Volume 71, Issue 11

The current study presents the results of the use of the wave function of a nucleus in place of the nucleus density distribution to calculate the nucleus-nucleus interaction potential. The wave function is obtained by solving the D-dimensional wave equation using the hyperspherical formalism. The interaction potential between two nuclei is calculated using the double folding model. The numerical results for the interaction potential and the scattering cross section are presented to evaluate the formalism used to calculate the nucleus wave function.

Heat transport based on SPL model is of vital importance in microtechnological applications. The heat transport equation is different from the traditional heat conduction equation due to the presence of lagging parameter. In this article, the heat transport in the general body based on SPL heat conduction model under Neumann (insulated) boundary condition is solved by high-order compact difference scheme. The solution is obtained by extending the idea of Dai for discretising Neumann (insulated) boundary condition of heat conduction to the SPL heat conduction model and avoid the need of discretising Neumann boundary conditions. The stability of the numerical scheme has been discussed and observed that the present scheme is unconditionally stable. Model is validated for the thin film of silicon and found that SPL model give the satisfactory results in the macro- and microtemporal scales and up to microspatial scale. A numerical example of particular interest has been studied and discussed in details.

A novel electrical model of neuron is proposed in this presentation. The suggested neural network model has linear/nonlinear input-output characteristics. This new deterministic model has joint biological properties in excellent agreement with the earlier deterministic neuron model of Hopfield and Tank and to the stochastic neuron model of McCulloch and Pitts. It is an accurate portrayal of differential equation presented by Hopfield and Tank to mimic neurons. Operational amplifiers, resistances, capacitor, and diodes are used to design this system. The presented biological model of neurons remains to be advantageous for simulations. Impulse response is studied and conferred to certify the stability and strength of this innovative model. A simple illustration is mapped to demonstrate the exactness of the intended system. Precisely mapped illustration exhibits 100 % accurate results.

This paper studies the steady flow and heat transfer of Bingham plastic fluid over a rotating disk of finite radius with variable thickness radially in boundary layer. The boundary layer flow is caused by the rotating disk when the extra stress is greater than the yield stress of the Bingham fluid. The analyses of the velocity and temperature field related to the variable thickness disk have not been investigated in current literatures. The governing equations are first simplified into ordinary differential equations owing to the generalized von Kármán transformation for seeking solutions easily. Then semi-similarity approximate analytical solutions are obtained by using the homotopy analysis method for different physical parameters. It is found that the Bingham number clearly influences the velocity field distribution, and the skin friction coefficient C fr is nonlinear growth with respect to the shape parameter m . Additionally, the effects of the involved parameters (i.e. shape parameter m , variable thickness parameter β , Reynolds number Re v , and Prandtl number Pr) on velocity and temperature distribution are investigated and analyzed in detail.

Boriding of binary Ni–Ti shape memory alloys was carried out in a solid medium at 1273 K for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h using the powder pack method with proprietary Ekabor–Ni powders. Characterization of the boride layer formed on the surface of alloys was done by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of boride, silicide, and borosilicide phases in the boride layers was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The thickness and microhardness of the boride layers increased with increasing boriding time. Hardness profiles showed a rapid decrease in hardness moving from the boride layer to the main structure. The high hardness of the boride layer was attributed mainly to the formation of TiB 2 . A parabolic relationship was observed between layer thickness and boriding time, and the growth rate constant for the boriding treatment was calculated as 0.62×10 −8 cm 2 s −1 .

The Wheeler–DeWitt equation in Filćhenkov model with terms related to strings, dust, relativistic matter, bosons and fermions, and ultra stiff matter is solved in a quasi-exact analytical manner via the Lie algebraic approach. In the calculations, using the representation theory of sl (2), the general ( N +1)-dimensional matrix equation is constructed whose determinant yields the solutions of the problem.

We consider the generalised Cornell, Song-Lin and Richardson interquark interactions in a semi-relativistic two-body basis which originates from the spinless Salpeter equation and is valid for heavy quark limit. In our calculations, due to the complicated nature of arising differential equations, we use the quasi-exact ansatz technique and thereby report the ground-state solution.

The multi-scale analysis is an important method for detecting nonlinear systems. In this study, we carry out experiments and measure the fluctuation signals from a rotating electric field conductance sensor with eight electrodes. We first use a recurrence plot to recognise flow patterns in vertical upward gas–liquid two-phase pipe flow from measured signals. Then we apply a multi-scale morphological analysis based on the first-order difference scatter plot to investigate the signals captured from the vertical upward gas–liquid two-phase flow loop test. We find that the invariant scaling exponent extracted from the multi-scale first-order difference scatter plot with the bisector of the second-fourth quadrant as the reference line is sensitive to the inhomogeneous distribution characteristics of the flow structure, and the variation trend of the exponent is helpful to understand the process of breakup and coalescence of the gas phase. In addition, we explore the dynamic mechanism influencing the inhomogeneous distribution of the gas phase in terms of adaptive optimal kernel time–frequency representation. The research indicates that the system energy is a factor influencing the distribution of the gas phase and the multi-scale morphological analysis based on the first-order difference scatter plot is an effective method for indicating the inhomogeneous distribution of the gas phase in gas–liquid two-phase flow.

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equation can be used to characterise the dynamic behaviours of the shallow water waves and interfacial waves in the two-layer fluid with gradually varying depth. In this article, by virtue of the bilinear forms, rational solutions and three kind shapes (soliton-like, kink and bell, anti-bell, and bell shapes) for the N th-order soliton-like solutions of a coupled KdV system are derived. Propagation and interaction of the solitons are analyzed: (1) Potential u shows three kind of shapes (soliton-like, kink, and anti-bell shapes); Potential v exhibits two type of shapes (soliton-like and bell shapes); (2) Interaction of the potentials u and v both display the fusion phenomena.

In this article, based on the compatibility method, some nonclassical symmetries of Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation are derived. By solving the corresponding characteristic equations associated with symmetry equations, some new exact explicit solutions of Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation are obtained. For the exact explicit traveling wave solutions, the exact parametric representations are investigated by the integral bifurcation method.

PbS Quantum dots and P3HT are promising materials for photovoltaic applications due to their absorption in the NIR and visible region, respectively. Our previous experimental work showed that doping Al to ZnO lattice (Al:ZnO) could efficiently improve the cell performance. In this article, hybrid solar cells containing of two active areas with ITO/Al:ZnO/PbS QDs/P3HT&PCBM/Ag structure were fabricated and the effect of PbS QD size on photovoltaic properties was investigated. Optimised solar cell showed maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.45 % with short-circuit current of 9.36 mA/cm 2 and open-circuit voltage of 0.59 V under 1 sun illumination (AM1.5).

Based on the solid–liquid interfacial free energy theory of the complex Warren binary & pseudo-binary system and through the simplification of it by taking Pb–Cu binary system as an example, the physical model for it in binary immiscible system can be obtained. Next, its thermodynamic formula is derived to obtain a theoretical formula that only contains two parameters, and comparisons are made with regard to γ SL calculated values and experimental values of MPE (multiphase equilibrium method) under several kinds of temperatures. As manifested in the outcomes, the improved physical model and theoretical formula will become not only easy to understand but also simple for calculation (the calculated value of γ SL depends on two parameters, i.e. temperature and percentage composition of Cu atom). It can be treated as the foundation of application for the γ SL calculation of liquid–solid interfacial free energy in other immiscible systems.