Startseite Influence of boric acid on radial structure of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers
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Influence of boric acid on radial structure of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers

  • Xue-Fei Wang EMAIL logo , Xiao-Long Zhu , Chi Jiang , Jian-Min Guan , Xin Qian , Shu-Lin Song , Yong-Gang Zhang EMAIL logo und De-Hong Li
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. Mai 2019
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Abstract

The surface modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers with boric acid was utilized to modulate the homogeneity of the radial structure of the PAN fibers during thermal stabilization. Exothermic peaks of the fibers were put off by boric acid, and unreacted nitrile groups of the oxidized PAN fibers increased with the boron content, indicating that boric acid on the fiber surface had an retardant effect on the thermal stabilization of PAN fibers. The relative skin thicknesses of the oxidized PAN fibers were quantitatively measured by sulfuric acid etching and SEM observation. The value increased obviously with the boron content, which could be further elevated by increasing stabilization time or decreasing stabilization temperature. Oxidized PAN fibers with more homogeneous radial structure can thus be obtained with the modification of boric acid, which might be beneficial for the preparation of high performance carbon fibers.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: polyacrylonitrile fibers; boric acid; thermal stabilization; radial structure; carbon fibers

1 Introduction

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibers are widely used as important reinforcement materials in various areas like aircrafts, automobiles, construction reinforcement, sports good, etc., owning to their excellent properties like high strength, high modulus, ablation resistance, and low density (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Thermal stabilization of PAN precursors is an important process in carbon fiber production, which converts linear polymers of PAN to ladder polymers. The fibers can then be resistant to melt in following carbonization process in an inert atmosphere.

A series of reactions including cyclization, dehydrogenation, oxidation, cross-linking, and decomposition happen during the stabilization process. On the account of that cyclization reaction is considered to be a reaction-controlled process (9, 10), raising temperature of heat treatment may be helpful to decrease retention time, and then improves the productivity. However, the oxidation reaction is thought to be controlled by the diffusion of oxygen (9). The formation of cyclized structures of the PAN chains is a prerequisite to oxidation, and the ladder structures could be attacked by oxygen as soon as they are formed 10, 11. The oxidation reaction of the polymers happens on the fiber surface is earlier than that in the inner core of the fiber. A dense skin of the fiber is formed. Oxygen diffuses gradually from the surface to the inner core of the fiber in the stabilization process, and the oxidation reaction happens simultaneously. The oxidized fiber thus owns inhomogeneous structure in radial direction, which is skin-core structure. The radial structure can be inherited by carbon fiber, which may have an impact on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber (12, 13, 14).

In order to improve the homogeneity of the cross section structure of the oxidized fiber, various reagents were introduced into the fiber or on the surface of the fiber before stabilization process. Metal compounds were commonly used. KMnO4 was chemically impregnated into polyacrylonitrile precursors and MnO4-CN conjugation was produced, which acted as a plasticizer and helped to catalyze cyclization reaction (15). The rate of stabilization was accelerated and the retention time was reduced. The cross section of the fibers was examined by optical microscope, and the cross section structure was homogenized by the modification. Similar results could also be obtained in other research (16). Oxygen in PAN fiber was thought to be an active site, and its content increased with the modification of KMnO4, which could promote the rate of cyclization and preoxidation. The concentrated oxygen could be found in modified PAN fiber, resulting in oxidized fiber with higher skin-core ratio, which demonstrated that the homogeneous structure in the inner and outer parts of oxidized fiber could be improved (16). Carbon fiber developed from the KMnO4 modified PAN fiber showed homogenization of the cross section structure, which was observed by SEM (17). The tensile strength of the carbon fiber prepared from the chemically modified sample increased to 4.2 GPa, while that obtained from original PAN sample was 2 GPa (18).

CoSO4 could also be used as a catalyst in the formation of ladder structures, reducing the temperature of cyclization. The resultant carbon fiber obtained from modified PAN fiber showed an improvement in the tensile properties (19). Cross section of oxidized fiber developed from treated PAN fiber showed homogeneous structure from SEM images, without large granulars or holes (19). Other metal compounds including Ni(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), Cu(I) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25), reagents such as hydrogen peroxide (26) and sulfur (27), and radiation of PAN with UV (28, 29), electron beam (30, 31), or gamma-rays (32, 33) were also introduced to modify PAN precursor fibers.

Boron may be another reagent to modulate the cross section structure of the fiber, putting off the initial temperature and peak temperatures and reducing the stabilization extent of the PAN fiber. PAN films doped with boric acid were obtained by adding boric acid into PAN solution. Ouyang et al. found that the initial temperature of cyclization increased from 193 to 224°C when PAN was treated with boric acid (34). As the content of boric acid increased, the suppression effect of boric acid on cyclization reaction was enhanced according to FTIR data (35). Although boric acid could retard the ionic cyclization, it had little influence on the radical cyclization. Boric acid could also be doped into PAN fiber prior to drying in the fiber spinning process. DSC profiles of the PAN fibers showed that boric acid inhibited the cyclization reaction weakly and hindered the oxidation reaction significantly, which was due to the inhibition effect of boric acid on the diffusion of oxygen (36).

Boric acid was coated on the fiber surface by soaking the PAN fibers in boric acid solution. Wu et al. considered boric acid acted as a cross-linking agent to tie the adjacent PAN molecular chains together, which could decrease the thermal shrinkage of the treated fiber. The cross-linked structures were thought to be less dense, and the diffusion of oxygen into the core region should be much easier (37). A sheath-core structure was noticed in the oxidized fibers without boric acid modification by optical microscope, which became a hollow tube in carbon fiber. Comparatively, structural difference between the sheath and core was alleviated in fiber coated with boric acid, and the sheath-core effect was not observed in carbon fiber by SEM (37). Besides, boron could catalyze the graphitization of carbon fibers, which was manifested as lowering the heating temperature during the graphitization process, promoting the increasement of the tensile modulus, and alleviating the decrease of the tensile strength (38, 39, 40).

Previous work mainly focuses on the retardant effect of boric acid on the chemical structure of PAN fiber in the thermal stabilization process. The influence of boric acid on the skin-core structure of the PAN fiber is less concerned. Primarily, the skin-core structure should be measured quantitatively. Instead of observation with optical microscope, the oxidized PAN fiber was firstly treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, which was learned from the treatment of fibers with aqueous sulfuric acid at reflux (9). The core was etched by sulfuric acid and the skin region remained. The skin thickness and the core diameter were then recorded by SEM observation, and the relative skin thickness (RST) was obtained (41). RST grew proportionally to the square root of the oxidation time (t1/2) at 250 or 260°C, and the oxidation reaction was considered to be controlled by the diffusive transport of oxygen 9, 41, which indicated that sulfuric acid etching and SEM observation method could be used to evaluate the skin-core structure of oxidized PAN fibers.

In this work, boric acid was loaded on the surface of the PAN fiber by immersing the fiber in the boric acid solution. PAN fibers with varing boron content were then thermally treated at a constant temperature. Sulfuric acid etching and SEM observation method was used to measure the skin thicknesses of the oxidized PAN fibers. It could help to understand the effect of boric acid on the radical structure of the oxidized PAN fibers. The mechanical properties, exotherms, and the preoxidation extents of the PAN fibers were also monitored.

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Physical properties of PAN monofilaments

Boric acid modification was carried out in water bath at 80°C. Even though the fiber was fixed in a constant length during the treatment process, the temperature or the boric acid might have an effect on the fiber structure. The physical properties of three PAN fibers were followed, PAN fiber, PAN fiber treated with 80°C water, and PAN fiber modified with boric acid. The major mechanical properties of the PAN monofilaments are listed in Table 1. These three kind of fibers have comparable tenacity and tensile modulus, indicating that boric acid modification or hot water treatment has little effect on the physical properties of the PAN fibers.

Table 1

The physical properties of PAN monofilaments.

SamplesFineness dtexTenacity cN/dtexTensile modulus cN/dtexElongation %
PAN0.77±0.026.58±0.60131.17±21.0712.29±0.72
PAN*a0.81±0.036.26±0.40130.98±19.1213.01±0.78
PAN-B0.40.76±0.026.85±0.60124.69±21.1312.99±0.69

  1. aPAN*was the fiber immersed in deionized water at 80°C for 5 min without boric acid.

The tenacity of PAN fiber used is 6.58 cN/dtex. This value is commonly found in PAN precursor fibers for carbon fiber preparation. The tensile strength of PAN fibers with different molecular weight was between 6.3~7.4 cN/dtex (42). The tenacity of PAN fiber obtained by wet-spinning with a postdrawing reached 6.08 cN/dtex (43). The precursor fibers for modification with hydrogen peroxide had a tenacity higher than 6.5 cN/dtex and a tensile modulus higher than 105 cN/dtex (26). Comparatively, the PAN fiber used in this work has a higher tensile modulus.

2.2 Thermal behavior of PAN fibers in air

Figure 1 shows the DSC curves of PAN fibers with different boron content at a heating rate of 10°C/min under air atmosphere. All the samples have two obvious exothermic peaks, one peak is at around 270°C and the other one is at around 330°C. The former one is attributed to cyclization reaction, dehydrogenation reaction and oxidation reaction, and the latter one to certain intermolecular cross-linking reaction and aromatization of structure (44, 45, 46). Detailed parameters from DSC curves are listed in Table 2. When PAN fiber is modified with boric acid,

Figure 1 DSC curves of PAN fibers with different boron content in air at 10°C/min.
Figure 1

DSC curves of PAN fibers with different boron content in air at 10°C/min.

Table 2

DSC parameters of PAN fibers with different boron content in air.

SamplesTi (°C)Tf (°C)ΔT (°C)Tp1 (°C)Tp2 (°C)ΔH (J g-1)
PAN189.7442.4252.7269.1331.01972
PAN-B0.1187.8440.5252.7270.6331.11990
PAN-B0.25190.7439.1248.4269.7330.82103
PAN-B0.4191.3443.1251.8270.8331.91980

Tp1 increases from 269.1 to 270.8°C and Tp2 from 331.0 to 331.9°C. Meanwhile, Ti shifts to a higher temperature, but ΔH changes little. According to the DSC data, boric acid shows a weak retardant effect on the cyclization reaction and oxidation reaction of PAN fiber.

2.3 Chemical composition of oxidized fibers

Figure 2a shows a typical spectrum of original PAN fiber without thermal treatment. There are three characteristic peaks, one at 2240 cm-1 due to the stretching vibration of C≡N bond (υC≡N), one at 1454 cm-1 due to strong C-H in-plane deformation vibration of -CH2 groups (δC-H), and another one at 2940 cm-1 due to C-H stretching vibration of -CH2 groups (υC-H). There are also two additional peaks at 1730 cm-1 and 1260 cm-1, ascribed to stretching vibration of C=O or C-O, which is due to the presence of the comonomer. After thermal treatment at 260°C for 10 min, all the characteristic peaks of PAN fiber decreases, as shown in Figure 2b. At the same time, one peak at 1585 cm-1 can be observed. The peak is ascribed to the products of the reaction of nitrile groups, which is considered to be C=C and C=N (44).

Figure 2 FTIR spectra of original PAN fiber (a) and fibers with varing boron content treated at 260°C (b) 0, (c) 0.1% (d) 0.25%, and (e) 0.4%.
Figure 2

FTIR spectra of original PAN fiber (a) and fibers with varing boron content treated at 260°C (b) 0, (c) 0.1% (d) 0.25%, and (e) 0.4%.

With the increase of boric acid on the surface of PAN fibers, the decrease of absorbance at 2240 cm-1 is reduced (Figures 2c-e). It means that fewer nitrile groups are involved in the stabilization process. f is used to determine the fraction of unreacted nitrile groups according to the expression proposed by Collins et al. (47).

(1)f=ABS(2240 cm−1)ABS(2240 cm−1)+0.29×ABS(1585 cm−1)

Where f is the fraction of unreacted nitrile groups and ABS is the absorbance intensity.

The f values of oxidized PAN fibers are shown in Figure 3. The f value of PAN fiber without boric acid modification is 0.50, and it increases to 0.51 when the fiber surface is coated with 0.1% boron. With the increasing of boron content, the f value increases, which means that there are more unreacted nitrile groups remaining in the fiber. The f value increases to 0.62 for oxidized PAN-B0.4 fiber. Boric acid on the fiber surface thus retards the stabilization process of PAN obviously. The retardation effect of boric acid was also observed by FTIR when boric acid was added to PAN film (35).

Figure 3 The fraction of unreacted nitrile groups of PAN fibers with varing boron content after thermal treatment at 260°C for 10 min.
Figure 3

The fraction of unreacted nitrile groups of PAN fibers with varing boron content after thermal treatment at 260°C for 10 min.

The mechanism of ion initiated cyclization reaction showed that the carboxylic groups of itaconic acid comonomer initiated the cyclization reaction as a nucleophilic group (48). The PAN fiber here is modified with boric acid, which is a Lewis acid that can accept a pair of electron. In the initiation process, the electron pair on carboxylic group may be captured by boron, and hydroxyl oxygen loses the ability to transfer the free electron pair to nitrile groups. Boric acid thus inhibits the cyclization process, which can then happen at higher temperature

by radical initiation. Therefore, after thermal treatment, the boric acid modified PAN has more unreacted nitrile groups than that of unmodified one, and unreacted nitrile groups are elevated with the boron content. Grassie et al. also mentioned that boric acid played a role as inhibitor of the reaction rather than as an acid initiator, which was indicated by DTA and TG (25).

2.4 The radial structure of oxidized PAN fibers

According to previous experiments, skin part and core part of oxidized PAN fibers can be easily differentiated by stabilization at 260°C (41). 260°C was chosen as the stabilization temperature in the work. SEM images of cross sections of boric acid coated PAN fibers after stabilization and following sulfuric acid etching are shown in Figure 4. The retention time of stabilization is 10 min (Figures 4a-d) and 60 min (Figures 4a’-d’), respectively. Figure 4a shows cross section of PAN fiber after stabilization at 260°C for 10 min and following sulfuric acid etching. The inner core of the fiber is eroded by sulfuric acid and a hollow tube is observed. Keeping the retention time of stabilization for 10 min, the core diameters of the modified PAN fibers decrease with the boron content on the fiber surface (Figures 4c and 4d). When the retention time of stabilization is prolonged, the core diameters of the four oxidized fibers can be reduced evidently (Figures 4a’-d’).

Figure 4 The cross section images of PAN fibers following stabilization at 260°C for 10 min (a-d) and 60 min (a’-d’) and sulfuric acid etching: (a, a’) PAN, (b, b’) PAN-B0.1, (c, c’) PAN-B0.25, (d, d’) PAN-B0.4.
Figure 4

The cross section images of PAN fibers following stabilization at 260°C for 10 min (a-d) and 60 min (a’-d’) and sulfuric acid etching: (a, a’) PAN, (b, b’) PAN-B0.1, (c, c’) PAN-B0.25, (d, d’) PAN-B0.4.

The relative skin thicknesses (RST) of the oxidized fibers are shown in Figure 5. The thickness of the fibers increases obviously with the boron content, from 0.62 of original PAN fiber to 0.69 of PAN-B0.4 fiber. Thicker skin can be obtained in fiber with higher boron content.

Figure 5 The relative skin thickness of PAN fibers with varing boron content oxidized at 260°C for 10 min and 60 min.
Figure 5

The relative skin thickness of PAN fibers with varing boron content oxidized at 260°C for 10 min and 60 min.

More homogeneous structure of the fiber can also be obtained by increasing the retention time of the stabilization process, offering more time for the diffusion of oxygen 49, 50. When the retention time increases from 10 min to 60 min, the core diameter of the PAN fiber decreases and the RST increases to 0.75. Similar phenomenon also happens to other modified PAN fibers, and increasing the retention time of the stabilization process improves the homogeneous structure of the fibers. Moreover, with the increasing of the boron content, the core diameter of the fibers is reduced and the RST of the fibers increases gradually. When PAN-B0.4 fiber is stabilized at 260°C for 60 min, the RST of the oxidized fiber reaches 0.87.

When retention time is kept at 10 min, raising the temperature of the thermal treatment results in more inhomogeneous structure of the fibers. As for PAN fiber, when the temperature increases to 270°C, core diameter increases, and the skin thickness decreases, which is shown in Figure 6a. When the temperature is further elevated to 280°C, the skin-core structure changes little (Figure 6b). Compared with oxidized PAN fiber, the oxidized fiber prepared from PAN-B0.4 fiber has a significantly reduced core (Figures 6c and 6d). Boric acid on the surface of the fiber can improve the homogeneous structure of the oxidized fibers.

Figure 6 PAN fiber (a, c) and PAN-B0.4 (b, d) stabilized at 270°C (a, b) and 280°C (c, d) after sulfuric acid etching.
Figure 6

PAN fiber (a, c) and PAN-B0.4 (b, d) stabilized at 270°C (a, b) and 280°C (c, d) after sulfuric acid etching.

Figure 7 shows that the relative skin thicknesses of the oxidized fibers of PAN and PAN-B0.4 change with the stabilization temperature. When the stabilization temperature increases from 260°C to 270°C, the RST decreases to 0.53, and the value changes little when the temperature further increases to 280°C. For PAN-B0.4 sample, the RST decreases with the stabilization temperature and the value is 0.63 for the fiber stabilized at 270°C, which is comparable with that for the fiber oxidized at 280°C.

Figure 7 The relative skin thickness of PAN fiber and PAN-B0.4 fiber stabilized at different temperatures for 10 min.
Figure 7

The relative skin thickness of PAN fiber and PAN-B0.4 fiber stabilized at different temperatures for 10 min.

In the stabilization process, boric acid probably reacted with hydroxyl groups, acting as a kind of cross-linking agent for the polymer chains (34). The increase of the binding energy of boron in B-O bonding was considered to be assigned to B1s in boronate, further verifying the cross-linking reactions between boric acid and hydroxyl groups (37). Research on the B2O3/polymer films indicated that the improvement on the thermal stability of the composite films may be attributed to the inhibition of physical blockage of active sites for oxidation probably by boron oxide (51). Boric acid decomposes into metaboric acid at around 170°C and is completely converted to boron oxide at around 350°C. In this work, boron oxide may exist on the surface of the boric acid modified fibers when the stabilization temperature is up to 280°C. The inhibition of physical blockage of boron oxide and the binding of B-O may retard the oxidation reaction of PAN, resulting the improvememt of homogeneity of the radial structure of the PAN fibers.

Sulfuric acid etching can thus be used to differentiate the structure of oxidized PAN fiber with different cross section structure. The method was used to treat partially stabilized PAN fiber with different co-polymer composition, fiber C and fiber M, which had the same diameters. After etching in 50 wt% aqueous sulfuric acid at reflux for 24 h, the former presented a hollow tube with inner core eroded and the latter remained intact (9). In our experiment, concentrated sulfuric acid is introduced to reduce the treatment temperature to room temperature and also the etching time to 5 min (41). The skin core structure of the oxidized PAN fibers can be controlled by temperature and retention time in stabilization process. In constant-temperature heat treatment process, higher core ratio of fibers could be obtained with less retention time or higher temperature. The skin thickness of the fiber grew proportionally to the square root of the oxidation time, which indicated that the oxidation reaction was controlled by the diffusive transport of oxygen (41). In this experiment, boric acid can be used to modulate the skin core structure of the oxidized PAN fibers.

3 Conclusions

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers was coated with boric acid by immersing the fiber in boric acid solution. Boric acid modification had little effect on the physical properties of the PAN fibers, indicated by the comparable tensile properties of PAN and PAN-B0.4 fibers. DSC curves showed that boric acid could put off the exothermic peaks, and the reagent could retard the cyclization and oxidation reactions. After thermal stabilization at 260°C, the nitrile groups of the original PAN fiber decreased and the value of the fraction of unreacted nitrile groups increased with boron content. The relative skin thickness of the fiber increased with boron content, which can be further elevated with the retention time of the stabilization whatever the boron content was. When the stabilization temperature decreased from 280°C to 260°C, the relative skin thickness of the fiber increased, which was further raised in the fiber modified with 0.4% boron. Boric acid can thus be introduced onto the PAN fibers surface to improve the homogeneity of the radial structure of PAN fibers during the thermal stabilization.

4 Experimental

4.1 Materials

The polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, containing 1 wt% itaconic acid as comonomer, were prepared by Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Boric acid and sulfuric acid in analytical grade were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China.

Fiber samples with different boron contents were obtained by immersing the PAN fibers in boric acid solutions

with different concentrations at 80°C for 5 min. These fibers were fixed on a frame to avoid shrinkage of the fibers in the dipping process, and then dried in an oven at 100°C for 2 h.

Around 0.5 g boric acid-modified fiber was pretreated by adding the fiber in 50 mL nitric acid solution (5 wt%) for 48 h. The acidified solution was then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Perkin-Elmer Optima 2100) and the boron content on the fiber surface was obtained. The fiber samples and the boron contents on the fiber surface were shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Fiber samples with boric acid modification.

SamplesContent of Boron (wt%)Concentration of boric acid solution (wt%)
PAN00
PAN-B0.10.18
PAN-B0.250.2510
PAN-B0.40.412

4.2 Thermal stabilization of PAN fibers

The thermal stabilization process of the PAN fibers was carried out in air in an oven. After treatment at a certain temperature for a given time, the fibers were taken out for further test.

4.3 Characterization

The physical properties of PAN monofilaments were monitored on the XQ-1 Fiber Tensile Tester and XD-1 Vibration Fiber Fineness Tester (Shanghai New Fiber Instrument Co., Ltd., China). Tensile rate was 20 mm/ min, and gauge length was 20 mm. The quoted result for each fiber was an average of values of 50 measurements.

The heat release behavior of the fiber samples in air was followed by using DSC (Netzsch STA 449 F3). The measurements were conducted from room temperature to 450°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The parameters of initial temperatures (Ti), final temperature (Tf), their difference (ΔT), peak temperature (Tp) and the change of enthalpy (ΔH) of the DSC exotherms were listed.

The chemical composition of the fibers after thermal treatment was monitored by FTIR (Thermo Nicolet 6700). KBr disk was made of fiber powder and KBr. The infrared spectra were recorded with a resolution of 4 cm-1 in the range of 4000-400 cm-1 for 32 times.

Oxidized PAN fibers were firstly solidified in collodion for 30 min, then were cut to make the cross section exposed. The cross sections of the fibers were exposed to 95-98% sulfuric acid for 5 min. The samples were taken out, then washed with deionized water for 1 min, and dried at 105°C for 2 h. The cross section images of the oxidized PAN fiber after the treatment of sulfuric acid were then monitored by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FEI Quanta FEG 250, USA). The diameter of the fiber (Df) and that of the core (Dc) were then analyzed by Image-pro Plus. The relative skin thickness (RST) of the oxidized fiber was evaluated as RST=(Df-Dc)/Df. The result was an average of values of five fiber samples.

Acknowledgements

Financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51503216) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. LQ16E030003 and LY18E080037) are gratefully acknowledged.

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Received: 2018-07-27
Accepted: 2018-08-22
Published Online: 2019-05-08

© 2019 Wang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0010
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
polyacrylonitrile fibers; boric acid; thermal stabilization; radial structure; carbon fibers
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Special Issue: Polymers and Composite Materials / Guest Editor: Esteban Broitman
  2. A novel chemical-consolidation sand control composition: Foam amino resin system
  3. Bottom fire behaviour of thermally thick natural rubber latex foam
  4. Preparation of polymer–rare earth complexes based on Schiff-base-containing salicylic aldehyde groups attached to the polymer and their fluorescence emission properties
  5. Study on the unsaturated hydrogen bond behavior of bio-based polyamide 56
  6. Effect of different nucleating agent on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene
  7. Effect of surface modifications on the properties of UHMWPE fibres and their composites
  8. Thermal degradation kinetics investigation on Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites processed via different fields
  9. Properties of carbon black-PEDOT composite prepared via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization
  10. Regular articles
  11. Polyarylene ether nitrile and boron nitride composites: coating with sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile
  12. Influence of boric acid on radial structure of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers
  13. Preparing an injectable hydrogel with sodium alginate and Type I collagen to create better MSCs growth microenvironment
  14. Application of calcium montmorillonite on flame resistance, thermal stability and interfacial adhesion in polystyrene nanocomposites
  15. Modifications of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) for antimicrobial and wound healing applications
  16. Polycation-globular protein complex: Ionic strength and chain length effects on the structure and properties
  17. Improving the flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate composites by incorporating layered double hydroxides based on Bayer red mud
  18. N, N’-sebacic bis(hydrocinnamic acid) dihydrazide: A crystallization accelerator for poly(L-lactic acid)
  19. The fabrication and characterization of casein/PEO nanofibrous yarn via electrospinning
  20. Waterborne poly(urethane-urea)s films as a sustained release system for ketoconazole
  21. Polyimide/mica hybrid films with low coefficient of thermal expansion and low dielectric constant
  22. Effects of cylindrical-electrode-assisted solution blowing spinning process parameters on polymer nanofiber morphology and microstructure
  23. Stimuli-responsive DOX release behavior of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles
  24. Continuous fabrication of near-infrared light responsive bilayer hydrogel fibers based on microfluidic spinning
  25. A novel polyamidine-grafted carboxymethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance test
  26. Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam
  27. Novel chitosan and Laponite based nanocomposite for fast removal of Cd(II), methylene blue and Congo red from aqueous solution
  28. Enhanced thermal oxidative stability of silicone rubber by using cerium-ferric complex oxide as thermal oxidative stabilizer
  29. Long-term durability antibacterial microcapsules with plant-derived Chinese nutgall and their applications in wound dressing
  30. Fully water-blown polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams with improved mechanical properties prepared from aqueous solution of gelling/ blowing and trimerization catalysts
  31. Preparation of rosin-based polymer microspheres as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkaloids
  32. Effects of chemical modifications on the rheological and the expansion behavior of polylactide (PLA) in foam extrusion
  33. Enhanced thermal conductivity of flexible h-BN/polyimide composites films with ethyl cellulose
  34. Maize-like ionic liquid@polyaniline nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitor
  35. γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a bio-based green solvent and ligand for iron-mediated AGET ATRP
  36. Revealing key parameters to minimize the diameter of polypropylene fibers produced in the melt electrospinning process
  37. Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges
  38. Influence of mid-stress on the dynamic fatigue of a light weight EPS bead foam
  39. Manipulating the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polydicyclopentadiene via tuning the stiffness of the incorporated monomers
  40. Voigt-based swelling water model for super water absorbency of expanded perlite and sodium polyacrylate resin composite materials
  41. Simplified optimal modeling of resin injection molding process
  42. Synthesis and characterization of a polyisocyanide with thioether pendant caused an oxidation-triggered helix-to-helix transition
  43. A glimpse of biodegradable polymers and their biomedical applications
  44. Development of vegetable oil-based conducting rigid PU foam
  45. Conetworks on the base of polystyrene with poly(methyl methacrylate) paired polymers
  46. Effect of coupling agent on the morphological characteristics of natural rubber/silica composites foams
  47. Impact and shear properties of carbon fabric/ poly-dicyclopentadiene composites manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding
  48. Effect of resins on the salt spray resistance and wet adhesion of two component waterborne polyurethane coating
  49. Modifying potato starch by glutaraldehyde and MgCl2 for developing an economical and environment-friendly electrolyte system
  50. Effect of curing degree on mechanical and thermal properties of 2.5D quartz fiber reinforced boron phenolic composites
  51. Preparation and performance of polypropylene separator modified by SiO2/PVA layer for lithium batteries
  52. A simple method for the production of low molecular weight hyaluronan by in situ degradation in fermentation broth
  53. Curing behaviors, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and morphologies of natural rubber vulcanizates containing reclaimed rubber
  54. Developing an epoxy resin with high toughness for grouting material via co-polymerization method
  55. Application of antioxidant and ultraviolet absorber into HDPE: Enhanced resistance to UV irradiation
  56. Study on the synthesis of hexene-1 catalyzed by Ziegler-Natta catalyst and polyhexene-1 applications
  57. Fabrication and characterization of conductive microcapsule containing phase change material
  58. Desorption of hydrolyzed poly(AM/DMDAAC) from bentonite and its decomposition in saltwater under high temperatures
  59. Synthesis, characterization and properties of biomass and carbon dioxide derived polyurethane reactive hot-melt adhesives
  60. The application of a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent in epoxy resin
  61. High performance polyimide films containing benzimidazole moieties for thin film solar cells
  62. Rigid polyurethane/expanded vermiculite/ melamine phenylphosphate composite foams with good flame retardant and mechanical properties
  63. A novel film-forming silicone polymer as shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluids
  64. Facile droplet microfluidics preparation of larger PAM-based particles and investigation of their swelling gelation behavior
  65. Effect of salt and temperature on molecular aggregation behavior of acrylamide polymer
  66. Dynamics of asymmetric star polymers under coarse grain simulations
  67. Experimental and numerical analysis of an improved melt-blowing slot-die
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