Volume 8, Issue 12

Organotellurium compounds define the compounds containing carbon (organic group) and tellurium bond (C–Te). The first organic compound containing tellurium was prepared by Wohler in 1840 after the discovery of the metal by the Austrian chemist F. J. Muller von Reichenstein in the year 1782. The term tellurium was derived from Latin tellus. Tellurium was observed first time in ores mined in the gold districts of Transylvania. Naturally occurring tellurium compounds are present in various forms based on their oxidation states such as TeO 2 (+4) and TeO 3 (+6). These oxidation states of tellurium compounds are more stable as compared to the other oxidation states. Tellurium is a rare element and is considered a non-essential, toxic element. Tellurium possesses only one crystalline form which consists of a network of spiral chains similar to that of hexagonal selenium. Tellurium is used for the treatment and prevention of microbial infections prior to the development of antibiotics. Hence, the utilization of organotellurium compounds plays a significant role as reagents and intermediates in various organic syntheses.

The various tellurium-based chemical sensors are described. This article focuses on four types of Tellurium sensors such as CdTe quantum dots-based sensor, Te thin films-based sensor, Te nanostructures or nanoparticles-based sensor, and TeO 2 -based sensor.

Antiviral medications are a branch of medicines notably used to treat that cause many significant diseases in humans and animals. This monograph mainly focuses on recent developments and synthesis of antiviral drugs using carbon-carbon and carbon–hetero bond cross-coupling chemistry. Viral infections exact several severe human diseases, accounting for remarkably high mortality rates. In this sense, academia and the pharmaceutical industry continuously search for novel compounds with better antiviral activity. The researchers face the challenge of developing greener and economical ways to synthesize these compounds and make significant progress.

Since its inception in 1960s, the Tsuji–Trost reaction, an allylic substitution reaction with diverse nucleophiles such as phenols, amines, thiols, and active methylene compounds, has remained as one of the most useful and widely used organic reactions for the construction of C–C and C–heteroatom bonds. Allylic compounds such as allylic acetates, alcohols, halides, and carbonates undergo this transformation which plays an important role in the total synthesis of various natural products. The competence to incorporate synthetically demanding allylic functionalities makes it a beneficial tool for the synthesis of complex molecules. Over the last two decades, major advancements for this unique and facile Tsuji–Trost allylation reaction have been made with special emphasis to develop greener and sustainable protocols. This chapter presents an update on the significant progress focusing on the newly designed catalytic systems with high efficiency, the use of eco-friendly solvents or solvent-free conditions, low or room temperature conditions and waste management, along with future outlook.

The chemistry of Tellurium containing macrocycles has received great attraction and developed rapidly. Recently inorganic chemists are fascinated by ligands containing macrocycles having tellurium as soft donor and N and O as hard donor atoms. The tellurium atom is more electropositive than carbon due to its large size that resulted in polarisation of Te–C bond. So, tellurium containing macrocycles are explored due to their high reactivity and toxicity. Well-designed macrocycles containing different metals is an interesting field of chemistry as macrocycle with mixed donor atoms can bind two different metal atoms with different nature within the same cavity and thereby ion selectivity increases. Chemistry of macrocycles with tellurium as soft donor atoms also gives rise to very interesting coordination behaviour as addition of Tellurium in macrocycle adds an additional probe ( 125 Te NMR help to monitor their structures in solutions). The chemistry of hard and soft donors in macrocyclic framework makes interesting coordination chemistry and need to be explore. The discussion includes different types of tellurium macrocycles and their chemistry.

In this article, we discuss about the importance of Tellurium (Te) in organic synthesis. Tellurium-induced cyclization of alkenyl compounds, as well as alkynyl compounds, are considered for the study. The developments in this area are incorporated in great detail. The mechanism of the reactions does not follow any straightforward process. This study opens up the possibility of stereocontrolled synthesis of complex natural products.

This review deals with the latest developments on the synthesis of biologically promising organotellurim scaffolds reported during last two decades.

In this article, we discuss about various Tellurium-based solar cells. Mainly this analysis focuses on the CdTe solar cells. The latest development in this area is incorporated in great detail. Te doping in various other solar cells is also discussed in the last part of the article.

Tellurium (Te) gained worldwide attention because of its excellent properties, distinctive chained structures, and potential usages. Bulk Te is a p-type elemental helical semiconductor at room temperature and it also having a very limited band gap. Te presents fascinating characteristics such as nonlinear optical response, photoconductivity, good thermoelectric and piezoelectric properties. These charming characteristics induce Te a possible nominee for applications in field-effect transistors, IR acousto-optic deflectors, solar cells, self-developing holographic recording devices, photoconductors, gas sensors, radiative cooling devices, and topological insulators. The developments in these areas are incorporated in great detail. This study opens up the possibility of designing novel devices and considering modern applications of Tellurium.

Materials having broadband nonlinear optical responses find applications in photonics and optoelectronics devices. Novel materials with improved nonlinear optical properties are necessary for realizing effective all-optical switches, modulators etc. Tellurium (Te) and novel low-dimensional derivatives of Te offer intriguing nonlinear optical responses, making them promising candidates for design of various photonic devices.

As small molecule drugs become harder to develop and less cost effective for patient use, efficient strategies for their property improvement become increasingly important for global health initiatives. As a new crystal engineering strategy, cocrystals have opened a new way to modify the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical solids. Improvements in the physical properties of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) without changes in the covalent chemistry have been possible through the application of binary component solids. In this work, a pharmaceutical cocrystal of ascorbic acid (A) + para-aminobenzoic acid (B) and ascorbic acid (A) + paracetamol (P) cocrystal are synthesized and characterized by PXRD, DSC, and FT-IR. FT-IR indicates the kind of interactions occurring between API and coformer. The DSC thermogram for (A–B) cocrystal showed a single endothermic peak attributed to the melting temperature at 155 °C. The thermal behavior of the cocrystal was distinct with different melting temperatures from that seen with either of the individual components; this suggests the formation of a new phase. As molecular modeling is presented as a support to the experiment, a computational study using density functional theory (DFT) at the level of the WB97XD functional and 6-311 + G (d, p) basis set was carried out using the Gaussian 09 program. This theoretical study made it possible to calculate the energetic properties, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds as well as the thermodynamic properties for the two cocrystals.

Indeed, all the heterocycles comprises of either “C–C, C–N, C–S or C–O” bonds in their skeleton and construction of these bonds has laid the foundation stone of organic chemistry. The present researchers are continually attempting to develop new strategies for synthesizing miscellaneous structurally divergent molecular entities and these bond forming reactions are the fundamental tools. As a consequence, a colossal upheaval is witnessed in development of benign and sustainable synthetic routes for green bond-forming reactions envisaging carbon–carbon/heteroatom. This chapter is aimed towards highlighting the recent developments perceived in “C–C, C–N, C–S or C–O” bondconstruction especially emphasising greener perspectives i.e . carbocatalysis.

The extraction and preliminary characterization of oil from Cola lepidota seed were studied in this paper. The extraction was done in a Soxhlet extractor with n-Hexane as the solvent. The iodine value, acid value, saponification value, and peroxide value of the oil were all measured quantitatively. The oil yielded 1.10 percent, with an iodine value of 57.67 ± 0.01 mg/100 g, an acid value of 15.50 ± 0.01 mg/KOH/g, a saponification value of 125.69 ± 0.15 mg/KOH/g, and a peroxide value of 5.04 ± 0.06 meq/kg/L. GC-MS was used to identify phytochemicals such as hydrouracil, 1,2-propanediol, glycerine, divinyl sulphide, glucitol, and benzoic acid. The findings of this study revealed that the oil has phytochemicals and nutraceutical qualities, indicating that it might be screened and employed in supplementing human and animal diets, as well as in the production of cosmetics and detergents.

Selective oxidation of cyclohexane has gained substantial interest in the field of research due to the prominence of its products in industrial processes. Particularly, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constitute a positive technology for the oxidation of cyclohexane owing to their high oxidation potentials and environmental benign properties. This review entails to address the progress made in advanced oxidation of cyclohexane over nanostructured metals and metal oxides catalysts. The main focus is directed toward the photocatalysis, Fenton oxidation and ozonation as advanced oxidation processes. Mainly, the fundamental principles, prime factors of the AOPs in conjunction with metal and metal oxide catalysts and the mechanistic insight toward the oxidation of cyclohexane are highlighted. The affirmative effects of the metals and metal oxide catalysts mainly focusing on particle size, structure and elemental composition is stressed. Lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of the AOPs and the strategic approaches to counter the disadvantages are also clearly elucidated.

This contribution presents the modelling and optimization strategy of the key intermediate processes in Power-to-X: water electrolysis and carbon capture. While the water electrolysis process is set to maximize the profit provided market data, the control structure in the capture process allows the production of the stoichiometric amount of carbon dioxide for further processing to methanol. The flexible operation of electrolyzers allowed efficient conversion of renewable energy into hydrogen with minimum grid compensation (around 4%). Furthermore, the capture process showed a favourable response to the fluctuating demand of CO 2 , with deviations lower than 1% over the simulated period. This optimization strategy represents a viable option for Power-to-X processes to cope with the fluctuations of volatile renewable energy.

Tellurium-chemistry comprises of vibrant and innovative prospects in major area of research and development. The function of Tellurium in organic synthesis remained underexplored till date. Moreover, the reactivity of Tellurium as Lewis acid or electrophilic reagents to activate functional group conceptually remains as an ever-demanding area to be investigated extensively. In this context, the present compilation portrays a detailed study on the reactivity of organotellurium compounds as catalyst, reagent, and sensors to explore the reactions occurring specifically through functional group activation.

The synthesis of 4-chloro-6(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino-4-(2,4 dichlorophenyl)thiazol-5-yl-diazenyl)phenyl is reported in this work with a detailed structural and molecular docking study on two SARS-COV-2 proteins: 3TNT and 6LU7. The studied compound has been synthesized by the condensation of cyanuric chloride with aniline and characterized with various spectroscopic techniques. The experimentally obtained spectroscopic data has been compared with theoretical calculated results achieved using high-level density functional theory (DFT) method. Stability, nature of bonding, and reactivity of the studied compound was evaluated at DFT/B3LYP/6-31 + (d) level of theory. Hyper-conjugative interaction persisting within the molecules which accounts for the bio-activity of the compound was evaluated from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of the experimentally synthesized compound was studied to evaluate the pharmacological as well as in silico molecular docking against SARS-CoV-2 receptors. The molecular docking result revealed that the investigated compound exhibited binding affinity of −9.3 and −8.8 for protein 3TNT and 6LU7 respectively. In conclusion, protein 3TNT with the best binding affinity for the ligand is the most suitable for treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

The work defines and discusses process intensification (PI) and digital twin (DT) as potential tools to accelerate the energy transition through their applications in the process industries. The PI technologies take advantage of innovative principles in equipment design and control to improve the physical process, while the DT offers the virtual model of the plant as an environment for production optimization. The effects of both tools on the energy transition are evaluated not only from the point of applications but also from the possibility of implementation and barriers in process industries. Although they are beneficial, the deployment of PI and DT requires not only infrastructure and capital investment but the knowledge and cooperation of different levels of plant personnel. Besides review of individual implementation, this work explores the concept of combining PI and DT which can make them the enabler of each other and bring a breakthrough in optimization of process design and control.

In this work, synthesis, characterization, DFT, TD-DFT study of some novel reactive azobenzoquinoline dye structures to elucidate their photovoltaic properties. The azobenzoquinoline compounds were experimentally synthesized through a series of reaction routes starting from acenaphthene to obtained aminododecylnaphthalimide and finally coupled with diazonium salts to get the desired azobenzoquinoline. Azo dye synthesized differ in the number of alkyl chains designated as (AR1, AR2, AR3, and AR4) which were experimentally analyzed using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic methods. The synthesized structures were modelled for computational investigation using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) combined with B3LYP and 6-31+G(d) basis set level of theory. The results showed that the HOMO-LUMO energy gap was steady at approximately 2.8 eV as the alkyl chain increases, which has been proven to be within the material energy gap limit for application in photovoltaic. The highest intramolecular natural bond orbital (NBO) for the studied compounds is 27.60, 55.06, 55.06, and 55.04 kcal/mol for AR1, AR2, AR3, and AR4 respectively and the donor and acceptor interacting orbitals for the highest stabilization energy ( E (2) ) are LP (1) N 18 and π*C 16 − O 19 respectively. The photovoltaic properties in terms of light-harvesting efficiency (LHE), Short circuit current density ( J SC ), Gibbs free energy of injection (Δ G inj ), open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) and Gibbs free energy of regeneration (Δ G reg ) were evaluated to be within the required limit for DSSC design. Overall, the obtained theoretical photovoltaic results were compared with other experimental and computational findings, thus, are in excellent agreement for organic solar cell design.

Tellurium is gaining technical significance because of being a vital constituent for the growth of green-energy products and technologies. Owing to its unique property of interchangeable oxidation states it has a tricky though interesting chemistry with basically unidentified environmental effects. The understanding of environmental actions of tellurium has significant gaps for instance, its existence and effects in various environmental sections related to mining, handling and removal and disposal methods. To bridge this gap it is required to assess its distinctive concentrations in the environment together with proper knowledge of its environmental chemistry. This in turn significantly requires developing systematic diagnostic schemes which are sensitive enough to present statistics in the concentrations which are environmentally relevant. The broad assessment of available statistics illustrates that tellurium is being found in a very scarce concentrations in various environmental sections. Very less information is available for the presence and effects of tellurium in air and natural water resources. Various soil and lake sediment analysis statistics indicate towards the presence of tellurium in soil owing to release of dust, ash and slag during mining and manufacturing practices. Computing the release and behavior of tellurium in environment needs a thorough assessment of its anthropogenic life cycle which in turn will facilitate information about its existing and prospective release in the environment, and will aid to handle the metal more sensibly.

Essential oils are compounds extracted from plants which are usually utilized to produce perfumes, soaps, lotions, and flavorings as well as other well-being or aromatherapy products with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Membrane technology has been proposed as a method for purification of essential oils extract from waxes fats, lipids, or chlorophyll to avoid the formation of precipitate in finished essential oil-based products. Furthermore, nanofiltration processes have been recommended for fractionation and concentration of essential oils raw materials to enhance their valuable properties.

Existing districts pose a particular challenge within the transition into a renewable energy system. Especially the heat supply requires innovative concepts. In many districts, renewable energy resources are limited, and district heat supply relies on energy imports from the upstream energy infrastructures, especially the gas and electricity grid. These upstream infrastructures are in an ongoing process of transformation into a renewable energy system with uncertain speed and depth. To design future-proof heat supply concepts, this work presents a scenario-based design approach considering different scenario paths for the upstream energy infrastructures as well as the development of the existing building stock. Therefore, a mixed-integer linear programming model is set up to optimize the energy converter and storage capacities of a generic district heat supply with respect to costs and emission. Additionally, three different refurbishment scenarios are considered for the existing buildings stock. From the results of the different scenarios, future-proof heat supply concepts are derived. The analysis shows that heat-pump capacities in combination with a thermal storage is of great importance for a future carbon-neutral heat supply. A combined heat and power unit helps to reduce emissions in short term. However, only if the gas network has a high share of renewable energies, this technology will compete with electricity based heating via heat-pumps. The results show that electrolysis is at least in short term not a viable option for designing a cost-efficient carbon-neutral district heat supply.

It is an undeniable fact that the periodic table is an essential tool for both chemists and chemistry students, as it represents all presently known 118 elements, their properties and the trends in their properties. It is reported to be “… a rather holistic and all-inclusive aspect of chemistry…” (Scerri E. Explaining the Periodic Table, and the role of chemical triads. Found Chem 2010;12:69–83) and an understanding of the periodic table lays the foundation for effective learning of chemistry. However, it is also reported that students find the topic challenging and educators find the topic difficult to teach. Thus, an attempt is made in this study to allow educators to reflect on the challenges encountered in teaching and learning of the periodic table and related concepts at the secondary level. This study reports chemistry educators’ reflection on the teaching and learning of the periodic table at the secondary school level in Mauritius. Data was collected through a questionnaire, which included both open- and close ended questions pertaining to the teaching and learning of chemistry. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data through the lens of the constructivist learning framework. The results indicate that the major barriers for adopting constructivist practices when teaching the periodic table are inadequate educators’ knowledge of students’ alternate conceptions and knowledge of how students learn the periodic table as a classification system. The findings from this study inform how to improve the teaching and learning of the periodic table from a constructivist viewpoint. Thus, through this study, it is expected that enhancing educators’ pedagogical content knowledge of the periodic table could potentially help overcome students’ challenges of learning periodic table.

The present study introduces a methodology to model electricity based hydrogen supply systems as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. The novelty of the presented approach lies especially in the linear formulations of the models for electrolysis and salt cavern storage. The proposed linear electrolysis model allows for an accurate consideration of operating limits and operating point-specific efficiencies, while the two-dimensional cavern model treats the cavern volume as a decision variable. The developed formulations are implemented in the open energy modeling framework (oemof) and applied to representative case studies with 2020 marginal conditions. Thereby, it has been confirmed that the individual consideration of power supply and hydrogen demand is crucial for optimal system design and operation. If electricity is drawn exclusively from the German grid, hydrogen costs of 2.67  €  kg H 2 − 1 $€{\text{kg}}_{{\text{H}}_{2}}^{-1}$ are identified along with an increased CO 2 footprint compared to natural gas based hydrogen. By contrast, a significantly reduced CO 2 footprint results from autarkic wind power supply at costs of at least 4.28  €  kg H 2 − 1 $€{\text{kg}}_{{\text{H}}_{2}}^{-1}$ . Further findings on autarkic operation include optimal ratios of electrolyzer and wind farm nominal power, as well as power curtailment strategies. Evidence is provided that salt cavern interim storage is beneficial. With grid connection, it serves to exploit electricity price fluctuations, while with renewable autarkic operation, it is essential to compensate for seasonal fluctuations in generation.

Cancer as a disease has been a remarkable scourge and over the past years, advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis and combating this disease. The common traits exhibited by cancer have been individually studied to figure out its mode of action and its mechanism of survival even in the most austere conditions. The various hallmarks noted so far have been effectively studied and different therapies revolving around each hallmark are still being studied in order to find the most appropriate treatment for the different types of cancer in existence. Emerging therapies have been able to elucidate the mechanism of receptor blockage which facilitate the ability of cancer to proliferate as well as evade tumor suppressors, prevent cell death, support replicative immortality, escape immune destruction, stimulate angiogenesis, reduce cellular energetics as well as metabolism and prevent the destruction of the immune system. This life-threatening disease should be tackled aggressively with a combined therapy that involves two or more hallmarks of cancer and adverse effects of each therapy should also be considered.

In this study, the role of process systems engineering in enhancing the algae economy is highlighted. First, basic characteristics of the various strains of microalgae are presented. In addition, the beneficial extracted bioproducts and their applications are reviewed. Then, an overview of the various technologies available in each step of biorefinery to produce added-value products and biofuels from microalgae is provided. These technologies are compared in terms of required energy and efficiency. Different perspectives of the algae industry, from molecule to enterprises scale where process systems engineering can have a role, are addressed. Subsequently, the roles of process systems engineering in process and product design, process control, and supply chain of the algae biorefinery are discussed. It is found that process systems engineering can play an important role in the biobased economy, especially by applying sustainability and economic concepts in the decision-making process for selecting the best feedstock, processing pathways, and desired products. Tools such as market analysis, techno-economic analysis, life cycle assessment (LCA), and supply chain (SC) analysis can be applied to design sustainable algae biorefinery. There are, however, several challenges such as the lack of data, the complexity of optimization, and validation that should be addressed before using these tools.

In this chapter an overview is given in which way framework-like crystalline compounds can be regarded as nets, how a net is derived out of a particular crystal structure, what nets actually are, how they can be appropriately described, what the characteristics of nets are, and how this topological approach helps to categorize framework compounds. Finally the term reticular chemistry is explained and a number of examples are given how the topology-guided approach opens up new possibilities to intentionally develop new framework structures on a rational basis.

As the demand for renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable materials in a variety of applications has developed, natural fibres have become more popular as reinforcement in composite materials. Salvadora persica L. is the most common traditional source of chewing stick (miswak) advised by Prophet Muhammad. It is also known as Arak in Arabic and Peelu in Urdu. A lot of research has been done in the last few years to investigate if its traditional applications in dental care are still valid. For this review, a variety of databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books and primary sources were examined, surveyed, and analysed. Miswak fibre qualities and attributes were addressed in this review study to evaluate if the fibre may be used as an alternative to natural fibre reinforcing in composites. The history and uses of the miswak tree, as well as the structure of the miswak tree, are presented first, followed by a discussion of fibre characterization, with a focus on fibre structure and composition. Finally, the effect of miswak on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of composites is discussed. Miswak fibre and its composites present considerable challenges and potential as a reinforcement or filler alternative in a variety of applications, including dentistry.

Material selection is crucial in product development, especially when material from a composites process application is involved. Numerous multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tools each have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Using grey relational analysis (GRA), this research proposes a systematic framework evaluation approach for generating a sensible rank for material selection of natural fibre as reinforcement composites. The framework was created using the GRA technique, a robust evaluation tool that employs the grade of relation to determine the degree of similarity or difference between two sequences. The MCDM approach can be straightforward for the material selection problem. A GRA technique is used to investigate the performance of the potential material, which includes grey relational sequence creation, reference sequence definition, grey relational coefficient calculation and grey relational grade determination. This framework is applied with a case study to identify the optimum natural fibres composites material for a bike helmet. End results revealed that pineapple is the best candidate for construction of safety gear (cyclist helmet). The best possible evaluation model for material selection of the composite can be referred by design engineer in composite industry for multiple applications. Moreover, the proposed framework is an aid to help engineers and designers to choose most suitable material.

An increase in the environmental consciousness at present has enhanced the awareness of researchers in utilizing biodegradable materials for the production of environmentally friendly products. Currently, biodegradable polymers, for example, polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, polycaprolactone, etc., can be utilized as matrices to produce green composites. Meanwhile, natural fibers have been used as fillers for green composites as they are biodegradable and renewable. In this brief review, the physicochemical properties of selected biodegradable polymer, specifically polybutylene succinate, are demonstrated. Moreover, examples of natural fibers that are usually used to produce green composites are also shown. Additionally, practical methods employed for the preparation of green composites were exposed. The tensile properties of green composites, such as the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break at different loadings of natural fibers, are also briefly reviewed. The information obtained in this review provides detailed differences in the preparation methods of green composites. In addition, this brief review supplies a clearer comprehension of the tensile properties of green composites for the usage of semistructural and packaging applications.

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is amongst the preferable materials used in 3D printing (3DP), especially in fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique because of its unique properties such as good appearance, higher transparency, less toxicity, and low thermal expansion that help reduce the internal stresses caused during cooling. However, PLA is brittle and has low toughness and thermal resistance that affect its printability and restricts its industrial applications. Therefore, PLA was blended with various content of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) at 20, 50 and 80 wt% via twin-screw extruder to improve the ductility and impact properties of PLA. The addition of PBAT increased the elongation at break of PLA with a linear increasing amount of PBAT. However, 20 wt% PBAT was selected as the most promising and balance properties of PLA/PBAT because although it has a slight increment in its elongation at break but it exhibits higher impact strength than that of PLA. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of sample with 20 wt% PBAT is greater than 50 and 80 wt% PBAT. Then, PLA/PBAT (80/20, 50/50 and 20/80) and PLA/PBAT/EFB (80/20/10) were printed using FDM machine and were characterized in tensile, impact and morphological properties. The tensile result indicated that the addition of PBAT decreased the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT-3DP. The terephthalate group in the PBAT affects the mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT-3DP, resulting in high elongation at break but relatively low tensile strength. Besides, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP decreased and lower than PLA-3DP and PLA/PBAT-3DP. The impact test resulted in high impact strength in PLA/PBAT-3DP, where 50/50-3DP and 20/80-3DP are unbreakable. The impact strength of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP is also increased from PLA-3DP but lower than PLA/PBAT-3DP. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that the filament layering on 80/20-3DP was oriented than 50/50-3DP and 20/80-3DP. Besides, the SEM images of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP revealed the inhomogeneous and large agglomeration of EFB particle in PLA/PBAT matrix. Therefore, in the future, the polymer blend and polymer blend composite from PLA, PBAT and EFB can be developed where the properties will be based on the study and this study also shed light on the importance of extrusion settings during the manufacture of filament for 3D printing.

The use of waste wood flour as polymer reinforcements has recently gained popularity because of its environmental benefits. The goal of this research is to determine the thermal properties of a waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite made via extrusion. The fillers were melt compounded with polyamide 6 at filler concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% using a twin screw extruder, followed by compression molding. The processability of waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA). According to the TGA analysis, the thermal stability of the composites decreases as the natural fiber content increases. The onset temperature of rapid thermal deterioration was reduced somewhat from 425 °C (neat PA6) to 405 °C (15 wt% wood flour). According to the DSC results, the addition of natural fibers resulted in quantify changes in the glass transition ( T g ), melting ( T m ), and crystallization temperature ( T c ) of the PA6 composites. The storage modulus from the DMA study increased from 1177 MPa (neat PA6) to 1531 MPa due to the reinforcing effects of wood flour (15 wt%). Waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composites offer advantageous thermal properties, enabling us to profit from the strengthening potential of such cellulosic reinforcements while remaining recyclable and generally renewable .

In recent years, Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibres have been discovered to have a high potential for usage as fibre reinforcement in material matrix composites for a several of application. The scope for this study is to encourage widespread use of eco hybrid composite in various applications specifically in the maritime field. The purpose of this study is to look into the influence of fibre loading on manufacturing defects and interfacial adhesion of Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibre reinforced fiberglass/kevlar hybrid composite materials used in boat construction. The hybridization of natural fibre with fiberglass/kevlar is recommended as a solution to overcome the disadvantages of natural fibre which can give balanced strength and stiffness, enhances fatigue resistance, fracture toughness and impact resistance. General conditions in green composites are proposed, along with some preliminary data on the mechanical hybrid composites. In conclusion, the percentage of Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibre contents that show reduces manufacturing defects and excellent interfacial adhesion will be proposed for boat construction.

Exposure of unprotected wood to weathering can increase the wettability of the wood and the exposure period should be carefully monitored to preserve surface quality from severe deterioration. This study investigated the wettability of keruing ( Dipterocarpus spp.) wood after weathering exposure for 1–4 weeks. The keruing samples were first planed and coated at the edges prior to expose under tropical climate. Contact angle , crack formation and lignin content of the samples were recorded on weekly basis. The results showed that the wettability of weathered keruing wood increased tremendously (i.e., 32%) after 4 weeks of exposure compared to control samples. The increase in wettability can be associated with the increase in crackformation and reduction of lignin content after exposure. It is hereby recommended that keruing wood is not suitable to be exposed to weather for more than 3 weeks before finishing or coating is applied on its surface.

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HM) in wastewater is a major challenge to the environment as various approaches have been used to remediate these contaminants from the environment. Zerovalent iron-titanium oxide nanoparticle (ZVI-TiO 2 NPs) was synthesized by wet reflux in an inert environment using nitrogen gas and sodium borohydride as reducing agents. Characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with electron diffraction X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Assessments of the wastewater were carried out with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) for HM and a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GCMS) for PAHs to determine the initial concentration ( C i ) compared with permissible limits of surface water and adsorption capacity with ZVI-TiO 2 NPs ( C f ), respectively. The results obtained indicate a percentage yield of 65.51 ± 0.01 of ZVI-TiO 2 NPs, with a particle size of 100 nm, weight composition of iron, titanium, and oxygen at 49.69, 5.24, and 35.41 g, respectively. FTIR shows a vibrational change of 3465, 2929, and 1641 cm −1 of OH, CH, and CO group needed for metal binding and adsorption. Remediation of HM after acid digestion gave effective removal of zinc, copper, cadmium, cobalt, and lead at an adsorption capacity of 64.29, 54.83, 53.13, 48.39, and 42.66% respectively. The adsorptions of benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and perylene were 77.87, 67.85, 52.17, 29.50, and 25.45%, respectively. These results indicate that metal/metal oxide (ZVI-TiO 2 ) nanoparticles have a high potential in the remediation of heavy metals and PAHs from the water ecosystem.