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Effect of the two-phase hybrid mode of effervescent atomizer on the atomization characteristics

  • Liansheng Liu , Na Pei , Ruolin Zhao , Liang Tian , Runze Duan EMAIL logo , Yan Zhang EMAIL logo , Menghan Li and Xiaoyu Zhang
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2019
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In this paper, the atomization characteristics of an effervescent atomizer were investigated. The velocity, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and atomization cone angle of the droplets were measured using the Phase Doppler Analyzer (PDA) to discuss the effect of different design parameters. The results showed that the atomization was unstable at a small Gas-Liquid Rate (GLR) while the atomization proved gradually by increasing the GLR. The optimal atomization region was at a GLR=0.1. In the atomization process, there existed a typical velocity distribution for the swirl atomizer. The design parameters of atomizer provided a great influence on the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and atomization cone angle. The experiment results showed that some droplets had negative velocities.

Keywords: effervescent atomization; velocity distribution; Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD); swirl atomizer
PACS: 47.60 kz; 47.27.wg; 47.55D-

1 Introduction

The gas-assisted atomization is widely used in the atomization process of liquid fuels. The effervescent atomization provides several advantages, such as high atomization quality, low pressure, lower energy consumption, simple and reliable system and so on. At present, the effervescent atomization has a wide range of applications in the liquid fuel combustion, spray cooling, spray irrigation, water mist for fire suppression, etc.

The process of the effervescent atomization was firstly investigated in the 1980s [1]. By means of injecting gas into the liquid, the bubble flow formed in the internal-mixing chamber of the atomizer and the effervescent atomization was achieved through the liquid and gas interaction. When the liquid and gas external forces, such as the shear force were greater than the fluid surface tension and viscous forces, the liquid was stretched and broke into small droplets. When the gas and droplets continued to interact, small droplets further broke into smaller liquid particles, and the atomization process was achieved.

The effect of the atomizer internal geometry, including the gas-to-liquid rate and injection pressure on the nozzle atomization characteristics had been studied extensively by Sovani et al. [2]. It was found that the gas-liquid rate needed for effervescent atomization was lower compared to other kinds of twin-fluid atomization. Three kinds of multi-hole effervescent atomizers with different configurations were investigated by Li et al. [3]. It was concluded that the multi-hole effervescent atomizers achieved good atomization with a uniform liquid flux distribution. The high-viscosity Newtonian liquid flow in the near-atomizer spray configuration was investigated by Buckner and Sojka [4, 5]. They investigated the bubble expansion and liquid-shattering mechanisms. Roesler and Lefebvre [6, 7] and Santangelo and Sojka [8] observed the same phenomenon. Konstantinov [9] thought that the effervescent atomizer can operate at the lower pressure and generate small mean droplets diameter. Jedelsky and Jicha [10] concluded that the explosions of gas bubbles enhanced the instability in the spray process. Several researchers [11, 12, 13, 14] have studied the near-atomizer structure of the spray produced by a ligament-controlled effervescent atomizer.

All the investigations above focused on the mechanism of the effervescent atomization. However, the atomization quality was not mentioned and elaborated. The mean droplets size at the lowest reported injection pressure (34.5 kPa) was measured by Wang et al. [15]. The results showed that the spray mean droplets size was reduced by increasing the injection pressure, while a higher effect was pronounced at lower injection pressures. The effect of the pressure on the behavior of droplets was investigated by Liu et al. [16], Jedelsky et al. [17] and Ge et al. [18]. It was concluded that the SMD decreased gradually with the increase in the pressure, and remained constant when the pressure was higher than 20bar. Jedelsky et al. [17] found that the atomizer structure had a great effect on the atomization quality. Several researchers [19, 20, 21, 22, 23] had examined the effect of GLR on the mean droplets size distribution and concluded that the latter remained fairly constant as the GLR changed.

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the velocity and SMD radial droplets distributions within two different atomizers.

2 Experimental system and atomizer design

The Experimental system was illustrated in Figure 1. High pressure gas and liquid provided by the air compressor and mixed in the atomizer and then flowed downstream to the exit orifice. The liquid and gas flow rates were measured by the mass flow meter and volume flow meter, respectively. The velocity and size of the droplets were measured by the Phase Doppler Analyzer (PDA).

Figure 1 Experimental system
Figure 1

Experimental system

Before entering the atomizer, the pressure of the liquid and gas were increased to 0.3MPa. The detailed dimensions of the atomizers were shown in Figure 2. Two atomizers were named as swirl atomizer A and swirl atomizer B, respectively. The diameter of the exit orifice was D=1.0mm, identical to that of the atomizer Dc. In the swirl atomizer A, the gas passing through the swirl slot was mixed with the liquid for atomization. In the swirl atomizer B, the mixing process occurred before the atomization. The gas and liquid fully mixed inside the atomizer were sprayed out through the exit orifice.

Figure 2 The structure of the atomizers for (a) Swirl atomizer A and (b) Swirl atomizer B
Figure 2

The structure of the atomizers for (a) Swirl atomizer A and (b) Swirl atomizer B

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Atomization characteristics in the two-phase hybrid atomizer

The relationship between the liquid mass flow rate and the gas-liquid rate (GLR) are described in Figure 3. The gas and liquid pressure ranged from 0.26 to 0.32MPa. It can be seen that the liquid mass flow rate decreased by increasing the GLR. In terms of physics, when the GLR was small, the amount of the liquid was much higher than that of the gas. As the liquid sprayed into the stationary atmosphere environment, the restriction of the atomizer wall on the liquid suddenly disappeared. Due to the interaction of the gas and liquid, the atomization process was unstable in the gas-liquid boundary layer. By increasing the GLR, the atomization became gradually stable. The optimal atomization region was marked by the circle in the Figure 3, while further increase in the GLR may gradually deteriorate the spray effect.

Figure 3 Effect of the ALR and pressure on the liquid mass flow rate
Figure 3

Effect of the ALR and pressure on the liquid mass flow rate

Also, the effect of the pressure on the liquid mass flow rate is shown in Figure 3. At a constant GLR, the liquid mass flow rate increased with the increase in the pressure. The physical mechanisms were explained as follows: with the increase in the pressure, the expansion work, the velocities of the atomization, and the liquid mass flow rate increased. Consequently, the energy consumption also increased.

3.2 Velocity distribution of swirl atomizers

Figure 4 shows the radial velocity distribution of two swirl atomizers (A and B). The gas and liquid pressures were set to be Pα = 0.3MPa (α=1,2 represented the liquid or gas phase, respectively.). The gas-liquid rate was set to be GLR=0.1. The distance from the discharge orifice (L) was varied from (20mm to 180mm). For both swirl atomizers (A and B), the radial velocity distribution were symmetrical.

Figure 4 Velocity U of swirl atomizer A in radial distribution
Figure 4

Velocity U of swirl atomizer A in radial distribution

The droplets velocities decreased along the radial direction, and the maximum values were obtained at the discharge orifice centre. The droplets velocities remained constant at the jet core region (L=10 mm), as shown in Figure 5. The droplets velocities decreased gradually with the distance from the discharge orifice increase from 140 mm to 180 mm, as shown in Figure 4. However, when the distance from the discharge orifice ranged from 20 mm to 120 mm, the variation range of the droplets velocities was relatively small. This phenomenon was different from that occurring inside the conventional atomizers. The physical mechanisms were explained as follows: Many small bubbles were formed in the atomization process, as shown in Figure 5, which were compressed inside the atomizer. The bubbles erupting from the atomizer would suddenly expand. In the bubble expansion process, the surface tension of the bubble decreased with the increase in the bubble diameter. The bubbles deformed under the aerodynamic force.

Figure 5 SMD radial distribution in different section downstream of swirl atomizer A
Figure 5

SMD radial distribution in different section downstream of swirl atomizer A

Compared to the swirl atomizer A, the radial velocity distribution of droplets at different distances from the discharge orifice in atomizer B was more concentrative. However, the atomization cone angle in swirl atomizer B was smaller than that in swirl atomizer A. In terms of physics, more bubbles were produced in the swirl atomizer B. The bubble bursting process took place in whole measurement process.

The velocity distribution of the droplets at the distance from the discharge orifice L=20mm was measured by PDA, as shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that some droplets velocities were is displayed as negative. The physical mechanisms were explained as follows: Many small bubbles were formed in the atomization process. With the bubbles injected into the atmosphere environment, their surface evaporated and sediment. The liquid film of the bubbles became very thin, and the initial local perturbation appeared on the surface of the liquid film. However, the occurrence of the local perturbation was stochastic. The maximum local perturbation usually appeared in the upper surface of the bubbles. The young droplets moved along the tangent direction in the bubble bursting process. The rupture velocity of the liquid film was 5m/s and the liquid film appeared to retract. At 4.8ms, a velocity opposite to the direction of the initial rupture position occurred at the edge of the liquid film. There was a phenomenon similar to the flow focusing, and the jet droplets were formed, as shown in Figure 7. Consequently, some droplets velocities were displayed as negative.

Figure 6 Jet process of the two-phase hybrid atomizer
Figure 6

Jet process of the two-phase hybrid atomizer

Figure 7 Bubble bursting process
Figure 7

Bubble bursting process

Before the bubble bursting process, the mean velocities of bubbles and droplets, u, decreased gradually with the increase in the distance from the discharge orifice as shown in Figure 5. When the bubble internal pressure was greater than its surface tension, the bubble would burst, as shown in Figure 7. Some film droplets formed due to the bubble bursting. The axial component velocity of the film droplets was u′, as shown in Figure 7. The direction of velocities u′ was along the direction in which the bubble velocity was decreasing. The actual velocities of the film droplets were u + u′. In that manner, the droplets ejection kept a scope at the positions from 20 mm to 120mm. After L=120 mm, bubbles have burst as the droplets, the velocity distribution of the film droplets would decay with the increase of the axis distance at L=140 mm - 180 mm.

3.3 SMD distribution of the swirl atomizers

Figure 8 describes the SMD radial distribution for two swirl atomizers (A and B). The gas and liquid pressures were set to be Pα=0.3MPa (α=1,2 represented the liquid or gas phase, respectively.). The gas-liquid rate was set to be GLR=0.1. The distance from the discharge orifice was L(L=20 mm- 160 mm).

Figure 8 Velocity U of swirl atomizer B in radial distribution
Figure 8

Velocity U of swirl atomizer B in radial distribution

The SMD radial distributions of the droplets were symmetrical for two atomizers. The SMD of the droplets increased gradually along the radial direction, and the minimum value was obtained in the discharge orifice centre. The SMD of the droplets became gradually smaller with the increase in the distance from the discharge orifice. The droplets SMD of the atomizer B was smaller than that of the atomizer A. However, the atomization angle in the swirl atomizer B was larger than that in the swirl atomizer A. In terms of physics, more bubbles were generated in the swirl atomizer B. The bubble bursting process took place in the whole measurement process. Compared to the swirl atomizer A, the effect of the swirl atomizer B on the bubble bursting was more intense.

4 Conclusion

The atomization characteristic for two swirl atomizers with different configurations has been experimentally investigated in this paper. Some conclusions can be drawn from the results above:

  1. When the GLR is small, the atomization is not stable, and the increase in the GLR improves the atomization process. The optimal region can be obtained.

  2. The velocity and SMD distributions of the droplets are symmetrical on the discharge orifice centre for both swirl atomizers.

  3. The droplets velocities along the axial direction keep a scope with the increase in the distance from the discharge orifice. The effect of the atomization on the velocity and SMDdistributions of the droplets in the swirl atomizer B are better than those in the swirl atomizer A.

  4. In the effervescent atomization process, some droplets velocities are displayed as negative.

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Acknowledgement

The financial support of China National Nature Science Funds (Support No. 51806057 and 51276055), the Hebei Young Science Founds (No. E2019202460 and E2019202198), Tianjin Science and Technology project (No. 19YFZCSF00850), Key Research Program Projects of Hebei Province (No. 19274502D), Industrial Technology Research of Hebei University of Technology (No. ZBYJY201902) and Technology Research Project of Hebei Higher Education (No. QN2017050 and QN2018067) are gratefully acknowledged.

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Received: 2019-07-08
Accepted: 2019-11-08
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 L. Liu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0101
Keywords for this article
effervescent atomization; velocity distribution; Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD); swirl atomizer
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  37. INS/gravity gradient aided navigation based on gravitation field particle filter
  38. Electrodynamics in Euclidean Space Time Geometries
  39. Dynamics and Wear Analysis of Hydraulic Turbines in Solid-liquid Two-phase Flow
  40. On Numerical Solution Of The Time Fractional Advection-Diffusion Equation Involving Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo Derivative
  41. New Complex Solutions to the Nonlinear Electrical Transmission Line Model
  42. The effects of quantum spectrum of 4 + n-dimensional water around a DNA on pure water in four dimensional universe
  43. Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm for Finding Polynomial Roots
  44. Vibration Equation of Fractional Order Describing Viscoelasticity and Viscous Inertia
  45. The Errors Recognition and Compensation for the Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Laser Testing Technology
  46. Evaluation and Decision Making of Organization Quality Specific Immunity Based on MGDM-IPLAO Method
  47. Key Frame Extraction of Multi-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Under Quality Constraint
  48. Influences of Contact Force towards Dressing Contiguous Sense of Linen Clothing
  49. Modeling and optimization of urban rail transit scheduling with adaptive fruit fly optimization algorithm
  50. The pseudo-limit problem existing in electromagnetic radiation transmission and its mathematical physics principle analysis
  51. Chaos synchronization of fractional–order discrete–time systems with different dimensions using two scaling matrices
  52. Stress Characteristics and Overload Failure Analysis of Cemented Sand and Gravel Dam in Naheng Reservoir
  53. A Big Data Analysis Method Based on Modified Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms
  54. Semi-supervised Classification Based Mixed Sampling for Imbalanced Data
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  56. Estimation of sand water content using GPR combined time-frequency analysis in the Ordos Basin, China
  57. Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
  58. Discrete approximate iterative method for fuzzy investment portfolio based on transaction cost threshold constraint
  59. Multi-objective performance optimization of ORC cycle based on improved ant colony algorithm
  60. Information retrieval algorithm of industrial cluster based on vector space
  61. Parametric model updating with frequency and MAC combined objective function of port crane structure based on operational modal analysis
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  63. A pointer location algorithm for computer visionbased automatic reading recognition of pointer gauges
  64. A cloud computing separation model based on information flow
  65. Optimizing model and algorithm for railway freight loading problem
  66. Denoising data acquisition algorithm for array pixelated CdZnTe nuclear detector
  67. Radiation effects of nuclear physics rays on hepatoma cells
  68. Special issue: XXVth Symposium on Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits (EPNC2018)
  69. A study on numerical integration methods for rendering atmospheric scattering phenomenon
  70. Wave propagation time optimization for geodesic distances calculation using the Heat Method
  71. Analysis of electricity generation efficiency in photovoltaic building systems made of HIT-IBC cells for multi-family residential buildings
  72. A structural quality evaluation model for three-dimensional simulations
  73. WiFi Electromagnetic Field Modelling for Indoor Localization
  74. Modeling Human Pupil Dilation to Decouple the Pupillary Light Reflex
  75. Principal Component Analysis based on data characteristics for dimensionality reduction of ECG recordings in arrhythmia classification
  76. Blinking Extraction in Eye gaze System for Stereoscopy Movies
  77. Optimization of screen-space directional occlusion algorithms
  78. Heuristic based real-time hybrid rendering with the use of rasterization and ray tracing method
  79. Review of muscle modelling methods from the point of view of motion biomechanics with particular emphasis on the shoulder
  80. The use of segmented-shifted grain-oriented sheets in magnetic circuits of small AC motors
  81. High Temperature Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Analysis of Thermal Field
  82. Inverse approach for concentrated winding surface permanent magnet synchronous machines noiseless design
  83. An enameled wire with a semi-conductive layer: A solution for a better distibution of the voltage stresses in motor windings
  84. High temperature machines: topologies and preliminary design
  85. Aging monitoring of electrical machines using winding high frequency equivalent circuits
  86. Design of inorganic coils for high temperature electrical machines
  87. A New Concept for Deeper Integration of Converters and Drives in Electrical Machines: Simulation and Experimental Investigations
  88. Special Issue on Energetic Materials and Processes
  89. Investigations into the mechanisms of electrohydrodynamic instability in free surface electrospinning
  90. Effect of Pressure Distribution on the Energy Dissipation of Lap Joints under Equal Pre-tension Force
  91. Research on microstructure and forming mechanism of TiC/1Cr12Ni3Mo2V composite based on laser solid forming
  92. Crystallization of Nano-TiO2 Films based on Glass Fiber Fabric Substrate and Its Impact on Catalytic Performance
  93. Effect of Adding Rare Earth Elements Er and Gd on the Corrosion Residual Strength of Magnesium Alloy
  94. Closed-die Forging Technology and Numerical Simulation of Aluminum Alloy Connecting Rod
  95. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Material Parameters Solution and Shape Control of Sandwich Panels with Aluminum Honeycomb
  96. Research and Analysis of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Damping Properties of Ductile Iron
  97. Effect of austenitising heat treatment on microstructure and properties of a nitrogen bearing martensitic stainless steel
  98. Special Issue on Fundamental Physics of Thermal Transports and Energy Conversions
  99. Numerical simulation of welding distortions in large structures with a simplified engineering approach
  100. Investigation on the effect of electrode tip on formation of metal droplets and temperature profile in a vibrating electrode electroslag remelting process
  101. Effect of North Wall Materials on the Thermal Environment in Chinese Solar Greenhouse (Part A: Experimental Researches)
  102. Three-dimensional optimal design of a cooled turbine considering the coolant-requirement change
  103. Theoretical analysis of particle size re-distribution due to Ostwald ripening in the fuel cell catalyst layer
  104. Effect of phase change materials on heat dissipation of a multiple heat source system
  105. Wetting properties and performance of modified composite collectors in a membrane-based wet electrostatic precipitator
  106. Implementation of the Semi Empirical Kinetic Soot Model Within Chemistry Tabulation Framework for Efficient Emissions Predictions in Diesel Engines
  107. Comparison and analyses of two thermal performance evaluation models for a public building
  108. A Novel Evaluation Method For Particle Deposition Measurement
  109. Effect of the two-phase hybrid mode of effervescent atomizer on the atomization characteristics
  110. Erratum
  111. Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
  112. Erratum to: Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
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