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Provenance and tectonic significance of the Zhongwunongshan Group from the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt in China: insights from zircon geochronology

  • Yuan Peng EMAIL logo , Yongsheng Zhang , Eenyuan Xing and Linlin Wang
Published/Copyright: February 28, 2020
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt (ZWSB) locates between the Olongbruk Microblock of North Qaidam and the South Qilian Block in China, and it has important implication for understanding the tectonic significance of North Qaidam. Nowadays, there are few discussion on the Caledonian tectonothermal events of the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt, and there exist different opinions on provenance and tectonic environment of the Zhongwunongshan Group in the ZWSB and its adjacent North Qaidam. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the detrital zircon geochronological research was carried out on the Zhongwunongshan Group. The detrital zircon U-Pb dating results showed two major populations. The first was Neoproterozoic (966-725 Ma) with a ∈Hf(t) = −15.9 to 9.5, and the other was late Early Paleozoic (460-434Ma) with a ∈Hf(t) = −9.6 to −3.1. In combination with previous research, the dominated provenances were found to be the Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss of the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the late Early Paleozoic granite of the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt in North Qaidam. The Zhongwunongshan Group was deposited in the back-arc sedimentary basin related to the Caledonian collisional orogeny during Middle Silurian-Early Devonian (434-407.9 Ma).

Keywords: North Qaidam; Zhongwunongshan Structral Belt; detrital zircon; provenance; back-arc basin; Caledonian

1 Introduction

The Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt (ZWSB) is a northwest-extending structural belt located between the Olongbruk Microblock of North Qaidam and the South Qilian Block [1, 2] (Figure 1). The ZWSB is separated from the South Qilian Block to the north and the Olongbruk Microblock to the south by the Qinghai Nanshan Fault and the Southern Zhongwunongshan Fault, respectively. It extends westward to the Altun Fault, and divides between the West Qingling and South Qilian in the east. Therefore, the geological position of the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt is significant. It is generally believed that the Zhongwunongshan Structural Belt is a Hercynian-Indosinian tectonic zone developed on the Caledonian block jointly constructed by the Olongbruk Microblock of the North Qaidam and the South Qilian Block [5, 6, 7]. At present, there are few data reported the Caledonian tectonic thermal events and evolution of the ZWSB.

Figure 1 (a): Map showing the location of the North Qaidam. (b): Tectonic units of the North Qaidam. (c): Simplified geological map of the study area (modified after [3, 4])
Figure 1

(a): Map showing the location of the North Qaidam. (b): Tectonic units of the North Qaidam. (c): Simplified geological map of the study area (modified after [3, 4])

The Zhongwunongshan Group is the most important and widely exposed formation in the ZWSB and adjacent North Qaidam. Therefore, the Zhongwunongshan Group is determined to be the ideal object for the tectonic research of the ZWSB. The previous authors carried out a certain research on Zhongwunongshan Group, and most of them believe that it deposited in the Late Carboniferous rift [8, 9, 10]. However, other geologists have had different viewpoints about the tectonic environments and basin types of the Zhongwunongshan Group deposited in. There are two primary views about tectonic environment and basin type: (1) The Zhongwunongshan Group deposited in a stable passive continental margin basin, which irrelevant to plate subduction and collision [7, 10, 11]; and (2) Due to plate subduction and collision, the sediments deposited in the back-arc sedimentary basin along the North Qaidam active continental margin [9, 12, 13]. A consensus in the detritus provenance has also not been reached. Some scholars suggest the provenance was located in the uplift terrane along the southern margin of the South Qilian Block to the north [11, 14, 15], but the others hold the opinion that, the southern part of North Qaidam provided sediments northward [9, 13]. Meanwhile, Geologists also held different opinions about the stratigraphic age of Zhongwunongshan Group. Some believed the strata deposited in Late Carboniferous as indicated by the fusulinids and corals [16]. However, the fossils identification were challenged because of their limited occurrence and metamorphic recrystallization.

Clastic rocks contain lots of useful information, including the material composition and tectonic environment of the source area, and the crustal evolution in the early geological history [17, 18]. The zircon geochronology has been widely used to reveal the petrogenesis of clastic rocks [19, 20], and to reconstruct the characteristics and tectonic environment of source areas [20, 22, 23, 24]. Since sandstone and mudstone are relatively homogeneous and have high level of trace element, they become the first choice for geochemical and chronological studies [21, 25, 26]. Epimetamorphic clastic rocks have also been widely used to study the petrogenesis and tectonic environments of source areas [20, 27]. Based on the previous research with the new geochronology analysis of the Zhongwunongshan Group clastic rocks, this paper aims at providing new data to reconstruct the provenance and tectonic setting of Zhongwunongshan Group, and attempting to find the geological records of the Caledonian tectonic thermal events in order to provide a reasonable explanation for the aforementioned problems.

2 Geological background

Recent studies have well demonstrated that the North Qaidam Structural Belt (NQSB), bounded by the South Qilian Block to the north and Qaidam Block to the south (Figure 1), is a composite tectonic orogenic belt with multi-stage orogenic processes [2, 28]. The NQSB consists of the Shaliuhe-Yuqia high pressure-ultrahigh pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic belt, the Tanjianshan ophiolitevolcanic arc belt, the Olongbruk Microblock (Figure 1b), from south to north, in view of the significantly diverse geological composition and tectonic evolutionary history [28, 29]. The complex tectonic composition indicates that the sub-tectonic units that make up the NQSB underwent different tectonic evolutionary phase predating the pre-Devonian, including the Paleoproterozoic (2400–1800 Ma) continental crust formation [2, 28]; Neoproterozoic (1030–750 Ma) magmatic activities related to Rodinia supercontinent convergence and breakup [30, 31]; early Paleozoic (542–434Ma) magmatism and HP-UHP metamorphism by oceanic crust subduction followed by collision associated continental deep-subduction [3, 32]. The continental deep subduction marked the assembly of Olongbruk Microblock and the Qaidam Block. Subsequently, the NQSB evolved into the post-orogenic stage indicated by the rifting molasse of the Upper Devonian Maoniushan Group.

The Shaliuhe-Yuqia HP-UHP metamorphic belt is the northern border separating the Qaidam Block from the NQSB (Figure 1b). The belt is predominantly composed of Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic granitic gneiss (1011–434Ma) and metamorphic supracrustal rock, with minor sporadically exposed eclogite (1000–800 Ma) [29, 33]. The Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt, to the north of HP-UHP metamorphic belt, is dominated by widespread Early Paleozoic intermediate-basic volcanic (486–450 Ma) and pyroclastic rocks with ophiolite complex, which are intruded by granitic intrusive rocks (465–434 Ma) [4, 34] (Figure 1b). The Olongbruk Microblock has an early Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement including the ~2400 Ma Delingha granitic gneiss and the ~1800 Ma Khondalite– like supracrustal rocks (Figure 1b). Above the basement are a series of unmetamorphosed sedimentary successions that were discontinuously deposited from late Paleoproterozoic to Cenozoic [4, 8, 11, 34, 35, 36].

This study focuses on the ZWSB and the adjacent North Qaidam (Figure 1b). The ZWSB widely outcrops the Upper Carboniferous Zhongwunongshan Group comprising carbonate dominated sedimentary successions with some volcanic interlayers, which are overlain by Permian-Triassic shallow marine clastic rocks and carbonates [6, 8, 14] (Figure 1c). The Zhongwunongshan Group have been further subdivided into two lithostratigraphic units. The lower section is predominately composed of gray green phyllite and sandy slate, with minor medium-basic volcanic layers and limestone lenses,whichwere deposited in the neritic shelf environment. The upper unit mainly consists of gray white banded limestone and dolomitic limestone with gray green intermediate-basic volcanic interlayers, typically formed in sublittoral platform environment (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Stratigraphic column of the Zhongwunongshan Group
Figure 2

Stratigraphic column of the Zhongwunongshan Group

In this study, two samples (KDLG1505 and BLG1505) were collected from the sandstones of Zhongwunongshan Group exposed in the Baluogenguole (BLG) and Kendelonggou (KDLG) areas (Figure 1c), respectively.

3 Analytical Methods

3.1 Zircon geochronology analysis

The detrital zircons were separated using a conventional heavy liquid and magnetic separation techniques, and then further purified by handpicking under a binocular stereoscope. Subsequently, the grains were mounted in epoxy, and polished to expose the cores of the grains. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images were obtained for all zircons prior to analysis, in order to characterize the internal structures and to choose potential sites for in the in situ U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf analyses.

This zircon U-Pb dating was conducted in the Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment of the Ministry of Nature Resources, which is located at the Institute of Mineral Resources of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. The zircon geochronology was performed by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), on a Finnigan Neptune equipped with Newwave UP213 laser ablation system, with an ablation spot diameter of 30 μm, frequency of 10 Hz, and energy density of approximately 2.5 J/cm2. Helium was used as the carrier gas. Zircons SRM610, Plesovice, and 91500 were used as the external standards for correcting the mass discrimination and isotope fractionation. The detailed analytical conditions are described in [37]. An ICPMSData-Cal program was used for the data processing [38], and the Concordia diagrams were obtained using an Isoplot4.0 routine [39]. Therefore, in this study a maximum of 80 individual zircon grains were selected randomly from each of the samples. Among the 80 grains, we excluded zircon age analyses with >10% discordance for interpretation.We report the ages derived from 206Pb/238U for < 1000 Ma and 207Pb/206Pb for = 1000 Ma. Visualization of U-Pb zircon ages is achieved using Isoplot 4.0 [39] and Density Plotter program [40].

3.2 Zircon Hf isotope analysis

The Zircon in situ Lu-Hf analysis was completed in the State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, utilizing a Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS instrument, and a Complex pro.193nmlaser-ablation system. The ablation spot diameter was 44 μm. The global zircon standard GJ-1 was taken as the reference material, and the analytical points were the same as those of the U-Pb dating. The detailed operating conditions for the LA-MC-ICP-MS and calibration strategy followed those used by [41]. The LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses of the zircon standard GJ-1 during the analytical process achieved the 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282015 ± 8 (2σ, n = 10), which was identical to the literature values within error [42].

4 Results

4.1 Zircon U-Pb dating

The zircon grains from sample BLG1505 range in size from 50 to 100 μm with length/width ratios of 2:1–1:1. These zircons generally display sub-angular to rounded morphology. In CL images, most zircon grains have clear oscillatory zonings, with few zircons showing week zoning or being structureless (Figure 3). All dated zircons show high Th/U ratios of 0.26–2.05, low LREE/HREE (<1) ratios and REE+Y content (<1%), positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies (Table 1), which jointly indicate a magmatic origin [43, 44]. The sample BLG1505 yields 67 concordant U-Pb ages varying from 2456 Ma to 634 Ma with one major age cluster (Table 1, Figure 4a). The most prevailing age cluster of 925–725 Ma contains 53 data and defines two age peaks at 831 Ma and 804 Ma. Additionally, few zircons of Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic age are also present, with subordinate peaks at 2398 Ma and 1746 Ma (Figure 4b).

Figure 3 Cathodoluminescence images (CL) of the representative analyzed detrital zircons and their corresponding U-Pb ages from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstone samples (BLG1505 and KDLG1505). The open circles represent the positions of ablation pits
Figure 3

Cathodoluminescence images (CL) of the representative analyzed detrital zircons and their corresponding U-Pb ages from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstone samples (BLG1505 and KDLG1505). The open circles represent the positions of ablation pits

Table 1

Microelement eigenvalues of zircons from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstones

Sample SpotΣ REE+YδEuδCeLREE/HREESample SpotΣ REE+YδEuδCeLREE/HREE
Sample BLG1505Sample KDLG1505
BLG1505-1984.650.30154.390.10KDLG1505-01872.270.841.130.43
BLG1505-22242.890.4856.630.03KDLG1505-02870.600.2356.280.04
BLG1505-31227.220.3618.870.03KDLG1505-031237.640.4078.440.08
BLG1505-43122.880.315.580.02KDLG1505-041364.930.363.680.13
BLG1505-6935.130.501.370.11KDLG1505-061165.790.323.500.15
BLG1505-71891.890.677.390.02KDLG1505-071454.270.244.650.04
BLG1505-81956.240.3685.730.05KDLG1505-08957.660.2356.280.04
BLG1505-92541.560.6012.420.04KDLG1505-092154.000.284.970.05
BLG1505-101732.070.7057.820.02KDLG1505-101296.680.363.680.13
BLG1505-111137.400.5033.450.02KDLG1505-112154.000.284.970.05
BLG1505-123328.520.25208.570.04KDLG1505-123307.580.111.050.12
BLG1505-141479.850.4946.330.03KDLG1505-14914.130.2356.280.04
BLG1505-153899.460.161.070.09KDLG1505-15655.490.2726.480.04
BLG1505-16836.950.3026.550.06KDLG1505-161574.600.1269.110.03
BLG1505-17852.270.5276.200.14KDLG1505-171508.140.4411.420.06
BLG1505-183793.980.1014.830.04KDLG1505-181099.850.2558.760.04
BLG1505-191901.710.4198.290.03KDLG1505-191724.240.141.330.10
BLG1505-201471.520.11132.460.04KDLG1505-20956.390.2558.760.04
BLG1505-222451.730.8810.120.03KDLG1505-212239.380.111.000.10
BLG1505-234735.180.496.950.01KDLG1505-221237.640.4078.440.08
BLG1505-257874.870.3875.370.03KDLG1505-23984.180.192.610.04
BLG1505-281536.700.2319.740.09KDLG1505-241358.250.394.300.16
BLG1505-292272.130.085.100.01KDLG1505-252239.380.111.000.10
BLG1505-323145.490.586.290.06KDLG1505-261436.780.4622.590.07
BLG1505-333498.160.1914.170.04KDLG1505-27927.260.321.640.20
BLG1505-342030.050.2017.030.02KDLG1505-281547.050.4078.440.08
BLG1505-353027.490.111.720.04KDLG1505-2912019.098.480.760.10
BLG1505-36839.410.6011.940.03KDLG1505-3014048.074.490.600.01
BLG1505-39580.310.2340.260.07KDLG1505-311225.840.1743.460.01
BLG1505-401876.540.101.510.07KDLG1505-321182.910.171.360.14
BLG1505-412089.350.151.480.06KDLG1505-33914.130.2356.280.04
BLG1505-421063.460.41109.510.02KDLG1505-341086.010.202.900.05
BLG1505-431908.810.1333.690.03KDLG1505-352110.920.284.970.05
BLG1505-442143.490.473.700.03KDLG1505-362632.390.112.530.09
BLG1505-451678.470.154.020.03KDLG1505-401243.550.3714.640.06
BLG1505-472685.930.31242.710.03KDLG1505-41957.660.2356.280.04
BLG1505-48672.320.2084.410.06KDLG1505-421086.070.137.950.03
BLG1505-501268.370.8050.150.10KDLG1505-431200.390.137.950.03
BLG1505-515687.000.294.160.03KDLG1505-441301.330.1743.460.02
BLG1505-521647.420.511.830.08KDLG1505-452261.700.284.970.05
BLG1505-532787.270.678.640.08KDLG1505-462046.300.284.970.05
BLG1505-544354.370.581.040.80KDLG1505-47966.360.2356.280.04
BLG1505-553269.210.621.140.43KDLG1505-491332.370.394.300.16
BLG1505-563138.720.237.900.03KDLG1505-501245.170.171.360.14
BLG1505-57870.630.8138.010.04KDLG1505-511034.290.202.900.05
BLG1505-581916.870.5722.750.03KDLG1505-521346.120.1720.680.04
BLG1505-601606.860.283.850.05KDLG1505-531637.920.363.680.13
BLG1505-611332.750.3736.830.03KDLG1505-551221.720.322.860.24
BLG1505-621985.510.632.800.03KDLG1505-56784.810.2053.910.03
BLG1505-631788.090.4750.540.02KDLG1505-581508.140.4411.420.06
BLG1505-642791.140.261.210.06KDLG1505-591440.290.135.600.04
BLG1505-651131.070.071.110.22KDLG1505-601456.910.2298.120.03
BLG1505-661240.060.1533.600.03KDLG1505-611648.080.0323.060.01
BLG1505-672157.510.3811.210.02KDLG1505-62668.870.2726.480.04
BLG1505-681624.760.2021.890.04KDLG1505-641130.440.12128.360.06
BLG1505-691825.650.265.890.08KDLG1505-652027.760.323.710.09
BLG1505-701275.800.0236.870.03KDLG1505-67842.270.321.280.42
BLG1505-71991.140.449.890.03KDLG1505-682606.200.0320.300.01
BLG1505-721867.450.121.520.09KDLG1505-691109.860.3336.850.06
BLG1505-731629.060.1926.610.04KDLG1505-701365.420.48183.220.09
BLG1505-74832.370.62104.840.04KDLG1505-71628.300.291.750.09
BLG1505-751125.070.45101.160.05KDLG1505-722280.250.2126.120.03
BLG1505-762615.700.4653.320.02KDLG1505-741657.440.159.500.04
BLG1505-772792.510.3987.720.05KDLG1505-75846.180.1355.960.03
BLG1505-781583.420.07141.860.03KDLG1505-763222.010.111.010.12
BLG1505-791942.860.3677.160.14KDLG1505-771282.740.1023.300.02
BLG1505-801452.640.601.890.34KDLG1505-781729.990.429.520.02
KDLG1505-792018.770.119.960.01
KDLG1505-80956.390.2558.760.04
Figure 4 U-Pb Concordia diagrams and age histograms of the detrital zircons from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstone samples (BLG1505 and KDLG1505)
Figure 4

U-Pb Concordia diagrams and age histograms of the detrital zircons from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstone samples (BLG1505 and KDLG1505)

The detrital zircons, in sample KDLG1505, are sub-angular to sub-rounded shapes with length/width ratios of 2:1–1:1. Except for the No. 29 and No. 30 analytical points, the majority of zircons shows well-developed oscillatory zoning or plate internal structure (Figure 3), with Th/U ratios greater than 0.1 (0.26–2.42). Besides, these zircons have similar REE concentration features with sample BLG1505, indicating the magmatic origin [44] (Table 1). Sixty-nine concordant zircon U-Pb ages of 2688–420 Ma were obtained from 69 zircon grains (Table 2, Figure 4c). These concordant ages are mainly grouped into two distinct age populations of 460–434 Ma and 966–726 Ma, defining dominant peaks at 456 Ma with 21 data, and secondary peaks of 828 Ma, 730 Ma and 956 Ma with 24 data (Figure 4d). About one-third of the grains are older than 1500 Ma with peaks at 2540 Ma and 1799 Ma.

Table 2

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analyses of zircons from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstones

Sample SpotωB/ppmTh/UIsotropic rationApparent age (Ma)
ThU207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ
Sample BLG1505
BLG1505-12682231.20.15220.00338.04570.18830.38290.0047237231223621209022
BLG1505-278691.130.07140.00571.32280.09390.13740.00319701638564183018
BLG1505-32533880.650.06760.0021.28230.03920.13780.001785763838178329
BLG1505-42454140.590.0660.0021.23560.0370.13590.001780768817178229
BLG1505-628410.680.07130.00491.33090.09130.13760.00299691418594083116
BLG1505-71593480.460.06780.0021.00420.02990.10760.00178611407061565910
BLG1505-81111021.090.07510.00491.38630.08140.13580.00291072998833582116
BLG1505-92614180.620.06580.00530.93040.07080.10340.002612001646683763415
BLG1505-10831100.750.07450.00361.40320.06470.13780.00181054988902783210
BLG1505-11651110.580.06490.00241.21990.04930.13660.0026769788102382615
BLG1505-124233541.20.06670.00171.26430.03530.13740.0021829528301683012
BLG1505-1445560.80.06920.00391.10090.05920.1190.0039061177542972517
BLG1505-153425480.620.06590.00191.2530.03720.13770.0018806618251783210
BLG1505-163362551.320.06730.00251.29030.05240.13810.0022856778412383412
BLG1505-173903731.050.15760.00269.48640.18740.43420.0055243128238618232524
BLG1505-189657421.30.06540.00141.25330.02960.13810.0018787448251383410
BLG1505-191101110.990.06630.00271.27110.05570.1380.0021815858332583312
BLG1505-201501720.870.15860.00329.67780.2220.43950.0059244035240521234826
BLG1505-223405000.680.06410.0021.09490.03740.12320.0022743677511874912
BLG1505-2338114400.260.09780.00183.77970.07830.27820.0035158333158817158218
BLG1505-258549330.920.06790.00131.29970.02920.13770.001687838846138319
BLG1505-28193813671.420.06750.00141.27930.03110.13660.0018854438371482510
BLG1505-291133340.340.06810.00211.28870.04130.13680.002872958411882711
BLG1505-327537181.050.07010.00171.33230.03460.13750.001693153860158319
BLG1505-334193721.130.06940.00181.32590.03720.13830.001690954857168359
BLG1505-342975050.590.06830.00151.30120.0330.13760.0017880468461583110
BLG1505-35922220.420.07090.00231.35040.04550.13780.0019967678682083210
BLG1505-3626650.410.07160.00321.33910.06030.13730.0025976918632682914
BLG1505-393012931.030.06810.00181.29970.03980.13770.002872548461883211
BLG1505-401351380.980.07060.00251.34080.04950.13780.0018946728642183210
BLG1505-411421261.130.0690.00251.3110.04910.13790.0022898688512283312
BLG1505-42751410.530.0650.00251.23160.04980.13720.0021772758152382912
BLG1505-432483420.720.06520.00171.13590.03010.1260.001478354771147658
BLG1505-443977610.520.06630.00131.2670.02960.13780.001681741831138329
BLG1505-451862700.690.06410.0021.22640.04210.13820.0019746678131983511
BLG1505-472282450.930.06670.00211.26740.04370.1370.0019828678312082811
BLG1505-482662201.210.06510.00211.2430.04540.13730.0017776698202183010
BLG1505-5039590.670.13020.00396.63890.20580.36850.0049210252206527202223
BLG1505-512563350.760.0740.00341.53030.06850.15220.00371040949432791321
BLG1505-524676580.710.07020.0021.17670.03410.12160.00221000587901674013
BLG1505-5373913100.560.15350.00336.37920.19570.29720.0057238537202927167728
BLG1505-54145622600.640.06930.00161.06820.03460.11040.0023906487381767514
BLG1505-554415110.860.06680.0021.23130.03670.13280.001583163815178048
BLG1505-561952980.650.06420.00241.18640.0440.13330.00187465079420807a
BLG1505-572056540.310.15170.00327.7010.17150.36570.00442365236219720200921
BLG1505-58631150.550.07160.00441.24720.07150.12780.00219761218223277512
BLG1505-601912730.70.0660.00261.22260.04690.13350.0018809818112180810
BLG1505-6141510.80.08440.00751.44960.10810.13370.003413021729104580920
BLG1505-6270910.760.07090.00441.50080.08860.15440.0039551229313692517
BLG1505-6346640.720.07350.00561.32890.09970.1330.003310281548584480519
BLG1505-6432410.780.10350.00563.46370.18820.24490.0048168799151943141225
BLG1505-6550730.70.10080.00353.92260.13520.28220.004163964161828160320
BLG1505-6660820.740.06810.00451.22290.07550.13340.00278721398113480715
BLG1505-671412090.680.06790.00381.23290.06020.13350.00228651178162780813
BLG1505-68641180.540.07970.00451.42060.0840.13040.002511911138983579014
BLG1505-693284060.810.06490.00181.18660.03450.13220.0019770537941680111
BLG1505-702976270.470.11420.00154.79940.07150.30370.0028186629178513171014
BLG1505-71761430.530.0650.00391.11510.06210.12610.0027761217613076612
BLG1505-721621720.940.06450.00341.11860.06020.12480.00197671057622975811
BLG1505-734284870.880.06730.0021.2420.04020.13370.0017856648201880910
BLG1505-74811240.650.06470.00261.18240.04680.13310.0022765877922280513
BLG1505-75922250.410.1590.00339.97560.21370.45450.0057245635243320241525
BLG1505-761111300.860.06710.00371.20040.06350.13130.00248431178012979514
BLG1505-777405821.270.06420.00191.18330.03520.13340.001674862793168079
BLG1505-781191920.620.06790.00521.14450.08720.12310.00238651607754174813
BLG1505-7942700.610.08160.0051.73590.11240.15360.0027123612210224292115
BLG1505-807586521.160.06890.00211.27040.03850.13330.001689568833178079
Sample KDLG1505
KDLG1505-017908780.90.05860.0010.7270.01380.090.000955236555115556
KDLG1505-0241680.60.1770.003512.25970.25630.50230.0052262532262455262427
KDLG1505-035415261.030.05610.00140.55410.0150.07160.000845857448124465
KDLG1505-043863451.120.05580.00220.54690.02210.0710.000844687443184425
KDLG1505-063242991.080.05570.00260.54470.02580.07090.0008440105442214425
KDLG1505-072533880.650.06760.0021.28230.03920.13780.001785763838178329
KDLG1505-082161781.210.18380.003112.39950.22850.48920.0053268828263549256728
KDLG1505-091403460.410.06510.00151.1230.02660.12520.001377647764187608
KDLG1505-103742691.390.05590.00250.54440.02450.07060.000844899441204405
KDLG1505-111112770.40.0640.00171.06240.0290.12050.001374157735207338
KDLG1505-123437490.460.07090.00121.56230.0280.15980.0017955349551795610
KDLG1505-141933860.50.15830.00239.95270.1590.45590.0049243824243039242126
KDLG1505-15851230.690.11790.00195.63930.09820.3470.0036192429192233192020
KDLG1505-161692620.640.09780.00163.03520.0540.22510.0023158230141725130914
KDLG1505-17892770.320.05640.00210.55750.02160.07170.000846983450174465
KDLG1505-18872780.310.16950.002511.36240.18470.48610.0051255324255342255427
KDLG1505-194004530.880.05630.00150.54570.01590.07030.000746361442134385
KDLG1505-201462150.680.13660.0027.59410.12110.40320.0041218426218435218422
KDLG1505-213536660.530.0710.00111.57080.02570.16060.0016956319591696010
KDLG1505-224204530.930.05580.00140.54620.01420.07110.000744355443124435
KDLG1505-232724090.660.06650.00121.24890.02350.13630.001482136823158249
KDLG1505-244777730.620.05610.00120.5550.01250.07170.000845848448104465
KDLG1505-2582210140.810.07140.0011.57290.0240.15990.0017968279601595610
KDLG1505-261112250.490.05660.00270.55690.02710.07140.0008474105450224455
KDLG1505-271362200.620.05640.00270.5520.02630.0710.0008467104446214425
KDLG1505-287908780.90.05860.0010.7270.01380.090.000955236555115556
KDLG1505-299210540.090.06990.0011.47490.02290.15310.0016924289201491910
KDLG1505-301368980.150.11260.00154.23130.06590.27250.0029184225168026155317
KDLG1505-313024810.630.06590.00121.1750.02320.12940.001380238789167848
KDLG1505-321073040.350.0560.01620.53770.15440.06960.00094546404371254345
KDLG1505-331021950.520.16150.00248.41560.13530.37790.0038247225227737206621
KDLG1505-349657421.30.06540.00141.25330.02960.13810.0018787448251383410
KDLG1505-352291501.530.0640.00241.06390.04030.12050.001374380736287338
KDLG1505-363198810.360.07970.00111.77720.02790.16160.001611912810371696610
KDLG1505-406566481.010.05630.00130.55060.01290.07090.000746550445104425
KDLG1505-412696950.390.17420.002710.48350.17960.43640.0046259926247842233525
KDLG1505-422181251.750.06790.00211.34180.04850.14320.0021867658643186313
KDLG1505-4341510.80.07830.00681.570.13470.14570.003911551739585387722
KDLG1505-442373370.70.06570.00121.19460.02360.13190.001379639798167998
KDLG1505-4514116372.220.06450.00111.09970.01990.12360.001375835753147518
KDLG1505-463321542.150.06430.00251.05680.04220.11930.001375082732297268
KDLG1505-472665410.490.17070.00239.9060.15980.42080.0047256523242639226425
KDLG1505-492673910.680.05650.00160.57610.01710.07390.000847464462144605
KDLG1505-501782610.680.05610.00260.54510.02670.07050.0008456102442224395
KDLG1505-514293391.270.06740.00141.27780.02880.13760.001484942836198319
KDLG1505-5282781.050.13760.00246.58320.12960.3470.004219730205740192022
KDLG1505-531102190.50.05880.00130.69570.01670.08570.00156148536135306
KDLG1505-553724560.820.05560.00260.54830.0260.07170.0012435136444174477
KDLG1505-56371530.240.15210.00449.27750.32860.43950.0101236949236632234845
KDLG1505-583245540.580.05540.00230.54550.02310.07140.001142894442154446
KDLG1505-59991430.70.07060.00381.3530.06840.13980.00279461118693084415
KDLG1505-60651060.620.07070.00431.29330.08110.13420.00319501258433681218
KDLG1505-61891590.560.06180.00410.59570.04150.07010.0016733144475264369
KDLG1505-6232760.430.11850.00455.72980.20590.35090.00611944101193631193929
KDLG1505-64651240.520.11120.00385.12380.17140.33270.0061182062184028185130
KDLG1505-651411450.980.0650.00361.06610.05530.11960.00257721177372772814
KDLG1505-671722190.790.05740.0040.56760.040.07120.0014506152456264439
KDLG1505-681041870.560.05240.0040.49160.03710.06740.0014306179406254209
KDLG1505-693453830.90.05550.00230.55420.02390.07130.001243589448164447
KDLG1505-704024070.990.05720.00280.56490.02590.07140.001498112455174456
KDLG1505-711422640.540.06860.00261.27960.04750.13430.0019887798372181211
KDLG1505-723734700.790.06530.00221.11070.03830.1220.001678372758187429
KDLG1505-74781230.640.12320.00386.27750.1960.36640.0058200355201527201327
KDLG1505-75711950.360.07290.0031.52920.06470.15070.00231013839422690513
KDLG1505-764373011.450.07530.00281.62590.06380.15540.00251076699802593114
KDLG1505-771022390.430.07070.00331.30610.06160.13320.0024950948482780614
KDLG1505-7830410.730.11510.00545.29160.25360.33340.0064188385186841185531
KDLG1505-79751410.530.08070.00272.02230.06680.18010.0022121567112322106812
KDLG1505-80881850.480.14480.00367.68640.1790.38220.0042228743219521208720

4.2 Zircon Hf isotopic analysis

Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analysis were carried out on samples KDLG1505 and BLG1505 with completed zircon U-Pb dating. The related results are listed in Table 3. For samples KDLG1505 and BLG1505, the detrital zircons of the Zhongwunongshan Group were found to be dominated by late Early Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic (Table 2, Figure 4). The Hf isotopic analysis results indicated that the vast majority of the zircons had negative ∈Hf(t) (Figure 5). Such ∈Hf(t) distribution characteristics confirmed that the detrital zircons of the Zhongwunongshan Group were mainly sourced from crustal recycling. However, some zircons with positive ∈Hf(t) in BLG1505 proved a depleted mantle source existed (Table 3, Figure 5). The zircons of the Zhongwunongshan Group in the eastern section of the study area had two major U-Pb age populations of 460–434 Ma and 966–726 Ma (Figure 4d). Also, the corresponding ∈Hf(t) were calculated at −9.6 to −3.1, and −15.9 to −0.8, respectively, with the exception of the No.21 point which had an ∈Hf(t) of 3.8 (Figure 5). The two-stage model ages (TcDM) were between 1621 Ma and 2029 Ma, and between 1581 Ma and 2815 Ma respectively. The averages were determined to be 1864 Ma and 2362 Ma, respectively (Table 3). In the western section of the study area, the zircons had a major U-Pb age population of 925–725 Ma (Figure 4d); vHf(t) between −11.9 and 9.5 (Figure 5); and average TcDM of 1692 Ma, which was lower than that of the Neoproterozoic zircons in the eastern section.

Table 3

Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstones

SampleU-Pb Age (Ma)176Yb177Hf176Lu177Hf2σ176Hf177Hf2σϵHf(0) ϵHf(t)TDMC
Sample BLG1505
BLG1505-0123720.0148930.0005030.0000080.2812650.000023-53.3-0.952960
BLG1505-028300.0344570.0010560.0000390.2823920.000027-13.434.341446
BLG1505-038320.0208330.0006340.0000020.282270.000022-17.750.271704
BLG1505-048220.0546820.0015650.0000260.28240.000022-13.164.161452
BLG1505-068310.0189780.0005570.0000030.282530.000025-8.579.51120
BLG1505-076590.0330590.0011680.0000580.2823960.000023-13.290.741542
BLG1505-088210.0378720.001140.0000280.2823450.000024-15.112.41561
BLG1505-108320.0400490.0013550.0000150.2824950.000022-9.797.861225
BLG1505-118260.021470.0007140.0000070.2823530.000023-14.83.051523
BLG1505-128300.0976080.0031710.0000590.2824160.00002-12.584.021467
BLG1505-147250.0491590.0016820.0001560.2823930.000028-13.411.791527
BLG1505-158320.0513510.0014490.0000660.282130.000027-22.72-5.152045
BLG1505-1724310.022540.000730.0000030.2812090.000024-55.29-1.973068
BLG1505-188340.0778420.0020770.0000180.2819540.000027-28.92-11.662455
BLG1505-198330.0222690.000710.0000030.2823980.000025-13.244.81421
BLG1505-2024400.0178970.0005060.0000020.2809880.000019-63.1-9.273519
BLG1505-227490.024310.0007920.0000160.2823130.000025-16.22-0.091663
BLG1505-2315830.0626950.0019710.0000620.2816810.000022-38.57-5.472634
BLG1505-258310.1000690.0031640.000040.28250.000026-9.646.981280
BLG1505-288250.0186940.0006160.0000080.2819910.000026-27.61-9.732327
BLG1505-298270.0195280.000550.0000230.2821370.000019-22.44-4.482000
BLG1505-328310.0364560.0011060.0000020.2823040.000026-16.541.211644
BLG1505-338350.0402260.0012010.0000070.2823560.000026-14.723.071530
BLG1505-348310.0269780.0008530.000010.2821670.000025-21.39-3.51941
BLG1505-358320.0491370.0015920.000020.2825030.000025-9.5281217
BLG1505-368290.0147690.0005220.0000490.2822390.000021-18.87-0.861773
BLG1505-398320.0080910.0002470.0000010.2820220.000027-26.53-8.32242
BLG1505-408320.0385340.0013430.0000650.2822520.000025-18.37-0.751768
BLG1505-418330.0397930.0012580.0000390.2822690.000028-17.77-0.061727
BLG1505-428290.0300670.0010480.0000230.2825080.000025-9.338.431187
BLG1505-437650.0320880.0010250.0000150.2821770.000026-21.04-4.691965
BLG1505-448320.0603270.001680.0000230.2822530.000024-18.34-0.91777
BLG1505-458350.0251550.0008390.0000110.2821580.000025-21.7-3.731959
BLG1505-478280.0466280.0017020.0000240.282410.000027-12.84.541430
BLG1505-488300.0091630.0002710.0000010.2819230.000026-30.01-11.852463
BLG1505-5021020.0079780.0001960.0000030.2811270.000023-58.16-11.483398
Sample KDLG1505
KDLG1505-0226250.0107420.0003270.000010.2810120.000023-62.23-3.863331
KDLG1505-034460.0192160.0006120.0000090.2823790.000021-13.88-4.261696
KDLG1505-044420.0196170.0006070.0000310.2823330.000021-15.53-5.981802
KDLG1505-064420.0154930.0004840.0000150.2822330.000026-19.08-9.482023
KDLG1505-078320.0134240.0003590.0000120.2819420.000021-29.36-11.22424
KDLG1505-0826880.0470570.0014720.0000050.281010.000028-62.32-4.63425
KDLG1505-097600.0493880.0016070.0000470.2819250.000027-29.95-14.012545
KDLG1505-104400.0173380.0005330.0000030.2822310.000026-19.13-9.62029
KDLG1505-117330.0171290.0004970.0000120.2821140.000022-23.28-7.352108
KDLG1505-129560.0181440.0005320.0000070.2821620.000024-21.56-0.751864
KDLG1505-134390.0213540.0006720.0000090.2823550.000021-14.74-5.271755
KDLG1505-1424380.02120.0006510.0000220.2814210.000024-47.765.872593
KDLG1505-1519240.0178980.000520.0000140.2815710.000025-42.48-0.22570
KDLG1505-1615820.0463450.0017190.0000760.2818040.000028-34.23-0.842349
KDLG1505-174460.0409860.0012260.0000230.2822750.000025-17.59-8.161941
KDLG1505-1825530.0179140.0005950.0000080.2812580.000025-53.542.772871
KDLG1505-194380.0273970.0008290.0000250.2823030.000022-16.58-7.161875
KDLG1505-2021840.0214740.0006790.0000340.2812870.000025-52.53-4.73045
KDLG1505-219600.0570630.0018230.0000710.2823120.000027-16.273.811581
KDLG1505-224430.0154890.0004830.0000060.2824130.000024-12.71-3.091621
KDLG1505-238240.050650.0015310.0000430.2819150.00002-30.32-12.982529
KDLG1505-244460.039880.0012250.0000390.2823740.000026-14.08-4.621720
KDLG1505-259560.0535630.0014650.0000190.2818390.000024-33-12.832617
KDLG1505-264450.0362340.0010770.0000120.2822930.000022-16.95-7.471898
KDLG1505-274420.018390.0005460.0000050.282310.000024-16.33-6.761853
KDLG1505-285550.0272640.0007860.0000130.2821920.000027-20.52-8.582052
KDLG1505-3018420.0298480.000850.0000050.281610.000023-41.08-1.042559
KDLG1505-317840.0584770.0017190.0000230.2819770.00003-28.1-11.712419
KDLG1505-324340.021810.0006540.0000130.2822420.000021-18.73-9.382010
KDLG1505-3324720.0272350.0008830.0000080.2809710.000025-63.68-9.743572
KDLG1505-348340.0434090.0011890.0000050.2818690.000026-31.94-14.212612
KDLG1505-357330.0553460.0017260.0000110.2820440.000028-25.75-10.432300
KDLG1505-369660.0114270.000340.0000060.2817260.000023-37-15.872815
KDLG1505-404420.0190770.0005970.0000110.2823250.000021-15.82-6.261820
KDLG1505-428770.0495280.0015890.0000130.2820370.00003-25.98-7.542228
KDLG1505-4311520.013790.0004460.0000070.281860.000021-32.26-7.12409
KDLG1505-447990.0452990.0012990.0000120.2818550.000025-32.44-15.522667
KDLG1505-457510.0807130.0023770.0000260.2818960.00003-30.97-15.592637
KDLG1505-467260.0877250.002540.0000210.2819890.00003-27.69-12.932450
KDLG1505-4725650.0472760.0012820.0000490.281140.000023-57.73-2.363195
KDLG1505-494600.0183050.0005670.0000210.2823230.000021-15.88-5.931813
KDLG1505-504390.0442570.0013760.0000350.2822590.000029-18.15-8.911983
KDLG1505-518310.0294020.0008880.000010.2820140.00003-26.81-8.962282
KDLG1505-5221970.0150310.0004480.0000030.2813060.000025-51.84-3.342972
KDLG1505-535300.0302770.0008780.0000020.2820290.00003-26.28-14.942432
Figure 5 Plot of zircon Hf isotopes vs. crystallization age from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstones
Figure 5

Plot of zircon Hf isotopes vs. crystallization age from the Zhongwunongshan Group sandstones

5 Discussion

5.1 Sources of detritus

The zircon U-Pb age histogram of the clastic samples showed two major populations (460–434 Ma and 966–725 Ma), which illustrated that the zircons of the Zhongwunongshan Group were mainly derived from Neoproterozoic and late Early Palaeozoic detritus source rocks (Figure 4). The Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss with similar formation ages was found in the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt, located on the southern margin of the NQSB [3, 27]. Due to the continental collision between the Olongbruk Microblock and the Qaidam Block, the most important Neoproterozoic tonalite-monzonitic granites were formed, and intruded into the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt during the Jinningian period (1000–800 Ma) [28, 29, 36, 45]. In addition, the Hf isotopic results showed that the Neoproterozoic zircons from the sample KDLG1505 also had similar model age (2815–1581 Ma, with a peak of 2362 Ma), and a similar origin (dominated by ancient crust melting) as the Neoproterozoic Shaliuhe granitic gneiss in the eastern section of the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt [2, 46]. However, since the two-stage model age (TcDM) of sample BLG1505 in the western section was lower than that in the eastern section, the ∈Hf(t) was found to be significantly higher (Table 2, Figure 5). These results indicated that the Neoproterozoic detritus source rock in the western section may have been mixed with depleted mantle. A previous survey revealed that eclogite which developed in the Xitieshan granitic gneiss of the western section was originally the oceanic ridge basalt, with crystallization ages of 1000–800 Ma and positive ∈Nd (t) [47, 48]. It confirmed that the Neoproterozoic granite gneiss in the west may have been formed during a crust-remelting process, and mixed with depleted mantle, which caused the model age TCDM to be below the normal value in the east [49, 50]. Therefore, in the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt of North Qaidam, the Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss can likely be one of the major detritus source for the Zhongwunongshan Group.

The detrital zircon U-Pb age histogram also showed that the late Early Paleozoic detritus source rocks within the age population of 460–434 Ma were another major source of the Zhongwunongshan Group (Figure 4). However, the zircons in this age range only appeared in the eastern section of the study area. It was indicated that the detritus source rocks were slightly different between the eastern and western sections of the study area. The Hf isotopic analysis showed that the late Paleozoic detritus source rocks were mainly derived from the remelted magma of the lower crust reservoir (Figure 5). A previous survey indicated the sustained oceanic crust subduction occurred when the Qaidam block northward dived beneath the Olongbruk Microblock during the Late Ordovician [36, 63]. Due to the rapid subduction, the thickened lower continental crust melting took place which formed the active epicontinental arc tonalite-granodiorite (450–440 Ma) in the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt [3, 12, 28, 51]. As the only Early Paleozoic continental arc granites within the age population in the study area, the Tomorit quartz diorite–monzogranite series approaching to the south of Ulan was another source for the Zhongwunongshan Group.

5.2 Age of the Zhongwunongshan Group

Because the deposition age of sedimentary formation must be younger than the youngest detrital zircon, which can be regarded as the maximum deposition age for this formation [52, 53, 54]. This approach has been successfully applied to the time determination for sedimentary strata, especially to successions where biostratigraphy cannot be used [55, 56].

In this study, the 206Pb/238U age of the youngest detrital zircon (KDLG1505-32) of the Zhongwunongshan Group is 434±5 Ma (Table 2), and can be regarded as the maximum deposition age of the Zhongwunongshan Group. As the major provenances for the Zhongwunongshan Group, the significant input of detritus materials derived from the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt to the south (Figure 1b). The widespread Maonianshan Group in Devonian period of the above source regions was characterized of the youngest detrital zircon age of 407.9 Ma [57], which limited the deposition of the Maoniushan Group to be later than the Early Devonian. However, the detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the Zhongwunongshan Group were all older than 407.9 Ma, which indicated the absence of detritus materials of 407.9 Ma in the source regions during the Zhongwunongshan group deposited, and limited the depositional age of that strata to be older than early Devonian (407.9 Ma).

5.3 Tectonic significance

In the period from late Late Neoproterozoic to Middle Ordovician (580–465 Ma), the North Qaidam oceanic crust subducted northward beneath the Olongbruk Microblock, resulted in the formation of the Tanjianshan volcanic island arc [32, 58, 59] and Yuqia-Shaliuhe ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks [60, 61]. This subduction also induced compensatory convection of the mantle wedge behind the island arc, and forced deep-seatedmagmatoupwellwhich resulted in back-arc extension [63].

During the Late Ordovician to Middle Silurian (465–435 Ma), the North Qaidam Ocean closed and the Qaidam Block collided with the Olongbruk Microblock. Due to the rapid subdution, the thickened lower continental crust melting took place which formed the epicontinental arc tonalites-granodiorites (450–440 Ma) in the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt [3, 12, 28]. At the same time, the back-arc basin to the north of the North Qaidam deposited thick flysch sediments in the ZWSB and the adjacent South Qilian area during the Silurian [63].

The Late Silurian-Early Devonian (435–400 Ma) is an important transition period for the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution in the North Qaidam. The continuous movement of the asthenosphere with respect to the lithosphere at this stage promoted detachment within the lithosphere and caused partial melting of the sub-ducted continental crust. Meanwhile the alkaline basaltic magma, derived from remelting of deep subduction of the oceanic crust, uplifted and mixed with the continental crust magma. The mixed magma was finally emplaced in both sides of the HP-UHP zone, which formed the Early Devonian gneissic granite with the characteristics of intraplate cracking. The zircons from the gneissic granite yielded a U-Pb isotopic age about 400 Ma [3, 12], marking the completion of the Caledonian collisional orogeny in the NQSB.

In conclusion, the Zhongwunongshan Group was deposited during the period from the late Early Silurian to the early Early Devonian (434–407.9 Ma), when the North Qaidam was in the orogenic stage of the end of the early Paleozoic. Its provenance mainly came from the uplifting and erosion of the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic island arc belt of the NQSB. Furthermore, the Zhongwunongshan Group was located in the back-arc area to the Early Paleozoic Tanjianshan volcanic island arc belt of North Qaidam. With this information, it suggests that the Zhongwunongshan Group in the ZWSB and adjacent area is obviously dominated by the intense collisional orogeny of the North Qaidam in the end of the Early Paleozoic, which formed in the late Early Paleozoic back-arc basin.

6 Conclusion

Our new data allow the following major conclusions:

  1. The detrital zircon U-Pb dating results of the Zhongwunongshan Group showed two major populations. The first was Neoproterozoic (966-725 Ma) with a ∈Hf(t) = −15.9 to 9.5, and the other was late Early Paleozoic (460-434 Ma) with a ∈Hf(t) = −9.6 to −3.1. Based on the regional studies, the dominated provenanceswere found to be the Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss of the Yuqia-Shaliuhe HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the late Early Paleozoic granites of the Tanjianshan ophiolite-volcanic arc belt in the NQSB.

  2. In combination with previous research, the youngest detritus zircon ages of 434 Ma suggest that the Zhongwunongshan Group was deposited in the back-arc sedimentary basin associated with the Caledonian collisional orogeny of the NQSB during the Middle Silurian-Early Devonian (434–407.9 Ma)

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to Mr Dongdong Yu, Suyang Jiang and Kai Li for their help during the zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf analyses. This study was financially supported by the subject of National Key R&D Program of China (subject No.2017YFC0602806) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 4157021100).

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Received: 2018-08-06
Accepted: 2019-12-15
Published Online: 2020-02-28

© 2020 Y. Peng et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  93. Fracture characteristics from outcrops and its meaning to gas accumulation in the Jiyuan Basin, Henan Province, China
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  102. The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
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  104. M-GAM method in function of tourism potential assessment: Case study of the Sokobanja basin in eastern Serbia
  105. Dehydration and stabilization of unconsolidated laminated lake sediments using gypsum for the preparation of thin sections
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  114. Effect of organic maturity on shale gas genesis and pores development: A case study on marine shale in the upper Yangtze region, South China
  115. Gravel roundness quantitative analysis for sedimentary microfacies of fan delta deposition, Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Depression, Northwestern China
  116. Features of terraces and the incision rate along the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River east of Namche Barwa: Constraints on tectonic uplift
  117. Application of laser scanning technology for structure gauge measurement
  118. Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia
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  123. Special Issue: Alkaline-Carbonatitic magmatism
  124. Carbonatites from the southern Brazilian Platform: A review. II: Isotopic evidences
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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0003
Keywords for this article
North Qaidam; Zhongwunongshan Structral Belt; detrital zircon; provenance; back-arc basin; Caledonian
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  123. Special Issue: Alkaline-Carbonatitic magmatism
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