

Figure 8 Area of mid-channel bars.
Figure 8

Area of mid-channel bars.

Table 3

Development of the mid-channel bars in all three localizations

Ferry crossingArea of the bar (sq m)Mean rate of increase (sq m per year)
19591981198419972003–20072018–2019
Gassy089,0001,35,7001,33,2004,46,6006,92,40018,700
Brzumin01,20,4002,91,9002,95,8002,96,90012,400
Latków00045,6002,28,50015,200

The data presented in Figure 8 and Table 3 show that the character of the mid-channel bar development is different for Brzumin localization than for the Gassy and Latków localizations. For Brzumin crossing, the emergence of the bar was very quick with the rate of almost 60,000 sq m per year and since 1984 the size of the bar is quite stable, around 3,00,000 sq m. Mid-channel bar in Gassy is the biggest (almost 7,00,000 sq m), with the biggest pace of increase (18,700 sq m per year). Mid-channel bar in Latków has emerged lately, but the rate of the bar development is quite high as well.

5 Discussion/conclusion

River engineering structures, such as ferry crossings, certainly have an impact on the river channel locally. In the case of ferry crossings in Gassy and Brzumin, significant changes in shorelines were noticed. Along the emerged mid-channel bars, widening of the river channel was observed. In all of the discussed cases, the area of the emerged mid-channel bars was increasing in time. The rate of the bar development was different for the crossings in Gassy and Latków than for the crossing in Brzumin. The former were rather uniform, while the bar in Brzumin has developed very quickly at the beginning and then became more or less steady.

The main reason of the development of such big and stable mid-channel bars downstream the crossings is sharp narrowing of the river channel by the construction of ferry crossings. Not without the significance is the fact that the width of the narrowed channel at the crossing, in all three cases, is smaller than the regulatory width of the channel (about 220 m) for Middle Vistula. Probably, if the crossings were constructed to fit the existing regulatory parameters, the mid-channel bars would not have been developed, as it was in the case of other ten ferry crossings along Middle Vistula that were analysed in preliminary studies.

Also, the geometry of the river channel at the crossing and of the ferry crossing itself is meaningful. The values of the concentration ratio for Gassy and Latków crossings are similar (around 40%) and for Brzumin it is 75%. The value of flood concentration ratio is similar for all three crossings and is from 17 to 19%. Since the largest morphological changes of the river channel occur during floods, it is worth examining the values of those coefficients in other cases of the ferry crossings along Middle Vistula River.

The emergence of big mid-channel bars in described localizations is certainly a sign of some morphological processes occurring in the river channel. However, after stabilization of the bars by vegetation and in favourable hydrological conditions (low and mean discharges), the bars themselves can become obstacles for water flow, being simultaneously the factor influencing further morphological processes in the channel.

On the other hand, the stability of the river morphology at Middle Vistula River reach can be strongly connected to the specific geological structure of the channel zone. As it was stated in [19], sub-alluvial bedrock protrusions affect the direction of high-water flow and erosion in the channel zone. Non-erodible elevations of bedrocks in the river channel may create favourable localizations of the alluvia deposition. This may result in the emergence of stable mid-channel bars directly at the bedrock protrusions.

Constantly increasing mid-channel bars will have the impact on the channel morphology as well as ecological and economical effects.

References

[1] Wang BY, Xu J. Dynamics of 30 large channel bars in the Lower Mississippi River in response to the river engineering from 1985 to 2015. Geomorphology. 2018;300:31–44.10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.041Search in Google Scholar

[2] Wintenberger CL, Rodrigues S, Claude N, Juge P, Breheret J-G, Villar M. Dynamics of nonmigrating mid-channel bar and superimposed dunes in a sandy-gravelly river (Loire River, France). Geomorphology. 2015;248:185–204.10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.032Search in Google Scholar

[3] Luchi R, Hooke JM, Zolezzi G, Bertoldi W. Width variations and mid-channel bar inception in meanders: River Bollin (UK). Geomorphology. 2010;119:1–8.10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.01.010Search in Google Scholar

[4] Falkowski T. Alluvial bottom geology angered as a factor controlling channel flow along the Middle Vistula River, Poland. Geol Q. 2007;51:91–102.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Ashworth PJ. Mid-channel bar growth and its relationship to local flow strength and direction. Earth Surf Process Landf. 1996;21:103–23.10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199602)21:2<103::AID-ESP569>3.0.CO;2-OSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Gurnell A. Plants as river system engineers. Earth Surf Process Landf. 2014;39:4–25.10.1002/esp.3397Search in Google Scholar

[7] Gran K, Paola C. Riparian vegetation controls on braided stream dynamics. Water Resour Res. 2001;37:3275–83.10.1029/2000WR000203Search in Google Scholar

[8] Wierzbicki J. Wisła Środkowa. In: Piskozub A. Wisła: monografia rzeki. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności; 1982.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Skibiński J. Wleczenie rumowiska dennego przez Wisłę w rejonie Warszawy. Wiadomości Służby Hydrologicznej i Meteorologicznej. 1963;53:3–37.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Kuźniar P. Zmiany pionowego układu zwierciadła wody oraz morfologii dna koryta Wisły Warszawskiej na odcinku od km 497 do km 527 w świetle materiałów archiwalnych i wyników pomiarów 2008 r. Warszawa: Politechnika Warszawska; 2009 (Unpublished material).Search in Google Scholar

[11] Falkowska E, Falkowski T, Tatur A, Kałmykow-Piwińska A. Floodplain morphodynamics and distribution of trace elements in overbank deposits, Vistula River Valley Gorge near Solec nad Wisłą. Acta Geol Pol. 2016;66:541–59.10.1515/agp-2016-0025Search in Google Scholar

[12] Smith ND. Sedimentology and bar formation in the Upper Kicking Horse River, a Braided Outwash Stream. J Geol. 1974;82:205–23.10.1086/627959Search in Google Scholar

[13] www.geoportal.gov.pl.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Popek Z, Wasilewicz M. Variability of morphological conditions of the Vistula river channel in the section Czerwińsk-Kępa Polska. Ann Wars Univ Life Sci – SGGW, Land Reclam. 2015;47:19–29.10.1515/sggw-2015-0011Search in Google Scholar

[15] Forysiak J. The application of aerial photo analysis to reconstruct anabranching system of middle part of the Warta river valley. Landf Anal. 2010;13:13–18.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Madaleno F, Fernandez-Yuste J. Meander dynamics in changing river corridor. Geomorphology. 2011;130:197–207.10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.03.016Search in Google Scholar

[17] Fal B, Bogdanowicz E. Characteristic flow values of the main Polish rivers in the years 1951–1990: a new publication by the IMGW. Gospodarka Wodna. 1998;9:178–1789.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Sosnowska A. Riverbed transformation as a result of a ferry crossing construction – case study. MATEC Web Conf. 2019;262:1–6.10.1051/matecconf/201926201002Search in Google Scholar

[19] Bujakowski F, Falkowski T. Hydrogeological analysis supported by remote sensing methods as a tool for assessing the safety of embankments (case study from Vistula River Valley, Poland). Water. 2019;11:266.10.3390/w11020266Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-07-24
Revised: 2019-11-10
Accepted: 2019-11-15
Published Online: 2020-07-07

© 2020 Anna Sosnowska, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The simulation approach to the interpretation of archival aerial photographs
  3. The application of137Cs and210Pbexmethods in soil erosion research of Titel loess plateau, Vojvodina, Northern Serbia
  4. Provenance and tectonic significance of the Zhongwunongshan Group from the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt in China: insights from zircon geochronology
  5. Analysis, Assessment and Early Warning of Mudflow Disasters along the Shigatse Section of the China–Nepal Highway
  6. Sedimentary succession and recognition marks of lacustrine gravel beach-bars, a case study from the Qinghai Lake, China
  7. Predicting small water courses’ physico-chemical status from watershed characteristics with two multivariate statistical methods
  8. An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent
  9. A new statistical approach to the geochemical systematics of Italian alkaline igneous rocks
  10. The significance of karst areas in European national parks and geoparks
  11. Geochronology, trace elements and Hf isotopic geochemistry of zircons from Swat orthogneisses, Northern Pakistan
  12. Regional-scale drought monitor using synthesized index based on remote sensing in northeast China
  13. Application of combined electrical resistivity tomography and seismic reflection method to explore hidden active faults in Pingwu, Sichuan, China
  14. Impact of interpolation techniques on the accuracy of large-scale digital elevation model
  15. Natural and human-induced factors controlling the phreatic groundwater geochemistry of the Longgang River basin, South China
  16. Land use/land cover assessment as related to soil and irrigation water salinity over an oasis in arid environment
  17. Effect of tillage, slope, and rainfall on soil surface microtopography quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices during sheet erosion
  18. Validation of the number of tie vectors in post-processing using the method of frequency in a centric cube
  19. An integrated petrophysical-based wedge modeling and thin bed AVO analysis for improved reservoir characterization of Zhujiang Formation, Huizhou sub-basin, China: A case study
  20. A grain size auto-classification of Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin, China
  21. Dynamics of mid-channel bars in the Middle Vistula River in response to ferry crossing abutment construction
  22. Estimation of permeability and saturation based on imaginary component of complex resistivity spectra: A laboratory study
  23. Distribution characteristics of typical geological relics in the Western Sichuan Plateau
  24. Inconsistency distribution patterns of different remote sensing land-cover data from the perspective of ecological zoning
  25. A new methodological approach (QEMSCAN®) in the mineralogical study of Polish loess: Guidelines for further research
  26. Displacement and deformation study of engineering structures with the use of modern laser technologies
  27. Virtual resolution enhancement: A new enhancement tool for seismic data
  28. Aeromagnetic mapping of fault architecture along Lagos–Ore axis, southwestern Nigeria
  29. Deformation and failure mechanism of full seam chamber with extra-large section and its control technology
  30. Plastic failure zone characteristics and stability control technology of roadway in the fault area under non-uniformly high geostress: A case study from Yuandian Coal Mine in Northern Anhui Province, China
  31. Comparison of swarm intelligence algorithms for optimized band selection of hyperspectral remote sensing image
  32. Soil carbon stock and nutrient characteristics of Senna siamea grove in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana
  33. Carbonatites from the Southern Brazilian platform: I
  34. Seismicity, focal mechanism, and stress tensor analysis of the Simav region, western Turkey
  35. Application of simulated annealing algorithm for 3D coordinate transformation problem solution
  36. Application of the terrestrial laser scanner in the monitoring of earth structures
  37. The Cretaceous igneous rocks in southeastern Guangxi and their implication for tectonic environment in southwestern South China Block
  38. Pore-scale gas–water flow in rock: Visualization experiment and simulation
  39. Assessment of surface parameters of VDW foundation piles using geodetic measurement techniques
  40. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of toxic metals in agricultural soils from endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma region in South China
  41. An ABC-optimized fuzzy ELECTRE approach for assessing petroleum potential at the petroleum system level
  42. Microscopic mechanism of sandstone hydration in Yungang Grottoes, China
  43. Importance of traditional landscapes in Slovenia for conservation of endangered butterfly
  44. Landscape pattern and economic factors’ effect on prediction accuracy of cellular automata-Markov chain model on county scale
  45. The influence of river training on the location of erosion and accumulation zones (Kłodzko County, South West Poland)
  46. Multi-temporal survey of diaphragm wall with terrestrial laser scanning method
  47. Functionality and reliability of horizontal control net (Poland)
  48. Strata behavior and control strategy of backfilling collaborate with caving fully-mechanized mining
  49. The use of classical methods and neural networks in deformation studies of hydrotechnical objects
  50. Ice-crevasse sedimentation in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau (S Poland) during the final stage of the Drenthian Glaciation
  51. Structure of end moraines and dynamics of the recession phase of the Warta Stadial ice sheet, Kłodawa Upland, Central Poland
  52. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of post-mineralization dykes of the Sungun Cu–Mo porphyry deposit (Northwest Iran)
  53. Main problems of the research on the Palaeolithic of Halych-Dnister region (Ukraine)
  54. Application of isometric transformation and robust estimation to compare the measurement results of steel pipe spools
  55. Hybrid machine learning hydrological model for flood forecast purpose
  56. Rainfall thresholds of shallow landslides in Wuyuan County of Jiangxi Province, China
  57. Dynamic simulation for the process of mining subsidence based on cellular automata model
  58. Developing large-scale international ecological networks based on least-cost path analysis – a case study of Altai mountains
  59. Seismic characteristics of polygonal fault systems in the Great South Basin, New Zealand
  60. New approach of clustering of late Pleni-Weichselian loess deposits (L1LL1) in Poland
  61. Implementation of virtual reference points in registering scanning images of tall structures
  62. Constraints of nonseismic geophysical data on the deep geological structure of the Benxi iron-ore district, Liaoning, China
  63. Mechanical analysis of basic roof fracture mechanism and feature in coal mining with partial gangue backfilling
  64. The violent ground motion before the Jiuzhaigou earthquake Ms7.0
  65. Landslide site delineation from geometric signatures derived with the Hilbert–Huang transform for cases in Southern Taiwan
  66. Hydrological process simulation in Manas River Basin using CMADS
  67. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from Middle Jurassic sedimentary rocks in southwestern Fujian: Sedimentary provenance and its geological significance
  68. Analysis of pore throat characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs
  69. Effects of igneous intrusions on source rock in the early diagenetic stage: A case study on Beipiao Formation in Jinyang Basin, Northeast China
  70. Applying floodplain geomorphology to flood management (The Lower Vistula River upstream from Plock, Poland)
  71. Effect of photogrammetric RPAS flight parameters on plani-altimetric accuracy of DTM
  72. Morphodynamic conditions of heavy metal concentration in deposits of the Vistula River valley near Kępa Gostecka (central Poland)
  73. Accuracy and functional assessment of an original low-cost fibre-based inclinometer designed for structural monitoring
  74. The impacts of diagenetic facies on reservoir quality in tight sandstones
  75. Application of electrical resistivity imaging to detection of hidden geological structures in a single roadway
  76. Comparison between electrical resistivity tomography and tunnel seismic prediction 303 methods for detecting the water zone ahead of the tunnel face: A case study
  77. The genesis model of carbonate cementation in the tight oil reservoir: A case of Chang 6 oil layers of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the western Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin, China
  78. Disintegration characteristics in granite residual soil and their relationship with the collapsing gully in South China
  79. Analysis of surface deformation and driving forces in Lanzhou
  80. Geochemical characteristics of produced water from coalbed methane wells and its influence on productivity in Laochang Coalfield, China
  81. A combination of genetic inversion and seismic frequency attributes to delineate reservoir targets in offshore northern Orange Basin, South Africa
  82. Explore the application of high-resolution nighttime light remote sensing images in nighttime marine ship detection: A case study of LJ1-01 data
  83. DTM-based analysis of the spatial distribution of topolineaments
  84. Spatiotemporal variation and climatic response of water level of major lakes in China, Mongolia, and Russia
  85. The Cretaceous stratigraphy, Songliao Basin, Northeast China: Constrains from drillings and geophysics
  86. Canal of St. Bartholomew in Seča/Sezza: Social construction of the seascape
  87. A modelling resin material and its application in rock-failure study: Samples with two 3D internal fracture surfaces
  88. Utilization of marble piece wastes as base materials
  89. Slope stability evaluation using backpropagation neural networks and multivariate adaptive regression splines
  90. Rigidity of “Warsaw clay” from the Poznań Formation determined by in situ tests
  91. Numerical simulation for the effects of waves and grain size on deltaic processes and morphologies
  92. Impact of tourism activities on water pollution in the West Lake Basin (Hangzhou, China)
  93. Fracture characteristics from outcrops and its meaning to gas accumulation in the Jiyuan Basin, Henan Province, China
  94. Impact evaluation and driving type identification of human factors on rural human settlement environment: Taking Gansu Province, China as an example
  95. Identification of the spatial distributions, pollution levels, sources, and health risk of heavy metals in surface dusts from Korla, NW China
  96. Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidence for the provenance of the Jurassic stratum in the Daqingshan area
  97. Super-resolution reconstruction of a digital elevation model based on a deep residual network
  98. Seismic prediction of lithofacies heterogeneity in paleogene hetaoyuan shale play, Biyang depression, China
  99. Cultural landscape of the Gorica Hills in the nineteenth century: Franciscean land cadastre reports as the source for clarification of the classification of cultivable land types
  100. Analysis and prediction of LUCC change in Huang-Huai-Hai river basin
  101. Hydrochemical differences between river water and groundwater in Suzhou, Northern Anhui Province, China
  102. The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
  103. Modeling of Landslide susceptibility in a part of Abay Basin, northwestern Ethiopia
  104. M-GAM method in function of tourism potential assessment: Case study of the Sokobanja basin in eastern Serbia
  105. Dehydration and stabilization of unconsolidated laminated lake sediments using gypsum for the preparation of thin sections
  106. Agriculture and land use in the North of Russia: Case study of Karelia and Yakutia
  107. Textural characteristics, mode of transportation and depositional environment of the Cretaceous sandstone in the Bredasdorp Basin, off the south coast of South Africa: Evidence from grain size analysis
  108. One-dimensional constrained inversion study of TEM and application in coal goafs’ detection
  109. The spatial distribution of retail outlets in Urumqi: The application of points of interest
  110. Aptian–Albian deposits of the Ait Ourir basin (High Atlas, Morocco): New additional data on their paleoenvironment, sedimentology, and palaeogeography
  111. Traditional agricultural landscapes in Uskopaljska valley (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  112. A detection method for reservoir waterbodies vector data based on EGADS
  113. Modelling and mapping of the COVID-19 trajectory and pandemic paths at global scale: A geographer’s perspective
  114. Effect of organic maturity on shale gas genesis and pores development: A case study on marine shale in the upper Yangtze region, South China
  115. Gravel roundness quantitative analysis for sedimentary microfacies of fan delta deposition, Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Depression, Northwestern China
  116. Features of terraces and the incision rate along the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River east of Namche Barwa: Constraints on tectonic uplift
  117. Application of laser scanning technology for structure gauge measurement
  118. Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia
  119. Evolution of the Bystrzyca River valley during Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Sudetic Foreland, south-western Poland)
  120. A 3D numerical analysis of the compaction effects on the behavior of panel-type MSE walls
  121. Landscape dynamics at borderlands: analysing land use changes from Southern Slovenia
  122. Effects of oil viscosity on waterflooding: A case study of high water-cut sandstone oilfield in Kazakhstan
  123. Special Issue: Alkaline-Carbonatitic magmatism
  124. Carbonatites from the southern Brazilian Platform: A review. II: Isotopic evidences
  125. Review Article
  126. Technology and innovation: Changing concept of rural tourism – A systematic review
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0049
Keywords for this article
channel bars; river engineering; Middle Vistula River; sediment transport
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The simulation approach to the interpretation of archival aerial photographs
  3. The application of137Cs and210Pbexmethods in soil erosion research of Titel loess plateau, Vojvodina, Northern Serbia
  4. Provenance and tectonic significance of the Zhongwunongshan Group from the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt in China: insights from zircon geochronology
  5. Analysis, Assessment and Early Warning of Mudflow Disasters along the Shigatse Section of the China–Nepal Highway
  6. Sedimentary succession and recognition marks of lacustrine gravel beach-bars, a case study from the Qinghai Lake, China
  7. Predicting small water courses’ physico-chemical status from watershed characteristics with two multivariate statistical methods
  8. An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent
  9. A new statistical approach to the geochemical systematics of Italian alkaline igneous rocks
  10. The significance of karst areas in European national parks and geoparks
  11. Geochronology, trace elements and Hf isotopic geochemistry of zircons from Swat orthogneisses, Northern Pakistan
  12. Regional-scale drought monitor using synthesized index based on remote sensing in northeast China
  13. Application of combined electrical resistivity tomography and seismic reflection method to explore hidden active faults in Pingwu, Sichuan, China
  14. Impact of interpolation techniques on the accuracy of large-scale digital elevation model
  15. Natural and human-induced factors controlling the phreatic groundwater geochemistry of the Longgang River basin, South China
  16. Land use/land cover assessment as related to soil and irrigation water salinity over an oasis in arid environment
  17. Effect of tillage, slope, and rainfall on soil surface microtopography quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices during sheet erosion
  18. Validation of the number of tie vectors in post-processing using the method of frequency in a centric cube
  19. An integrated petrophysical-based wedge modeling and thin bed AVO analysis for improved reservoir characterization of Zhujiang Formation, Huizhou sub-basin, China: A case study
  20. A grain size auto-classification of Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin, China
  21. Dynamics of mid-channel bars in the Middle Vistula River in response to ferry crossing abutment construction
  22. Estimation of permeability and saturation based on imaginary component of complex resistivity spectra: A laboratory study
  23. Distribution characteristics of typical geological relics in the Western Sichuan Plateau
  24. Inconsistency distribution patterns of different remote sensing land-cover data from the perspective of ecological zoning
  25. A new methodological approach (QEMSCAN®) in the mineralogical study of Polish loess: Guidelines for further research
  26. Displacement and deformation study of engineering structures with the use of modern laser technologies
  27. Virtual resolution enhancement: A new enhancement tool for seismic data
  28. Aeromagnetic mapping of fault architecture along Lagos–Ore axis, southwestern Nigeria
  29. Deformation and failure mechanism of full seam chamber with extra-large section and its control technology
  30. Plastic failure zone characteristics and stability control technology of roadway in the fault area under non-uniformly high geostress: A case study from Yuandian Coal Mine in Northern Anhui Province, China
  31. Comparison of swarm intelligence algorithms for optimized band selection of hyperspectral remote sensing image
  32. Soil carbon stock and nutrient characteristics of Senna siamea grove in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana
  33. Carbonatites from the Southern Brazilian platform: I
  34. Seismicity, focal mechanism, and stress tensor analysis of the Simav region, western Turkey
  35. Application of simulated annealing algorithm for 3D coordinate transformation problem solution
  36. Application of the terrestrial laser scanner in the monitoring of earth structures
  37. The Cretaceous igneous rocks in southeastern Guangxi and their implication for tectonic environment in southwestern South China Block
  38. Pore-scale gas–water flow in rock: Visualization experiment and simulation
  39. Assessment of surface parameters of VDW foundation piles using geodetic measurement techniques
  40. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of toxic metals in agricultural soils from endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma region in South China
  41. An ABC-optimized fuzzy ELECTRE approach for assessing petroleum potential at the petroleum system level
  42. Microscopic mechanism of sandstone hydration in Yungang Grottoes, China
  43. Importance of traditional landscapes in Slovenia for conservation of endangered butterfly
  44. Landscape pattern and economic factors’ effect on prediction accuracy of cellular automata-Markov chain model on county scale
  45. The influence of river training on the location of erosion and accumulation zones (Kłodzko County, South West Poland)
  46. Multi-temporal survey of diaphragm wall with terrestrial laser scanning method
  47. Functionality and reliability of horizontal control net (Poland)
  48. Strata behavior and control strategy of backfilling collaborate with caving fully-mechanized mining
  49. The use of classical methods and neural networks in deformation studies of hydrotechnical objects
  50. Ice-crevasse sedimentation in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau (S Poland) during the final stage of the Drenthian Glaciation
  51. Structure of end moraines and dynamics of the recession phase of the Warta Stadial ice sheet, Kłodawa Upland, Central Poland
  52. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of post-mineralization dykes of the Sungun Cu–Mo porphyry deposit (Northwest Iran)
  53. Main problems of the research on the Palaeolithic of Halych-Dnister region (Ukraine)
  54. Application of isometric transformation and robust estimation to compare the measurement results of steel pipe spools
  55. Hybrid machine learning hydrological model for flood forecast purpose
  56. Rainfall thresholds of shallow landslides in Wuyuan County of Jiangxi Province, China
  57. Dynamic simulation for the process of mining subsidence based on cellular automata model
  58. Developing large-scale international ecological networks based on least-cost path analysis – a case study of Altai mountains
  59. Seismic characteristics of polygonal fault systems in the Great South Basin, New Zealand
  60. New approach of clustering of late Pleni-Weichselian loess deposits (L1LL1) in Poland
  61. Implementation of virtual reference points in registering scanning images of tall structures
  62. Constraints of nonseismic geophysical data on the deep geological structure of the Benxi iron-ore district, Liaoning, China
  63. Mechanical analysis of basic roof fracture mechanism and feature in coal mining with partial gangue backfilling
  64. The violent ground motion before the Jiuzhaigou earthquake Ms7.0
  65. Landslide site delineation from geometric signatures derived with the Hilbert–Huang transform for cases in Southern Taiwan
  66. Hydrological process simulation in Manas River Basin using CMADS
  67. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from Middle Jurassic sedimentary rocks in southwestern Fujian: Sedimentary provenance and its geological significance
  68. Analysis of pore throat characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs
  69. Effects of igneous intrusions on source rock in the early diagenetic stage: A case study on Beipiao Formation in Jinyang Basin, Northeast China
  70. Applying floodplain geomorphology to flood management (The Lower Vistula River upstream from Plock, Poland)
  71. Effect of photogrammetric RPAS flight parameters on plani-altimetric accuracy of DTM
  72. Morphodynamic conditions of heavy metal concentration in deposits of the Vistula River valley near Kępa Gostecka (central Poland)
  73. Accuracy and functional assessment of an original low-cost fibre-based inclinometer designed for structural monitoring
  74. The impacts of diagenetic facies on reservoir quality in tight sandstones
  75. Application of electrical resistivity imaging to detection of hidden geological structures in a single roadway
  76. Comparison between electrical resistivity tomography and tunnel seismic prediction 303 methods for detecting the water zone ahead of the tunnel face: A case study
  77. The genesis model of carbonate cementation in the tight oil reservoir: A case of Chang 6 oil layers of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the western Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin, China
  78. Disintegration characteristics in granite residual soil and their relationship with the collapsing gully in South China
  79. Analysis of surface deformation and driving forces in Lanzhou
  80. Geochemical characteristics of produced water from coalbed methane wells and its influence on productivity in Laochang Coalfield, China
  81. A combination of genetic inversion and seismic frequency attributes to delineate reservoir targets in offshore northern Orange Basin, South Africa
  82. Explore the application of high-resolution nighttime light remote sensing images in nighttime marine ship detection: A case study of LJ1-01 data
  83. DTM-based analysis of the spatial distribution of topolineaments
  84. Spatiotemporal variation and climatic response of water level of major lakes in China, Mongolia, and Russia
  85. The Cretaceous stratigraphy, Songliao Basin, Northeast China: Constrains from drillings and geophysics
  86. Canal of St. Bartholomew in Seča/Sezza: Social construction of the seascape
  87. A modelling resin material and its application in rock-failure study: Samples with two 3D internal fracture surfaces
  88. Utilization of marble piece wastes as base materials
  89. Slope stability evaluation using backpropagation neural networks and multivariate adaptive regression splines
  90. Rigidity of “Warsaw clay” from the Poznań Formation determined by in situ tests
  91. Numerical simulation for the effects of waves and grain size on deltaic processes and morphologies
  92. Impact of tourism activities on water pollution in the West Lake Basin (Hangzhou, China)
  93. Fracture characteristics from outcrops and its meaning to gas accumulation in the Jiyuan Basin, Henan Province, China
  94. Impact evaluation and driving type identification of human factors on rural human settlement environment: Taking Gansu Province, China as an example
  95. Identification of the spatial distributions, pollution levels, sources, and health risk of heavy metals in surface dusts from Korla, NW China
  96. Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidence for the provenance of the Jurassic stratum in the Daqingshan area
  97. Super-resolution reconstruction of a digital elevation model based on a deep residual network
  98. Seismic prediction of lithofacies heterogeneity in paleogene hetaoyuan shale play, Biyang depression, China
  99. Cultural landscape of the Gorica Hills in the nineteenth century: Franciscean land cadastre reports as the source for clarification of the classification of cultivable land types
  100. Analysis and prediction of LUCC change in Huang-Huai-Hai river basin
  101. Hydrochemical differences between river water and groundwater in Suzhou, Northern Anhui Province, China
  102. The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
  103. Modeling of Landslide susceptibility in a part of Abay Basin, northwestern Ethiopia
  104. M-GAM method in function of tourism potential assessment: Case study of the Sokobanja basin in eastern Serbia
  105. Dehydration and stabilization of unconsolidated laminated lake sediments using gypsum for the preparation of thin sections
  106. Agriculture and land use in the North of Russia: Case study of Karelia and Yakutia
  107. Textural characteristics, mode of transportation and depositional environment of the Cretaceous sandstone in the Bredasdorp Basin, off the south coast of South Africa: Evidence from grain size analysis
  108. One-dimensional constrained inversion study of TEM and application in coal goafs’ detection
  109. The spatial distribution of retail outlets in Urumqi: The application of points of interest
  110. Aptian–Albian deposits of the Ait Ourir basin (High Atlas, Morocco): New additional data on their paleoenvironment, sedimentology, and palaeogeography
  111. Traditional agricultural landscapes in Uskopaljska valley (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  112. A detection method for reservoir waterbodies vector data based on EGADS
  113. Modelling and mapping of the COVID-19 trajectory and pandemic paths at global scale: A geographer’s perspective
  114. Effect of organic maturity on shale gas genesis and pores development: A case study on marine shale in the upper Yangtze region, South China
  115. Gravel roundness quantitative analysis for sedimentary microfacies of fan delta deposition, Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Depression, Northwestern China
  116. Features of terraces and the incision rate along the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River east of Namche Barwa: Constraints on tectonic uplift
  117. Application of laser scanning technology for structure gauge measurement
  118. Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia
  119. Evolution of the Bystrzyca River valley during Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Sudetic Foreland, south-western Poland)
  120. A 3D numerical analysis of the compaction effects on the behavior of panel-type MSE walls
  121. Landscape dynamics at borderlands: analysing land use changes from Southern Slovenia
  122. Effects of oil viscosity on waterflooding: A case study of high water-cut sandstone oilfield in Kazakhstan
  123. Special Issue: Alkaline-Carbonatitic magmatism
  124. Carbonatites from the southern Brazilian Platform: A review. II: Isotopic evidences
  125. Review Article
  126. Technology and innovation: Changing concept of rural tourism – A systematic review
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 17.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2020-0049/html
Scroll to top button