Startseite Influences of inter- and intra-row spacing on the growth and head yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) in western Amhara, Ethiopia
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Influences of inter- and intra-row spacing on the growth and head yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) in western Amhara, Ethiopia

  • Habtamu Tegen EMAIL logo und Mnuyelet Jembere
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 19. Mai 2022
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Abstract

Plant population of 40,000 ha−1 with the respective inter- and intra-row spacing of 50 cm × 50 cm is the blanket recommendation for the production of head cabbage in Ethiopia. However, producers complain that this spacing produces too large head size, which is not the market's preference for household consumption instead for hotels and big institutions like universities. This two-season field experiment was conducted to optimize the head cabbage yield with appropriate head size by adjusting inter- and intra-row spacing. The result of the combined analysis over location and season revealed that all tested parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing. The combinations of 35 cm × 30 cm, 35 cm × 50 cm, and 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing gave the highest head yield of 45, 43 significantly, and 42 t ha−1, respectively as compared to other treatment combinations. The interaction of the lowest inter- and intra-row spacing of 35 cm × 30 cm gave the lowest average head weight of 923 g of cabbage. The result showed that as intra-row spacing increased from 30 to 50 cm with all possible combinations of inter-row spacing, head-sized cabbage increased linearly. The current study identified that blanket recommendation of 50 cm × 50 cm inter-and intra-row spacing which assures a plant population of 40,000 ha−1 produced more than 1.4 kg individual head weight with a yield penalty of 10.70 t ha−1 compared to 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing combination which assures a plant population of 66,667 ha−1. The current study confirmed that the earlier blanket recommendation of 40,000 plants ha−1 should be enhanced to a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 with a yield advantage of 131%. Concretely the manifested plant population difference gives an opportunity to producers to harvest a maximum yield with an acceptable head size of 1.2 kg. Therefore, it is concluded that the combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing assures that a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 is optimum for the production of head cabbage in the study and similar agro-ecologies.

Keywords: inter-row spacing; intra-row spacing; plant population; head yield; yield parameters

1 Introduction

Head cabbage is the third most popular vegetable crop worldwide, next to tomato and onion [1]. It has high nutritional value and contains beta-carotene, vitamin C, riboflavin (Vit-B2), and antioxidant elements such as sulfur. Antioxidants in cabbage help slow the aging process by reducing the harmful effect of free radicals in our blood, avoiding heart diseases, and relieving arthritis. Cabbages are also a good source of nutrients such as potassium and calcium in the diet [2].

Head cabbage is becoming an economically important vegetable crop in Ethiopia [3]. According to FAO [1], around 35,926 ha of land was covered by head cabbage and other Brassica species under rain-fed and irrigation conditions. A total of 3,55,680 t was produced with an average productivity of 10 t ha−1. The land area covered by head cabbage in the rain-fed season of 2013 was 4,803 ha in Ethiopia, of which 992 ha were in Amhara Regional State, which accounts for 21% of head cabbage area coverage with an average productivity of 12.28 t ha−1 [1,4].

Production, as well as productivity of the crop, is very low in Ethiopia in general and in Amhara Regional State in particular as compared to other head cabbage producer countries. In China, for instance, 1,719,450 ha of land were covered with head cabbage with an average yield of 34 t ha−1 in 2013 [1]. The reason for low head cabbage productivity in Ethiopia could be due to the lack of access and adoption of improved production technologies by the local growers, problems related to out-crossing nature and self incompatibility of the crop to maintain seed purity, and cool weather condition requirement for seed production [3,5].

Cabbage head productivity and quality are influenced by plant population and other factors such as genotype, climate condition, water regime, nutrient status of the soil, market requirement, and their interactions [6]. Determination of proper plant population is also important to reduce production costs [7]. According to Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) [8], a plant population of 40,000 ha−1 with 50 and 50 cm inter- and intra-row spacing, respectively, is the national recommendation for head cabbage production in Ethiopia. A slight modification of 41,667 ha−1 with 60 and 40 cm inter- and intra-row spacing, respectively, has also been practiced in some pocket areas of Ethiopia. However, recently, producers have been reluctant to use such a low plant population with wider spacing because of the intention of reducing the head size of cabbage to maintain the preference of the consumers for household consumption. According to Ethiopia Horticulture Development Agency (EHDA) [9], head size preferences of the market for the majority of household consumption are medium and small. On the other hand, Červenski et al. [10] stated that higher plant density is prone to disease and lodging due to increased plant competition for nutrients, water, and light. Červenski and Takač [11] emphasized the importance of proper and uniform inter and intra-row spacing for cabbage production in a given locality. Hence, it is vital to reduce the head size of cabbage without yield reduction to satisfy both producers and consumers in Ethiopia condition. Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify the optimum plant population by adjusting inter- and-intra-row spacing for the head yield and size of cabbage production.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Description of the study areas

The experiment was conducted at Woramit and Koga irrigation research sites of Adet Agricultural Research Center in 2015 and 2016. Site descriptions of each location are provided below. Environmental conditions in terms of maximum, minimum temperatures (oC), and relative humidity (%) of the location during the experimental period are described in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Environmental condition maximum and minimum temperature (oC) and relative humidity RH (%) of the study areas during the experimentation period.
Figure 1

Environmental condition maximum and minimum temperature (oC) and relative humidity RH (%) of the study areas during the experimentation period.

2.1.1 Woramit

Woramit is located in northwestern Bahir Dar, on the shore of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. The testing site in Woramit is located at 11°38′N and 37°10′E with an altitude of 1,800 m above sea level (a.s.l.). It has a warm and humid climate with distinct dry and wet seasons. The mean daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures are 29.5°C in April and 6.2°C in January, respectively. The area receives a mean annual rainfall of 800–1,250 mm. The soil at this site is Nitisols (characterized as low activity clay, P fixation, Fe oxides, and strong structure) according to world reference-based soil classification FAO [12], which is moderately acidic (pH 6.4) with a texture of 13% sand, 33% silt, and 54% clay. The respective organic matter, Olson available phosphorus, and total nitrogen content of the soil were 3.9%, 6.3 mg kg−1, and 0.16% [13,14].

2.1.2 Koga

Koga in the Mecha district is located 40 km south of Bahir Dar. It is located in 11°10′ to 11°25′N latitude and in 37°2′ to 37°17′E longitude in the Blue Nile basin with an average elevation of 1,960 m a.s.l., and the slope ranges from nearly flat to 5%. The mean annual rainfall recorded at Merawi station in the Koga irrigation command area is 1,480 mm, of which 90% falls from May to October. The monthly mean temperature is 25.8°C. The soil at the experimental site is Nitisols (characterized as low activity clay, P fixation, Fe oxides, and strong structure) according to world reference-based soil classification FAO [9], which is strongly acidic (pH 5.1–5.3) with high exchangeable acidity (1.54–5.23) and high exchangeable Al3+ (0.92–2.88 cmol kg−1) content. The respective organic matter, Olson available P and total N content of the soil were 2.34–4.44%, 3.54–8.7 mg kg−1, and 0.18–0.24% [14,15].

2.2 Experimental materials, treatments, and design

Head cabbage variety “Copenhagen market” was used as a test crop because it is usually grown in a wide altitude range of 500–3,000 m a.s.l. and its relatively higher yield potential of 27.5 t ha−1 [8]. It is characterized by its roundhead, dark green leaves, and medium maturity period with an average of 110 days depending on the temperature of the area. The experiment consisted of three inter-row spacing (35, 50, and 65 cm) and three intra-row spacing (30, 40, and 50 cm), which were arranged in 3 × 3 factorial combinations in a randomized complete block design with three replications combined over two locations and two seasons.

2.3 Experimental procedure

Seedlings at the age of 25–30 days were transplanted on the plot size of 12 m2 (3 m × 4 m), which accommodates 8, 6, and 5 rows per plot for the inter-row spacing of 35, 50, and 65 cm, respectively, and 13, 10, and 8 plants per row at the intra-row spacing of 30, 40, and 50 cm, respectively, with theoretical plant population ranging from 30,769 to 95,769 ha−1 (Table 1).

Table 1

Expected plant population in each respective inter- and intra-row spacing combinations

Inter-row spacing (cm) Intra- row spacing (cm) Expected plant population (plants ha−1)
35 30 95,238
40 71,429
50 57,143
50 30 66,667
40 50,000
50 40,000
65 30 51,287
40 38,462
50 30,769

Urea and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizers to provide 64 kg N ha−1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 were equally applied for each treatment. The whole rate of DAP was applied at the time of transplanting, while urea was applied in two splits; the first half at the time of transplanting and the second half at 30 days after transplanting. The first and second weeding was taken place after 20 and 40 days of transplanting, respectively. Selecron® 720 EC at a rate of 0.75 l ha−1 was sprayed uniformly at 15 days intervals to control insect pests. Irrigation water was applied at every 7-day interval with the furrow irrigation method [8].

2.4 Data collection

Days to maturity (DM): The actual number of days from seedling transplanting to the field to a day at which more than 90% of the head in a plot becomes compacted.

Head length (HL): The mean head length was estimated as the average HL of 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Each HL was measured by using a caliper in centimeters at the stalk detaching point of the head to the tip of the head of each plant.

Head diameter (HD): The mean head diameter was estimated as the average HD of 10 randomly selected plants per plot. The diameter of each head was measured by using a caliper in cm at the widest point in the middle portion of the matured head.

Head weight (HW): It was determined from the average fresh weight of 10 randomly selected marketable heads from central rows of each plot and by measuring the weight of each head by a digital balance in grams.

Head size distribution (%): Heads less than 1 kg in weight were considered small, while heads through 1–1.5 kg in weight were considered medium, and heads higher than 1.5 kg in weight were considered big heads [7,16].

Numbers of different sized heads were converted into a percent basis by using the following equation:

% = Number of different sized heads Total heads × 100 .

Marketable head yield (MHY): Clean, disease-free, and undamaged heads were harvested net plot area of 6 m2, weighed fresh, and converted to t ha−1. Each head free from disease and physical damage and with a fresh weight higher than 1 kg was considered a marketable yield, and it was converted to t ha−1 [16].

Unmarketable head yield (UMHY): Undersized, decayed, a physiological disorder such as split, and misshaped heads were sorted out from each harvested net plot area of 6 m2, weighed fresh heads, and it was converted to t ha−1 [16].

Total head yield (THY): It was the summation of the weight of marketable and unmarketable heads from a net harvested plot area of 6 m2, and then it was converted to t ha−1.

2.5 Data analysis

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for each location and season using the general linear model (GLM) procedure [17] to see the effect of inter- and intra-row spacing. After Bartlett’s homogeneity test, the combined ANOVA over location and season was conducted using the PROC ANOVA procedure. Whenever the ANOVA result showed significance (P ≤ 0.05), the mean separation was performed using Duncan’s multiple range test for the interaction effects. When inter- and intra-row spacing interaction showed significance (P ≤ 0.05), polynomial contrast analysis was conducted to determine whether the effect was linear or quadratic using the PROC GLM procedure. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine coefficients of inter®, intra (P), and RP interaction to develop the equation using the PROC REG procedure for the marketable head yield of cabbage.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Days to maturity (DM)

The combined ANOVA over location and seasons showed that days to maturity were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing, environment (location vs season), and two-way interaction of inter- vs intra-row spacing. On the other hand, it was non-significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by the two-way interaction of inter vs environment, intra vs environment, and the three-way interaction of intra vs intra vs environment (Table 2). A significant (P ≤ 0.05) variation in environment demonstrates that the growing conditions of locations and seasons were quite different (Figure 1). However, the overall effect of the treatments has a similar trend. Plants grown in narrow spacing matured early as compared to the highest spacing. Plants grown with the wider combination of 65 cm × 50 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures a plant population of only 30,769 ha−1 matured late by 12–23 days compared to the narrow combination of 35 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures plant population of 95,238 ha−1 (Table 3).

Table 2

Significance level (P-values) of yield component, head size distribution and head yield traits of cabbage from the combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) over environment

Sources of variation df Traits
HM (days) HL (cm) HD (cm) HW (g) Head size distributions MHY (t ha−1) UMHY (t ha−1) THY (t ha−1)
Small (%) (<1 kg) Medium (%) (>1–1.5 kg) Large (%) (>1.5 kg)
Inter 2 <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Intra 2 <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** 0.0136** <0.0301 <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Environment 3 <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** 0.9903ns <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Rep (environment) 8 0.8697ns 0.0650ns 0.8008ns 0.0200* 0.6855ns 0.7564ns 0.9972ns 0.1100ns 0.0682ns 0.3000ns
Inter vs intra 4 0.0013** 0.0004** 0.0426* 0.0001** <0.0001** 0.0009** 0.0002* <0.0001** 0.0048* <0.0001**
Inter vs environment 6 0.6751ns <0.0001** <0.0001** 0.0171* 0.0235* <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Intra vs environment 6 0.3438ns 0.0005** 0.4546ns 0.0747ns 0.7820ns 0.9960ns 0.2816ns <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Inter vs intra vs environment 12 0.9835ns 0.0012** 0.1556ns 0.0317* 0.0220* 0.1133ns 0.7499ns <0.0001** <0.0001** <0.0001**
Error 64 — — — — — — — — — —

*, **, and ns represent significant (P ≤ 0.05), highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), and nonsignificant, respectively. HM – horticultural maturity, HL – head length, HD – head diameter, HW – head weight, MHY – marketable head yield, UMHY – unmarketable head yield and THY – total head yield.

Table 3

Interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on maturity and yield component of cabbage

Treatments Population HM (days) HL (cm) HD (cm) HW (g) Head size distribution (%) MHY (t ha−1) UMHY (t ha−1) THY (t ha−1)
Small (<1 kg) Medium (>1–1.5 kg) Large (>1.5 kg)
35 × 30 95,238 85.17g 13.58c 7.11g 923e 64.36a 24.90g 10.73g 42.68ab 3.26ab 46.41a
35 × 40 71,429 90.33ef 13.65c 8.42f 982e 57.83b 27.66ef 14.50f 40.57b 3.58a 44.13a
35 × 50 57,143 97.83bc 14.20bc 10.70e 1179d 53.66c 33.50d 12.83fg 42.13ab 3.01bc 45.14a
50 × 30 66,667 87.67fg 14.86ab 11.39de 1172d 25.12d 62.56a 12.29fg 44.46a 2.37d 46.85a
50 × 40 50,000 93.33de 14.88ab 11.79d 1249cd 20.83e 52.33b 26.83e 37.40c 2.97bc 40.31b
50 × 50 40,000 100.83ab 15.66a 12.88bc 1395ab 15.66f 29.16e 55.33c 33.82d 2.53cd 36.37c
65 × 30 51,287 92.50e 14.22bc 12.37cd 1202d 16.50f 45.33c 38.16d 35.09cd 2.13d 37.22c
65 × 40 38,462 96.33cd 15.93a 13.64a 1357bc 10.00g 29.00e 62.66b 30.22e 2.61cd 32.81d
65 × 50 30,769 103.83a 16.08ab 14.16ab 1520a 8.33g 23.50g 68.16a 30.95e 1.11e 32.02d
R2 — 0.94 0.92 0.97 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.95
Significance — ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * **
CV% — 1.77 6.83 6.62 12.89 18.53 7.17 13.80 8.30 23.70 8.27

** and *, highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) and significant (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Means in the column with the same letter are insignificant at 5%. HM – horticultural maturity, HL – head length, HD – head diameter, HW – head weight, MHY – marketable head yield, UMHY – unmarketable head yield and THY – total head yield.

The observed early maturity at the highest plant population might be due to the narrowest spacing convincingly by the presence of high resource competition for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Celac [18] stated that adequate space ensures less competition for sunlight, water, and fertilizers. The present study also identified that a treatment combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing matured early by 15 days as compared to the earlier blanket recommendation of 50 cm × 50 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures plant population of 40,000 ha−1. Early maturing head cabbage production is generally believed to fetch high premium market prices, which benefit growers.

3.2 Head length (HL)

The combined ANOVA over location and season showed that cabbage head length was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced the main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing, environment, two-way interaction of inter- vs intra-row spacing, inter vs environment, intra vs environment, and three-way interaction of inter vs intra vs environment (Table 2).

Significantly largest head length was produced on plants grown with the combinations of inter- and intra-row spacing of 65 cm × 50 cm, 65 cm × 40 cm, 50 cm × 50 cm, 50 cm × 40 cm followed by 50 cm × 30 cm, respectively (Table 3). Generally, the present result is in line with Stoffella and Mike [19] that cabbage head height and width increased linearly as row spacing increased. The result also confirmed that there was a non-statistically significant cabbage head length between the earlier blanket recommendation 50 cm × 50 cm inter and intra-row spacing, which assures plant population of only 40, 000 ha−1 and 50 cm × 30 cm inter and intra-row spacing which assures more plant population 66,667 ha−1 (Table 3).

3.3 Head diameter (HD)

The combined ANOVA over location and seasons showed that cabbage head width was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by all sources of variations except two-way interaction of inter vs environment, intra vs environment and three-way interaction of inter vs intra vs environment (Table 2). Regarding the interaction effect of spacing, a significantly larger head width was recorded on plants grown with combinations of 65 × 50 followed by 65 × 40 inter- and intra-row spacing, respectively (Table 3). Head diameter values decreased as combinations of inter- and intra-row spacing decreased. Semuli [20] stated that as plant spacing was reduced, competition for nutrients, light, air, and moisture increased, which would have resulted in decreased diameter and weight of heads.

3.4 Head weight (HW)

The combined ANOVA over location and seasons showed that individual cabbage head weight was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by all sources of variations except the two-way interaction of intra vs environment (Table 2).

Head weight significantly increased as inter- and intra-row spacing increased. The largest head weight values of 1,520 and 1,305 g were obtained on plants grown with the combinations of inter-and intra-row spacing of 65 cm × 50 cm and 50 × 50 (Table 3). Generally, in the current study, head weight values decreased as the combinations of inter- and intra-row spacing decreased. Kołota and Piotr [16] also confirmed that a high plant population is associated with a decrement of the head size of the cabbage. The current study confirmed that head values of 1,172 g on average were obtained with the combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing, which assured the largest proportion of medium cabbage heads, which is mostly preferred by household consumption (Table 3). In this regard, Kołota and Piotr [16] stated that taking head yield produced by spacing 45 cm between rows and 40 cm distance in the row, which assure 55,000 plants per hectare is optimum for the production of cabbage heads weighted 1.0–2.0 kg, that meets the consumer’s expectation in the fresh market. Cecílio-Filho et al. [21] also confirmed that smaller heads of cabbage have greater market acceptance in Brazil.

3.5 Head size distribution

The combined ANOVA over location seasons revealed that head size distribution viz. small (<1 kg in weight), medium (1–1.5 kg in weight), and big (>1.5 kg in weight) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by the main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing, two-way interaction of inter- vs intra-row spacing and inter vs environment (Table 2).

Significantly the highest proportion of small-sized cabbage heads, 64% on average were recorded with plants grown at the narrowest inter by intra-row spacing combination of 35 cm × 30 cm, which assures a plant population of 95,238 ha−1. Significantly highest proportion of medium-sized cabbage heads of 63% on average was obtained when plants were grown with the combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures a plant population of 66,667 ha−1. Generally, an inverse relationship was observed between small and large head size distribution in relation to population density. Small head size distribution was increased as the population increased in contrast to large head-sized distribution increased as the population decreased (Figure 2). Kołota and Piotr [16] and Barrett et al. [22] confirmed that reduced head size may be achieved mainly by the use of high-density planting. The current study confirmed that a treatment combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures 66,667 plant population with the maximum head yield of 45 ton ha−1 produced 34% more medium-sized heads as compared to the earlier national recommendation of head cabbage inter- and intra-row spacing of 50 cm × 50 cm which assures 40,000 plant population (Table 3).

Figure 2 Cabbage head size distribution as affected by plant population.
Figure 2

Cabbage head size distribution as affected by plant population.

3.6 Marketable head yield (MHY), unmarketable head yield (UMHY), and total head yield (THY)

The combined ANOVA over location and seasons result revealed that marketable cabbage head and total head yield was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by all source of variations viz. the main effect inter- and intra-row spacing, two-way interaction of inter vs intra, inter vs environment and intra vs environment inter vs environment, intra vs environment,) and three-way interaction (inter vs intra vs environment). The unmarketable yield was also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by all sources of variations (Table 2).

The current study showed that the significantly highest marketable head yield of 45 ton ha−1 was obtained on plants produced from the interaction of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 followed by the interaction of 35 × 30 inter- and intra-row spacing (43 t ha−1) which assures a plant population of 95,238 ha−1, and 35 × 50 inter- and intra-row spacing (42 t ha−1) which assures a plant population of 57,429 ha−1, as compared to the rest of plant population (Table 3). It was in line with Khatiwada [23] who reported that more than 35 t ha−1 marketable head yields were recorded from 45 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing combinations. Semuli [20] reported that a spacing of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row produced the highest yield of heads, while 50 cm × 50 cm spacing produced heavier heads. Silva et al. [24] also reported that the highest cabbage head yield was obtained with 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants. Significantly the highest unmarketable head yield of 4 t ha−1 was recorded with treatment combinations of 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing followed by 35 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing.

The response surface model of inter and intra-row spacing interaction showed that a majority of response surface area is covered with a relatively low marketable head yield ranging from 30 to 40 t ha−1. On the other hand, 1/3 of the response surface area is covered with a relatively higher marketable yield ranging from 40 to 50 t ha−1. These higher marketable head yields were obtained by the interaction of narrower inter-row spacing (35–50 cm) and intra-row spacing (30–40 cm) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Response surface model of inter and intra-row spacing interaction of the marketable head yield (MHY) of cabbage.
Figure 3

Response surface model of inter and intra-row spacing interaction of the marketable head yield (MHY) of cabbage.

Based on the polynomial contrast analysis, the interaction effect of inter (R) and intra (P) row spacing was linear to develop the equation Y = 43.9 + 1.62R – 1.5P – 0.017R 2 + 0.021P 2 – 0.009RP to predict the optimum population of head cabbage. Hence, the optimum marketable head yield of 41 t ha−1 was obtained with the interaction of 44 cm × 36 cm inter and intra-row spacing, which assures a plant population of 63,131 ha−1 (Figure 4). On the other hand, the highest biological yield of 45 t ha−1 was obtained with 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing, which accommodates a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 (Table 3). The optimum predicted and the biological highest marketable head yield obtained in the present study were comparable. Therefore, in practical irrigation water application and cultivation point of view, 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing is better applicable rather than using 44 cm × 36 cm inter- and intra-row spacing for head cabbage production.

Figure 4 Second-order polynomial curve fit and regression equation to determine optimum plant population for the head yield of cabbage, where Y is the marketable head yield (MHY), R is the inter-row spacing, and P is the intra-row spacing.
Figure 4

Second-order polynomial curve fit and regression equation to determine optimum plant population for the head yield of cabbage, where Y is the marketable head yield (MHY), R is the inter-row spacing, and P is the intra-row spacing.

4 Conclusion

The combination of 50 cm × 30 cm, 35 cm × 50 cm and 35 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures high plant population ranging from 57,143 to 95,238 ha−1 gave significantly the highest marketable head yield per hectare as compared to other treatment combinations. The lowest combination of inter- and intra-row spacing of 35 cm × 30 cm gave the lowest average head weight of cabbage. As inter- and intra-row spacing increases, bigger head-sized cabbage is increased. This study identified that the national blanket recommendation of 50 cm × 50 cm inter- and intra-row spacing produced 1.3 kg average head weight with a yield penalty of 10.70 t ha−1 as compared to the yield produced from the combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing. The current study confirmed that the earlier blanket recommendation of 40,000 plants ha−1 has to be enhanced to a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 with a yield advantage of 131%. The manifested plant population difference gives the opportunity to producers to harvest maximum yield with an acceptable head size of 1.2 kg. The optimum predicted marketable head yield of 41 t ha−1 and the biological highest marketable head yield of 45 t ha−1 were comparable. Therefore, in practical irrigation water application and cultivation point of view, 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures a plant population of 66,667 ha−1 is better applicable than 44 cm × 36 cm inter- and intra-row spacing which assures 63,131 ha−1 for head cabbage production. Therefore, it is concluded that the combination of 50 cm × 30 cm inter- and intra-row spacing is optimum for the head cabbage production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Adet Agricultural Research Center, staff, and horticulture research case team members for their assistance during field experimentation and data collection.

  1. Funding information: The authors acknowledge Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARRI) for the financial support for the successful accomplishment of the study.

  2. Author contributions: HT was the main designer, implementer, and author for the current study; MJ was the field data collector, organizer, and the co-author for the current study.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2020-10-19
Revised: 2022-03-10
Accepted: 2022-04-28
Published Online: 2022-05-19

© 2022 Habtamu Tegen and Mnuyelet Jembere, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0103
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
inter-row spacing; intra-row spacing; plant population; head yield; yield parameters
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Foliar application of boron positively affects the growth, yield, and oil content of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
  3. Impacts of adopting specialized agricultural programs relying on “good practice” – Empirical evidence from fruit growers in Vietnam
  4. Evaluation of 11 potential trap crops for root-knot nematode (RKN) control under glasshouse conditions
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