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Enhancement effect of electron beam irradiation on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment by adding 1,3-PBO: A potential way for waste ABS reuse

  • Ting Zhou , Yun Zhao , Duanya Xiong , Bingjie Ma , Siyu Li and Zhigang Zeng EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 17, 2025
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 25 Issue 1

Abstract

The recycling acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment lightens the burden on landfills and enables us to reuse waste ABS (wABS), promoting environmental sustainability and resource conservation. In this work, the effect of electron beam irradiation on the properties of wABS by adding 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-2-oxazolyl)benzene (1,3-PBO) has been studied. Various characterization methods including gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties test, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to investigate the change of relative molecular weight, chemical structure, mechanical properties, glass transition temperature (T g), and fracture morphology, respectively. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of 1,3-PBO combined with electron beam irradiation led to significant improvements in molecular weight, tensile strength, impact strength, and T g. Irradiated wABS-PBO reached optimal comprehensive mechanical properties with the dose at 240 kGy. However, higher electron beam irradiation (>240 kGy) significantly reduced the tensile strength due to extensive chain scission. Besides, the fracture surface morphology became coarser with the reinforced intermolecular binding force of irradiated wABS. This study establishes electron beam irradiation as a promising and effective approach for wABS recycling and reuse.

Keywords: electron beam irradiation; acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers; crosslinking reaction; mechanical properties; recycling

1 Introduction

The rapid advancement of information and intelligent technologies has accelerated the upgrade cycles of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) in recent years. This acceleration has led to an unprecedented accumulation of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) on a global scale (1). Plastics, which constitute the primary component of WEEE, are frequently discarded randomly without effective disposal, land-filled or incinerated. These disposal methods have generated severe environmental consequences, including water contamination, soil degradation, and atmospheric pollution, while simultaneously resulting in substantial resource wastage (2–4). Thus, the management and treatment of WEEE plastics has emerged as a critical challenge confronting both the plastic recycling industry and researchers. The recycling of WEEE plastics is profitable for both environmental protection and sustainable development of resources.

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymers exhibit exceptional performance characteristics compared to other plastics, including outstanding mechanical properties, processing versatility, superior electrical insulation, and notable chemical resistance (5). These advantageous properties promote itself to take the highest proportion in EEE plastics manufacturing (6). Nevertheless, ABS materials present certain inherent limitations, particularly in terms of moderate thermal stability and susceptibility to environmental degradation. These limitations stem primarily from the polybutadiene (PB) component of ABS, which demonstrates heightened sensitivity to thermal stress and UV irradiation in oxygen-rich environments. Specifically, the active α-H atoms of carbon–carbon double bond in PB component can be easily oxidized to generate carbonyl groups (7). Additionally, the aging process induces chain scission reactions, leading to polymer degradation (8). This complex thermo-oxidative degradation eventually results in the significant reduction in mechanical properties and molecular weight of ABS, thereby constraining its potential applications (9,10).

Mechanical properties play a fundamental role in determining the practical applications of plastics. For ABS plastic, mechanical properties – particularly impact resistance –undergo substantial deterioration during aged degradation. In terms of ABS recycling, many studies have been performed by blending with other polymers exhibiting elastomeric characteristics to recover the property loss caused by aging. In the study of Gohatre et al. (11), the impact strength of recycled-(PVC/ABS) blends is significantly enhanced with the addition of nitrile rubber (NBR). Similarly, the elongation at break and notched impact strength of aged ABS are improved remarkably through blending it with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) (12). However, while these blending approaches successfully enhance the elastomeric properties and toughness of wABS, they simultaneously result in a reduction of tensile strength in those aforementioned research studies.

Electron beam irradiation, a sophisticated high-energy ionizing radiation technique, has emerged as a powerful methodology for polymer property enhancement and modification. Both chain scission and crosslinking reactions can occur simultaneously in the whole irradiation process. When crosslinking reactions is more dominant than chain scission, the molecular weight of polymers will be increased. These microstructural changes usually cause corresponding changes in mechanical properties of a polymer. Kumar et al. (13,14) tested the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) blends subjected to electron beam irradiation. Their findings demonstrated significant improvements in heat deflection temperature, impact strength, and yield strength at irradiation dosages of 20 and 60 kGy. Corroborating evidence was presented by Sabet et al. (15) in their investigation of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). Their research revealed that electron-beam irradiated EVA exhibited markedly enhanced tensile strength and heat resistance. These investigations collectively demonstrate that the observed enhancements in mechanical properties can be attributed to the formation of favorable crosslinking structures within the polymers during the irradiation process. Given that the reduction of mechanical properties in wABS primarily results from chain scission, we hypothesize that electron beam irradiation technology could effectively reconnect the broken chains of wABS through irradiation-induced crosslinking reactions, thereby enhancing its molecular weight and mechanical properties, ultimately facilitating its reuse.

Importantly, the incorporation of crosslinking agents plays a crucial part in improving the thermal and mechanical properties of irradiated polymers. The systematic investigations conducted by Noriman et al. (16,17) demonstrated that the addition of trimethylopropane trimethacylate (TMPTA) was helpful in generating more crosslinking reactions and increasing cross-linked density between styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends by irradiation, which gave rise to mechanical capacities enhancement of polymer blends. Nevertheless, the effect of different types of crosslinking agents on improvement of polymer performance is different. According to the study of Rytlewski et al. (18), crossing agents of TMPTA and tribally isocyanurate (TAIC) showed opposite performance on electron beam irradiated polylactide (PLA). The tensile and impact strength of PLA/TAIC were enhanced with increasing radiation dosage, while a decrease of these properties occurred in PLA/TMPTA sample. This contrasting behavior underscores the complexity of crosslinking agent selection and its profound influence on the ultimate properties of irradiated polymers.

1,3-Bis(4,5-dihydro-2-oxazolyl)benzene (1,3-PBO) is characterized by the presence of two epoxy functional groups within its molecular structure. High-energy electrons generated by the electron beam accelerator initiate a cascade of reactions by interacting with the epoxy functional groups present in 1,3-PBO molecules. This interaction triggers a systematic ring-opening mechanism of the epoxy groups, resulting in the formation of reactive free radical species within the molecular framework. It is reported that molecular chain of wABS inherently carries free radicals mainly due to the thermo-oxidative degradation of PB component (19). Consequently, the free radicals generated from 1,3-PBO would react with free radicals in wABS to effectively connect its broken chains and form cross-linked networks. The probable reaction mechanism between wABS and 1,3-PBO in the electron beam irradiation process is shown in Figure 1. As we know, there are no studies on adding 1,3-PBO as a crosslinking agent in wABS with electron beam irradiation for enhancing mechanical properties of wABS. In order to recover the degradation-induced mechanical performance loss in wABS, we conduct an investigation on the effect of 1,3-PBO and electron beam irradiation on properties of wABS by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), molecular weight, tensile strength, impact strength, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and morphology characterization.

Figure 1 Probable crosslinking reaction between wABS and 1,3-PBO.
Figure 1

Probable crosslinking reaction between wABS and 1,3-PBO.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The wABS was provided by Hubei Huichu Hazardous Waste Treatment Co., Ltd, (Xianning, China). The crosslinking agent 1,3-PBO was purchased from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China) and utilized to induce cross-linked reactions within the wABS matrix.

2.2 Sample processing and irradiation

The wABS of large bulk was washed, dried, and broken up into particles. The particles wABS and 1,3-PBO were first dried in a vacuum drying oven at 50°C for a period of 6 h. Then the uniform blends of wABS with 2.5 phr 1,3-PBO (mass ratio was 100:2.5) were put into a twin-screw extruder (LZ-80, Labtech Engineering Co., Ltd, USA) at a mixing temperature of 200°C and a constant rotor speed of 80 rpm. The extrusion samples from the twin-screw extruder were further injection-molded into 4 mm thickness sheet form through an injection-molding machine (PL860/290 V, Wuxi Haitian Machinery Co., Ltd, China). In this plastic injection-molding process, the temperature and pressure were set to 200°C and 10 MPa, respectively. Finally, the 4 mm thickness of sample sheets were irradiated to 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 kGy with a dose rate of 10 kGy per pass at room temperature using an electron beam accelerator (10 MeV; IS1020, TONGWEIXINDA, Jiangsu, China). The detailed sample designation is listed in Table 1. Besides, the wABS was also injection-molded with no 1,3-PBO to obtain specimens of the same shape for mechanical properties test.

Table 1

Sample designation of unirradiated wABS and irradiated wABS

Ingredient and radiation doses Specimen
wABS wABS-240 wABS-PBO wABS-PBO-80 wABS-PBO-160 wABS-PBO-240 wABS-PBO-320 wABS-PBO-400
1,3-PBO (phr) 0 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Irradiation dosage (kGy) 0 240 0 80 160 240 320 400

2.3 Mechanical properties test

Mechanical properties were characterized using standardized testing procedures. Tensile strength of all specimens was performed on a universal testing machine (INSTRON 5582, UK) according to GB/T 1040-2006 specifications, with a crosshead speed of 50 mm·min−1. Impact strength was evaluated using a Cantilever beam impact tester (XJU-22D, Hebei Chengde, China) following GB/T 1843-2008 to assess the toughness of plastics. In these measurements, three sample sheets were tested to get an average value at room temperature (23 ± 2°C).

2.4 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) testing

The number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity index (PDI) of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO were determined by using a GPC instrument (Agilent 1260, Agilent Corporation, USA). Tetrahydrofuran was chosen to be the eluent with a 1.0 mL·min−1 flow rate at 35°C. The different molecular weight of polystyrene standards was used to establish standard curves to calculate the average molecular weight of samples. All samples were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran for 24 h at room temperature with a concentration of 10 mg·mL−1 and approximately 100 μL of sample were injected into GPC. Importantly, each solution should be filtrated with an organic microfiltration membrane of 0.22 μm prior to injection.

2.5 FTIR analysis

A FTIR spectrometer (Spectrum Two, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to identify changes in chemical bonding present in wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO. The spectrum chart was recorded from 4,000 to 400 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 over 40 scans.

2.6 DSC analysis

The thermal stability analysis of all samples was performed on a DSC (200 F3, Neize, Germany). Specimens were heated at a rate of 10°C·min−1 from 25°C to 250°C and tests were carried out in a pure nitrogen environment at a flow rate of 22 mL·min−1.

2.7 Morphology observation

The morphology of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO was observed by using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (sigma 300, Zeiss, Germany). Fractured surfaces from impact testing were used for observation. Prior to observation, the cross-sectional surfaces were sputter-coated with gold to ensure conductivity for microscopic analysis.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Average molecular weight

Electron beam radiation can result in changes in the molecular weight of a polymer. The formation of crosslinking structures typically contributes to an increase in average molecular weight, otherwise main chain scission decreases the average molecular weight. In order to investigate the effect of irradiation dosage on the average molecular weight, the Mn, Mw, and PDI values of unirradiated wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO were measured by GPC in this work. GPC analysis revealed that all irradiated wABS-PBO samples exhibited elevated Mw values compared to wABS (Table 2). In view of Mw is particularly sensitive to the presence of high molecular weight species, these findings demonstrate that electron beam irradiation facilitates the formation of higher molecular weight polymers in ABS matrices containing 1,3-PBO. This is because the crosslinking agent PBO forms free radicals on its molecular chain under the action of an electron accelerator. These radicals then react with the free radicals on the wABS molecular chains, initiating crosslinking reactions. Besides, the Mw of wABS-PBO blends initially with increasing irradiation dosage but begins to decrease after reaching a maximum at 240 kGy. This observation indicates that chain scission reaction occurs more and more violently when the dosage value is greater than 240 kGy. The Mn of the irradiated specimen is lower than wABS at a radiation dose of 400 kGy, further confirming that higher doses lead to more degradation reactions. It is possibly attributed to the excessive electrons released by electron beam accelerator tending to attack ABS backbone chains at higher dosages (>240 kGy).

Table 2

Relative molecular weight of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO

Specimen Mn Mw PDI
wABS 48,662 136,160 2.80
wABS-PBO-80 65,523 184,744 2.82
wABS-PBO-160 72,853 208,391 2.86
wABS-PBO-240 71,115 217,678 3.06
wABS-PBO-320 71,875 192,501 2.68
wABS-PBO-400 42,846 157,962 3.69

3.2 Mechanical properties

Figure 2 illustrates the variation of mechanical properties of unirradiated and irradiated wABS and wABS-PBO. It can be observed that the pristine wABS demonstrated a marginal reduction in its tensile properties after irradiation at 240 kGy; however, the addition of PBO resulted in an improvement in tensile characteristics. The incorporation of 1,3-PBO and electron beam irradiation significantly enhanced both tensile and impact strength of wABS, with tensile strength showing a remarkable increase from 8.7 to 28.7 MPa. The enhancement in mechanical properties primarily stems from the formation of the crosslinking structures and high-molecular compounds within the wABS matrix, which strengthen the intermolecular forces and inhibit polymer chain sliding under strain. It was shown that upon irradiation tensile strength of wABS increased gradually up to dosage 240 kGy and then decreased rapidly with further increase of dosage. This significant reduction may be caused by chain scission at elevated dosage. Moreover, the variation of tensile strength with dosage is consistent with Mw as shown in Table 1, in which the value of Mw also reaches maximum at dosage of 240 kGy. It is also important to note that the irradiated wABS at 400 kGy exhibits the highest impact strength improvement yet the lowest tensile strength, a phenomenon attributed to changes in molecular weight distribution and the presence of low molecular weight compounds. At 400 kGy, wABS demonstrates the lowest Mn and the highest PDI. The relatively high proportion of low-molecular-weight molecules enhances polymer chain flexibility, facilitating chain mobility and enabling greater deformation under external forces, thereby increasing energy absorption capacity during impact. Consequently, the impact strength is enhanced, but the tensile strength decreases. It can be inferred that the irradiation dosage should be kept around 240 kGy to achieve optimum comprehensive mechanical performance of wABS.

Figure 2 Mechanical properties of samples.
Figure 2

Mechanical properties of samples.

3.3 FTIR spectroscopy analysis

Figure 3 presents the FTIR spectra of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO at different dosages. The characteristic absorption band at 2,237 cm−1 represents the stretching vibration of –C≡N group, which corresponds to acrylonitrile constituents. The absorption peaks observed at 2,924 and 876 cm−1 are assigned to C–H stretching vibrations from alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon moieties, respectively (19). The overtone absorption bands of the styrene component can be observed at 1,493, 1,583, and 1,603 cm−1, attributed to C═C bonds from the aromatic group. The peaks at around 1,733, 1,750, and 1,768 cm−1 are characteristic of the –C═O group, while a broad absorption band at 3,440 cm−1 attaches to hydroxyl association peak. These oxidized functionalities arise from the thermo-oxidation of alkenic carbons in PB during service life (20). Additionally, the sharp peak at 1,050 cm−1 represents the stretching vibration of C–O bond, further confirming the oxidation degradation of wABS.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO in the range of (a) 500–4,000 cm−1, (b) 1,420–1,620 cm−1, (c) 2,830–3,000 cm−1, and (d) 1,630–1,800 cm−1.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO in the range of (a) 500–4,000 cm−1, (b) 1,420–1,620 cm−1, (c) 2,830–3,000 cm−1, and (d) 1,630–1,800 cm−1.

Upon comparing the FTIR spectra of unirradiated wABS with those of irradiated wABS-PBO samples, it was observed that absorption bands at 1,493, 1,603, 2,853, and 2,924 cm−1 were heightened following electron beam irradiation. The enhancement of stretching vibration in the aliphatic C–H bond (2,853 and 2,924 cm−1) may be caused by products of crosslinking reactions. The reaction between wABS and 1,3-PBO resulted in increased content of benzene ring, as evidenced by the enhanced C═C stretching vibrations of aromatic rings (1,493 and 1,603 cm−1). Furthermore, all irradiated wABS-PBO samples exhibited a distinctive new absorption peak at 1,648 cm−1, corresponding to the –C═O group from amide, which originates from the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-PBO under electron beam irradiation. However, the characteristic absorption bands of N–H and C–N bonds were not clearly discernible, possibly due to peak overlapping with other absorption bands.

3.4 DSC analysis

In order to investigate the thermal properties such as T g and melting temperature (T m) of wABS and irradiated wABS, DSC tests were performed in this study. Figure 4a and b shows the thermograms of DSC tests of wABS, wABS-PBO, irradiated wABS, and wABS-PBO. As is known to all, the T g represents the transition from the glassy phase to the rubbery phase and impacts the performance of plastics. In all the DSC curves, two distinct transitions can be seen. Transitions around 101°C represent the T g of styrene−acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer (21), followed by the second endothermic peak around 160°C. Since ABS is amorphous, there is no definite T m. So the endothermic peak around 160°C mainly represents the melting of processed materials that were used to mix SAN and butadiene copolymer (22). Moreover, an inconspicuous peak in each thermogram is noticed at around 85°C most possibly attributed to the release of volatile small molecule compounds.

Figure 4 DSC results of wABS, wABS-PBO, irradiated wABS, and wABS-PBO at different dosages: (a) and (b) thermogram for temperature scanning; (c) comparison of Tg.
Figure 4

DSC results of wABS, wABS-PBO, irradiated wABS, and wABS-PBO at different dosages: (a) and (b) thermogram for temperature scanning; (c) comparison of Tg.

The electron beam irradiation and 1,3-PBO influence the polymer chain mobility of wABS matrix. T g of unirradiated and irradiated wABS-PBO are marginally higher than original wABS. The T g of irradiated wABS-PBO of 80 and 160 kGy are found at 101.03°C and 101.51°C, respectively, in basic agreement with wABS at 101.00°C (Figure 4c). When the irradiated dosage is increased to 240 kGy, the value of T g has a slight increase of 3.33°C, reaching its maximum value. This is due to the formation of crosslinking structures and macromolecular polymers in wABS matrix, which promotes the mutual entanglement of molecule chains and limits the chain mobility of polymers. As a result, the more the cross-linked structures, the higher the T g of SAN. However, when the radiation dosage exceeds 240 kGy, the observed decrease in T g can be attributed to the reduction in cross-linked structures due to undesirable degradation. Additionally, while comparing the thermal properties of wABS and wABS-PBO systems, it was observed that wABS-PBO demonstrated systematically higher T g compared to wABS, indicating enhanced thermal stability of the PBO-modified system. Notably, irradiated wABS exhibited a lower T m compared to unirradiated wABS (Figure 4b), indicating significant modifications in the amorphous regions of wABS after irradiation.

3.5 SEM analysis

SEM was applied to observe the morphology of fractured surfaces of wABS and irradiated wABS-PBO. The specimen irradiated at 240 kGy, which exhibited optimal comprehensive mechanical properties, was selected for comparative analysis with non-irradiated wABS. As shown in Figure 5a, the fracture surface of wABS appears relatively smooth and presents a ductile fracture morphology with densely interlaced fracture lines (23). Many cavities (the circles in the photos) are visible on the specimen surface, resulting from the extraction of the dispersed phase (PB particles) during the impact test. The interface between the continuous phase and the dispersed phase is clear, indicating the incompatibility between SAN and PB phases. In contrast, wABS-PBO-240 (Figure 5c) exhibits a roughened fracture surface. This is mainly due to cross-linked structures formed by irradiation, which can enhance the bonding force between PB phase and SAN phase. When the specimen is suffering from impact force, the system undergoes significant deformation because of the extraction of PB particle from SAN matrix in wABS and appears as a rough fracture surface ultimately.

Figure 5 SEM photos of the fracture surface of specimens: (a) wABS (5,000×), (b) wABS (10,000×), (c) wABS-PBO-240 kGy (5,000×), and (d) wABS-PBO-240 kGy (10,000×).
Figure 5

SEM photos of the fracture surface of specimens: (a) wABS (5,000×), (b) wABS (10,000×), (c) wABS-PBO-240 kGy (5,000×), and (d) wABS-PBO-240 kGy (10,000×).

4 Conclusion

This study investigates the effect of electron beam irradiation modification on mechanical properties and microstructure of wABS with the addition of 1,3-PBO as a crosslinking agent, aiming to improve its performance degradation during the aging process. The GPC test showed that the molecular weight of wABS was dramatically improved, indicating the occurrence of crosslinking reactions. Moreover, this observation was also evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy.

According to the results of mechanical properties’ tests, the tensile strength of wABS was increased first and decreased later with increasing irradiation dosage, and the impact strength reached the highest when the irradiation dosage was 400 kGy. The optimal comprehensive mechanical properties were achieved with the dose of 240 kGy. Higher electron beam irradiation could induce more chain scissioning in polymers, promoting the flexibility of the polymer chain and the sliding movement of molecular chains.

DSC curves showed a slight increase in the T g (SAN) of wABS after irradiation, which also proved the generation of high-molecular-weight polymers in wABS matrix.

SEM images indicated that wABS presented a ductile fracture appearance and the fracture surface morphology of irradiated wABS became rougher.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported and funded by the Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province (No. B2023171) and Science Development Foundation of Hubei University of Science & Technology (No. 2022ZX14).

  2. Author contributions: Ting Zhou: writing – original draft, formal analysis; Yun Zhao: methodology, investigation, formal analysis; Duanya Xiong: methodology; Bingjie Ma: methodology; Siyu Li: methodology; Zhigang Zeng: writing – review & editing, project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data will be made available on request.

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Received: 2024-08-12
Revised: 2025-01-09
Accepted: 2025-01-10
Published Online: 2025-02-17

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  6. Enhancement effect of electron beam irradiation on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment by adding 1,3-PBO: A potential way for waste ABS reuse
  7. Model construction and property study of poly(ether-ether-ketone) by molecular dynamics simulation with meta-modeling methods
  8. Zinc–gallic acid–polylysine nanocomplexes with enhanced bactericidal activity for the treatment of bacterial keratitis
  9. Effect of pyrogallol compounds dosage on mechanical properties of epoxy coating
  10. Preparation of in situ polymerized polypyrrole-modified braided cord and its electrical conductivity investigation under varied mechanical conditions
  11. Hydrophobicity, UV resistance, and antioxidant properties of carnauba wax-reinforced CG bio-polymer film
  12. Janus nanofiber membrane films loading with bioactive calcium silicate for the promotion of burn wound healing
  13. Synthesis of migration-resistant antioxidant and its application in natural rubber composites
  14. Influence of the flow rate on the die swell for polymer micro coextrusion process
  15. Fatty acid filled polyaniline nanofibres with dual electrical conductivity and thermo-regulatory characteristics: Futuristic material for thermal energy storage
  16. Hydrolytic depolymerization of major fibrous wastes
  17. Performance of epoxy hexagonal boron nitrate underfill materials: Single and mixed systems
  18. Blend electrospinning of citronella or thyme oil-loaded polyurethane nanofibers and evaluating their release behaviors
  19. Efficiency of flexible shielding materials against gamma rays: Silicon rubber with different sizes of Bi2O3 and SnO
  20. A comprehensive approach for the production of carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid filaments with enhanced wear and mechanical behaviour
  21. Electret melt-blown nonwovens with charge stability for high-performance PM0.3 purification under extreme environmental conditions
  22. Study on the failure mechanism of suture CFRP T-joints under/after the low-velocity impact loading
  23. Experimental testing and finite element analysis of polyurethane adhesive joints under Mode I loading and degradation conditions
  24. Optimizing recycled PET 3D printing using Taguchi method for improved mechanical properties and dimensional precision
  25. Effect of stacking sequence of the hybrid composite armor on ballistic performance and damage mechanism
  26. Bending crack propagation and delamination damage behavior of orthogonal ply laminates under positive and negative loads
  27. Rapid Communication
  28. RAFT-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquid) block copolymers in a green solvent
  29. Corrigendum
  30. Corrigendum to “High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing”
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0082
Keywords for this article
electron beam irradiation; acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers; crosslinking reaction; mechanical properties; recycling
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Flow-induced fiber orientation in gas-powered projectile-assisted injection molded parts
  3. Research on thermal aging characteristics of silicone rubber composite materials for dry-type distribution transformers
  4. Kinetics of acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride polymerization in aqueous solutions
  5. Influence of siloxane content on the material performance and functional properties of polydimethylsiloxane copolymers containing naphthalene moieties
  6. Enhancement effect of electron beam irradiation on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment by adding 1,3-PBO: A potential way for waste ABS reuse
  7. Model construction and property study of poly(ether-ether-ketone) by molecular dynamics simulation with meta-modeling methods
  8. Zinc–gallic acid–polylysine nanocomplexes with enhanced bactericidal activity for the treatment of bacterial keratitis
  9. Effect of pyrogallol compounds dosage on mechanical properties of epoxy coating
  10. Preparation of in situ polymerized polypyrrole-modified braided cord and its electrical conductivity investigation under varied mechanical conditions
  11. Hydrophobicity, UV resistance, and antioxidant properties of carnauba wax-reinforced CG bio-polymer film
  12. Janus nanofiber membrane films loading with bioactive calcium silicate for the promotion of burn wound healing
  13. Synthesis of migration-resistant antioxidant and its application in natural rubber composites
  14. Influence of the flow rate on the die swell for polymer micro coextrusion process
  15. Fatty acid filled polyaniline nanofibres with dual electrical conductivity and thermo-regulatory characteristics: Futuristic material for thermal energy storage
  16. Hydrolytic depolymerization of major fibrous wastes
  17. Performance of epoxy hexagonal boron nitrate underfill materials: Single and mixed systems
  18. Blend electrospinning of citronella or thyme oil-loaded polyurethane nanofibers and evaluating their release behaviors
  19. Efficiency of flexible shielding materials against gamma rays: Silicon rubber with different sizes of Bi2O3 and SnO
  20. A comprehensive approach for the production of carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid filaments with enhanced wear and mechanical behaviour
  21. Electret melt-blown nonwovens with charge stability for high-performance PM0.3 purification under extreme environmental conditions
  22. Study on the failure mechanism of suture CFRP T-joints under/after the low-velocity impact loading
  23. Experimental testing and finite element analysis of polyurethane adhesive joints under Mode I loading and degradation conditions
  24. Optimizing recycled PET 3D printing using Taguchi method for improved mechanical properties and dimensional precision
  25. Effect of stacking sequence of the hybrid composite armor on ballistic performance and damage mechanism
  26. Bending crack propagation and delamination damage behavior of orthogonal ply laminates under positive and negative loads
  27. Rapid Communication
  28. RAFT-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquid) block copolymers in a green solvent
  29. Corrigendum
  30. Corrigendum to “High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing”
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