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Development of chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles-coated paper for antibacterial application

  • Chinnasamy Balalakshmi EMAIL logo , Naiyf S. Alharbi , Shine Kadaikunnan , Jamal M. Khaled , Khalid F. Alanzi , Kasi Gopinath , Ayyakannu Arumugam and Marimuthu Govindarajan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 23, 2020
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

The radical proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and their infections causes significant issues for human health and the environment. Today, biopolymers are used to produce different nanoparticles. In the present investigation, the fabricated chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles (Cht/Ar-AgNPs)-coated papers were tested for antibacterial applications. Agar was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. Synthesized Ar-AgNPs were examined through optical, phase crystallinity and topological analysis. Cht and Ar-AgNPs solution was mixed with various ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by weight. In addition to that, the conformity of Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers was characterized by structural, spectral, and morphological analysis. However, Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers were subjected to antibacterial properties. The ratio of (6:4) Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated paper showed excellent antibacterial agent, and it can be used as extending the food product shelf life.

Keywords: drug development; cellulose paper; bar-coating; antibacterial activity; reactive oxygen species

1 Introduction

Biopolymers are considered an ideal candidate for nanotechnology’s recent advent due to the biocompatibility, reducing/capping ability, and different physicochemical properties, especially nontoxicity to an environment. Depending on the applications, biopolymers are varied. Moreover, they are highly edible as well as biodegradable films in food packaging. The high recyclable natural biomolecules-based packaging materials like fatty acids, amino acids, and polysaccharides are convenient environmental agents than petrochemical-based polymers. Biopolymer films and coatings are used for many applications: it serves as the best food packaging material, minimizes food deterioration, extends food life by serving as solute and gas barriers, and acts as various additives (antioxidants, antimicrobials, coloring agents, and nutrients) [1,2,3,4,5].

The biopolymers and papers-associated materials are providing an eco-friendly approach. Paper has unique characters as well as used for multiple applications: less weight, low cost, superior mechanical properties, low environmental impact, paper sensors, filters, indicators, writing/printing prepossess, packaging, household products, resistance from insufficient grease and oil, low barrier properties [6,7,8,9,10], and due to its lipophilic nature, it is prone to react with fatty molecules and leads to damage in printed papers, and enables usage as synthetic polymers, which leads to recycling issues and causes environmental problems [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Moreover, many researchers pushed towards the advanced and new approaches for developing antimicrobial papers by administering eco-friendly synthesis processes [12,13,14].

Many researchers are likely attracted by agar (Ar) because it is highly renewable, biodegradable, and of low cost. Ar is a mixture of agarose and agaropection polysaccharides: agarose 70% of agar (linear polymer, along with agarobiose repeating unit, a disaccharide making up of d-galactose and 3,6-anhydrous-l-galactopyranose) and agaropection 30% of agar (smaller molecule of a heterogeneous mixture, made up of alternating units of d-galactose and l-galactose highly modified with sulfate and pyruvate, an acidic side-group) [15].

Chitosan (Cht) is a biodegradable polycationic polymer obtained from chitin, a natural polymer that exhibits antibacterial features. It consists of (1,4)-linked 2-amino 2-deoxy-b-d-glucopyranose [16]. Moreover, it has antibacterial and nontoxic characteristics and therefore, been used as individual health properties and metal nanoparticle chitosan material [17]. Cht is an excellent chelating agent consisting of functional NH2 and OH groups [18]. Silver (Ag) ion revealed a strong bacterial inhibiting effect, even a low quantity of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) providing maximum antibactericidal effect [19]. The composite mixture of Cht and AgNPs provided a significant bacterial inhibition effect [20].

AgNPs were used as an effective antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, and fungi [21,22]. Synthesis of AgNPs has been carried out by various methods such as microwave irradiation/sonochemical process [23,24,25], and along with bio-based reduction and capping agent has been proving to develop chemical-free AgNPs [26,27,28,29,30,31]. Previously, researchers have made various attempts to carry out the agar-medicated synthesis of AgNPs and reported that the synthesized Ar/AgNPs composites significantly improve the mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Similarly, the amino acids of tyrosine and tryptophan-mediated synthesized AgNPs had been incorporated into the agar polymer matrix. These Ar/AgNPs nanocomposite films revealed intense antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than Listeria monocytogenes [32]. The red seaweed of Gracilaria dura-derived agar extract-mediated synthesized AgNPs were formulated with agar polymer help by the microwave heating process. Synthesized Ar/AgNPs composite films showed a more significant bactericidal effect (99.9%) on Bacillus pumilus – HQ318731 [33]. Rhim et al. [34] reported that the chemically synthesized AgNPs were introduced to the agar polymer by various weight contents. Linearly enhancing the water vapor barrier properties and surface hydrophobicity increases the content of silver without affecting the mechanical strength. However, 1 wt% silver containing the composite film exhibited intense antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. The same research group has investigated the preparation of AgNPs by a laser ablation method and AgNPs/agar composite films were prepared by the solvent casting method with varying the content of AgNPs. The inclusion of metallic AgNPs somewhat increased water vapor permeability and water contact angle. At the same time, it exhibited potent antimicrobial activity with a higher content at 40 and 80 mg of AgNPs [35].

The present investigation intended at the fabrication of active antibacterial paper using AgNPs asserted bio-based coating material. The AgNPs were synthesized by agar (Ar). The chitosan and Ar-AgNPs solutions were prepared at different ratios, which coated over cellulose paper, and it was assessed by antibacterial activity against human pathogens.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

Silver nitrate was derived from Alfa Aesar, Mumbai (India). Ten percent acetic acid, soluble agar, chitosan (M.W: 3,800–20,000 Daltons: degree of deacetylation: >75.00%) [CAS No. 9012-76-4], nutrient agar, and nutrient broth media were received from HiMedia (India). All the chemicals were derived in a pure form (no further sterilization/purification was required). Plain cellulose paper (100 GSM) and whole investigations were used for double distilled water.

2.2 Bacterial strains

Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Escherichia coli (MTCC 40), Shigella dysenteriae (ATCC 23513), and Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 7277) strains were acquired from KRIND Institute of Research and Development, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, Southern India.

2.3 Ar-AgNPs synthesis

Initially, Ar-AgNPs solution synthesis added 2.5 g of agar and 100 mL of 10 mM AgNO3 solution, and it was mixed well using a magnetic stirrer at 90°C for 1 h under dark condition [33,34]. Then, the mixture was cooled down at 37°C for back-up.

2.4 Preparation of Cht/Ar-AgNPs coating solution

At first, 2.0 v/v% acetic acid was prepared from 10% acetic acid used to prepare the chitosan solution. The 2.0 v/v% acetic acid was encountered through stirring for 8 h at 90°C to obtain 1.5 wt% of Chitosan solution, which was cooled at 25 ± 1°C and 2.5 pH. Finally, through 10 min vigorous mechanical stirring, the chitosan solution and Ar-AgNPs solutions were mixed at various ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by weight, respectively.

2.5 Fabrication of Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers

The Cht/Ar-AgNPs cellulose-coated paper was prepared by the bar-coating method. Initially, the uncoated paper was firmed by a stable glass plate, then Cht/Ar-AgNPs coating solution was smeared using a #20 Mayer rod. Cht/Ar-AgNPs cellulose-coated paper allowed the oven for the drying process (90°C for 10 min). Air-tight polyethylene covers are used to ensure coated paper protection against light. Table 1 summarizes the detailed confirmation of uncoated and coated papers at various ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs used in the study.

Table 1

Different ratios of chitosan and agar-AgNPs-coated cellulose paper and their respective coating weight (g)

Sample codeChitosan (1.5%)Agar-AgNPs solution (agar = 2.5%, AgNO3 = 10 mM)
Plain——
Cht100
Cht:Ar-AgNPs (9:1)91
Cht:Ar-AgNPs (8:2)82
Cht:Ar-AgNPs (7:3)73
Cht:Ar-AgNPs (6:4)64
Cht:Ar-AgNPs (5:5)55

2.6 Characterization of Ar-AgNPs analysis

Various spectral and microscopic methods analyzed the synthesized Ar-AgNPs solution: UV-Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu, UV-1800 spectrophotometer operating absorbance measurements with a resolution of 1 nm, with a 200–800 nm wavelength range). Shape and size of the synthesized Ar-AgNPs solution were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (Tecnai F20 model) at accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The crystalline phase of Ar-AgNPs solution, plain paper, and coated papers was analyzed by XRD spectrometer (PANalyticalX’Pert Pro, wavelength: 1.5418 Å, diffraction patterns were collected at 25°C, over an angular range of 10–80° with a step size of 0.05° and a step time of 10.16 s per increment). The functional groups of plain paper and coated papers were analyzed by FT-IR spectrometer Thermo Nicolet 380, from 500 to 4,000 cm−1, and the surface topology analyzed through FE-SEM microscopy (Hitachi S-4500).

2.7 Antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity examined Gram-positive bacteria of B. subtilis and three Gram-negative bacteria of E. coli, S. dysenteriae, and P. vulgaris strains. The aforementioned bacterial strains were grown in nutrient broth at overnight culture. 20 mL of autoclaved nutrient agar culture media was poured into agar plates. The respective bacteria were evenly spread over the respective nutrient agar media with a cotton swab. The 1 × 1 cm of plain and coated papers were placed on the medium and plain paper considered as control. All the plates were maintained at 38°C for 24 h. After completing the incubation period, the inhibition zone was calculated by each coated paper and photographed. Further, this experiment was repeated three times [36].

2.8 Statistical analysis

Data from antibacterial experiments were expressed as mean ± SE and we employed ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05) using the SPSS software package 16.0 version.

3 Results

3.1 Optical, structural, and morphological analysis of Ar-AgNPs

During AgNPs synthesis, in the reduction process, the colorless agar with AgNO3 mixture changed to brown color, and it is the necessary conformity of AgNPs synthesis. The UV-visible spectrum showed an absorption hump at 403 nm by the synthesized agar-mediated AgNPs (Figure 1). This absorbance peak indicates a reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. It confirms the formation of AgNPs owing to the surface plasmon resonance and similar observation reported by previous biopolymer reports [37]. The XRD patterns of Ar-AgNPs appeared 2θ value at 38.13°, 44.27°, 64.47°, and 77.30°, which indexed to the planes (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively (Figure 2), and it revealed the crystalline phase of face-centered cubic structure. Further, Figure 3a and b prove the TEM images of Ar-AgNPs reveal the spherical shape, size of particles ranging from 5 to ∼20 nm, and the mean value of 10 nm; Figure 3c depicted the selected area diffraction patterns well-correlated with the XRD indexed planes.

Figure 1 UV-Vis spectrum of synthesized agar-mediated silver nanoparticles (Ar-AgNPs).
Figure 1

UV-Vis spectrum of synthesized agar-mediated silver nanoparticles (Ar-AgNPs).

Figure 2 XRD patterns of synthesized Ar-AgNPs.
Figure 2

XRD patterns of synthesized Ar-AgNPs.

Figure 3 (a and b) TEM images; (c) SAED pattern of synthesized Ar-AgNPs.
Figure 3

(a and b) TEM images; (c) SAED pattern of synthesized Ar-AgNPs.

3.2 XRD analysis of coated papers

The plain chitosan and chitosan combined agar-mediated silver nanoparticles-coated paper were considered by XRD analysis (Figure 4a). Two sharp characteristic intense peaks were observed at 2θ = 16.36° and 22.56° in the plain cellulose paper. Further, chitosan-coated cellulose paper revealed peaks at 2θ = 15.90°, 22.71°, 29.86°, and 39.80°. However, the first peak position slightly shifted towards front side. The second peak showed high crystalline nature as compared to the pure cellulose paper peak. Besides, a newly raised peak at 2θ = 29.86° confirmed chitosan on the cellulose paper surfaces. The even ratio of Cht: Ar-AgNPs-coated cellulose paper peaks was located at 2θ = 15.62°, 22.71°, 29.51°, 39.57°, and 43.21°, respectively. Whereas, the peak position at 15.62° and 22.71° crystalline decreased due to the composition of Cht: Ar-AgNPs coated on the cellulose paper surface as compared to the chitosan-coated paper. Interestingly, the newly appeared two peaks located at 39.57° and 43.21° correspond to the AgNPs’ presence on the cellulose paper surface (Figure 4b).

Figure 4 (a) XRD pattern of plain paper, chitosan-coated paper, and chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper; (b) asterisk symbol exhibited AgNPs peak at 2θ values.
Figure 4

(a) XRD pattern of plain paper, chitosan-coated paper, and chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper; (b) asterisk symbol exhibited AgNPs peak at 2θ values.

3.3 Functional group analysis of coated papers

The FT-IR spectral analysis of plain chitosan and chitosan combined agar-mediated silver nanoparticles-coated papers exhibited several characteristic peaks at 3,321–3,342, 2,899–2,920, 1,631–1,652, 1,547–1,552, 1,403–1,423, 1,140–1,161, and 1,014–1,025 cm−1. It shows the functional groups OH– stretching, C–H bending, C═O stretching, N–H bending, CH3 wagging, anti-symmetric stretching of (C–O–C) bridge, and C–O stretching (Table 2 and Figure 5). Cellulose, chitosan, and agar biopolymers approximately had similar functional groups structure. Notably, the chitosan-coated paper showed characteristic peaks at 3,321, 1,403, and 1,014 cm−1 somewhat shifted to lower frequencies than the plain cellulose paper. Moreover, the Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated paper showed characteristic peaks at 3,342, 2,909, and 1,161 cm−1 shifted to higher frequencies than cellulose and chitosan-coated paper. Also, the newly raised peak at 549 cm−1 corresponded to metal (Ag) peak. This metal peak confirmed the presence of AgNPs on the cellulose paper surface.

Table 2

FT-IR analysis of the plain paper, chitosan-coated paper, and chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper

Wavenumber (cm−1)
Plain paperCht-coated paperCht + Ar-AgNPs-coated paperAssignments
3,3323,3213,342O–H stretching
2,8992,9202,909C–H bending
1,6311,6411,652C═O stretching
1,5471,5571,552N–H bending
1,4241,4031,424CH3 wagging
1,1401,1501,161Anti-symmetric C–O–C stretching
1,0251,0141,024C–O stretching
——549Ag–metal
Figure 5 FTIR spectra of plain paper, chitosan-coated paper, and chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper.
Figure 5

FTIR spectra of plain paper, chitosan-coated paper, and chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper.

3.4 Scanning electron microscope

The SEM analysis evaluated the AgNPs dispersion on the paper. Due to the interwoven fibers, plain cellulose paper showed a rough and uneven surface, and the chitosan-coated paper appeared evenly spread and of smooth surface. Besides, Cht/Ar-AgNPs’ well-distributed coating surface exhibited spherical shape AgNPs (Figure 6a–c).

Figure 6 SEM images: (a) plain paper, (b) chitosan-coated paper, and (c) chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper.
Figure 6

SEM images: (a) plain paper, (b) chitosan-coated paper, and (c) chitosan with agar-mediated AgNPs-coated paper.

3.5 Antibacterial properties

Safety and maintaining food quality have a vital role in antibacterial food packaging applications [38]. The antibacterial activity of coated paper was measured by a disk diffusion method, as shown in Figure 7. Obtained results, 6:4 (Cht/Ar-AgNPs) ratio coated paper, showed excellent antibacterial activity in Gram-positive (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli, S. dysenteriae, and P. vulgaris) bacterial strains (Figure 8). This ratio promotes better electromotive interaction with the negatively charged bacterial cells to positively charged AgNPs. As per the Swiss norm 1,95,920-ASTM E2149-0, the antibacterial activity showed the result in over than one mm, as considered for the superior bactericidal agent [23,39]. The inhibition zones’ appearance around the Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers was showed on the antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs. Generally, AgNPs enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Hitherto, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs’ different mechanisms has been reported [40,41]. The best antibacterial activity mechanism was achieved by the electrostatic interactions of negatively charged bacterial cell walls and positively charged AgNPs [41]. At first, the bacterial cell lose the cell wall integrity. Consequently, bacterial electrolytes (Proteinaceous constituents and K+ ions) leakage retards the cell division. It causes osmatic imbalances and inhibits bacterial growth. Besides, it enhanced the ROS generations, superoxide (˙O2−), hydroxyl ion (˙OH−), hydroxyl radical (˙OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [42,43], which leads to oxidative cellular damage. On the other hand, when nanoparticles were in contact with the cell surface, they migrate into the intercellular matrix and bind with sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine. These S–H bondings with the AgNPs act as a sulfa drug related to folic acid synthesis metabolism. Besides, it had damaged the DNA replication, protein synthesis, intracellular signal communication, intracellular organelle of mesosome, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and the regularity of electron transport chain. Finally, bacteria lose survivability. However, nanoparticles’ antibacterial activity depended upon the dose of the treatment and species specificity [44,45,46,47,48].

Figure 7 Antibacterial activity of plain paper, chitosan, agar, Ar-AgNPs-coated paper, and coated papers with different ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs.
Figure 7

Antibacterial activity of plain paper, chitosan, agar, Ar-AgNPs-coated paper, and coated papers with different ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs.

Figure 8 Effect of antibacterial activity of plain paper, chitosan, agar, Ar-AgNPs-coated paper, and coated papers with different ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs.
Figure 8

Effect of antibacterial activity of plain paper, chitosan, agar, Ar-AgNPs-coated paper, and coated papers with different ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs.

5 Conclusion

This study was performed to develop the functional coated papers and to apply for antibacterial application. AgNPs are successfully synthesized by a single-step method. Synthesized Ar-AgNPs revealed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure and the spherical morphology with a mean value of 10 nm. Different ratios of chitosan and Ar-AgNPs solution-coated cellulose papers were investigated against the antibacterial activity. Overall obtained results, the optimum composition level of Cht:Ar-AgNPs 6:4 (weight ratio), showed excellent antibacterial activity. Appreciably, the facile-synthesized AgNPs can promote a potential candidate for food packaging application in future market.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2020/70), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Credit author statement: Chinnasamy Balalakshmi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software; Naiyf S. Alharbi: Resources, Funding acquisition, Validation; Shine Kadaikunnan: Funding acquisition, Formal analysis; Kasi Gopinath: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft; Ayyakannu Arumugam: Formal analysis; Marimuthu Govindarajan: Writing – Review and Editing.

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Received: 2020-09-19
Revised: 2020-10-22
Accepted: 2020-11-19
Published Online: 2020-12-23

© 2020 Chinnasamy Balalakshmi et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Obituary for Prof. Dr. Jun-ichi Yoshida
  2. Regular Articles
  3. Optimization of microwave-assisted manganese leaching from electrolyte manganese residue
  4. Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents
  5. The kinetics of the extraction of caffeine from guarana seed under the action of ultrasonic field with simultaneous cooling
  6. Biocomposite scaffold preparation from hydroxyapatite extracted from waste bovine bone
  7. A simple room temperature-static bioreactor for effective synthesis of hexyl acetate
  8. Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles, characterization and cytotoxicity against pediatric leukemia cell lines
  9. Efficient synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using guar gum as stabilizer and their applications as catalyst in reduction reactions and degradation of azo dyes
  10. Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria from Potwar oil fields: Effect of non-fossil fuel based carbon sources
  11. Green synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic applications of silver nanoparticles using Diospyros lotus
  12. Dielectric properties and microwave heating behavior of neutral leaching residues from zinc metallurgy in the microwave field
  13. Green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles using Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance extract and their antibacterial activity
  14. Microwave-induced heating behavior of Y-TZP ceramics under multiphysics system
  15. Synthesis and catalytic properties of nickel salts of Keggin-type heteropolyacids embedded metal-organic framework hybrid nanocatalyst
  16. Preparation and properties of hydrogel based on sawdust cellulose for environmentally friendly slow release fertilizers
  17. Structural characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of iron nanoparticles synthesized using Asphodelus aestivus Brot. aqueous extract
  18. Phase transformation involved in the reduction process of magnesium oxide in calcined dolomite by ferrosilicon with additive of aluminum
  19. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini extract for photo-catalytic removal of lead (Pb) in explosive industrial wastewater
  20. The study on the influence of oxidation degree and temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel
  21. Prepare a catalyst consist of rare earth minerals to denitrate via NH3-SCR
  22. Bacterial nanobiotic potential
  23. Green synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl guar gum: Application in textile printing technology
  24. Potential of adsorbents from agricultural wastes as alternative fillers in mixed matrix membrane for gas separation: A review
  25. Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of green synthesized nanosilver using Rosmarinus officinalis leaves
  26. Synthesis of biomass-supported CuNi zero-valent nanoparticles through wetness co-impregnation method for the removal of carcinogenic dyes and nitroarene
  27. Synthesis of 2,2′-dibenzoylaminodiphenyl disulfide based on Aspen Plus simulation and the development of green synthesis processes
  28. Catalytic performance of the biosynthesized AgNps from Bistorta amplexicaule: antifungal, bactericidal, and reduction of carcinogenic 4-nitrophenol
  29. Optical and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized via green route using honey
  30. Adsorption of l-α-glycerophosphocholine on ion-exchange resin: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies
  31. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and antibacterial activity studies
  32. Preparation of graphene oxide/chitosan complex and its adsorption properties for heavy metal ions
  33. Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: A review
  34. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes used as cathode materials for Al–air batteries from a renewable source of water hyacinth
  35. Optimization of medium–low-grade phosphorus rock carbothermal reduction process by response surface methodology
  36. The study of rod-shaped TiO2 composite material in the protection of stone cultural relics
  37. Eco-friendly synthesis of AuNPs for cutaneous wound-healing applications in nursing care after surgery
  38. Green approach in fabrication of photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant zinc oxide nanoparticles – hydrothermal synthesis using clove hydroalcoholic extract and optimization of the process
  39. Green synthesis: Proposed mechanism and factors influencing the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles
  40. Green synthesis of 3-(1-naphthyl), 4-methyl-3-(1-naphthyl) coumarins and 3-phenylcoumarins using dual-frequency ultrasonication
  41. Optimization for removal efficiency of fluoride using La(iii)–Al(iii)-activated carbon modified by chemical route
  42. In vitro biological activity of Hydroclathrus clathratus and its use as an extracellular bioreductant for silver nanoparticle formation
  43. Evaluation of saponin-rich/poor leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles and their antifungal capacity
  44. Propylene carbonate synthesis from propylene oxide and CO2 over Ga-Silicate-1 catalyst
  45. Environmentally benevolent synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Olea ferruginea Royle for antibacterial and antioxidant activities
  46. Eco-synthesis and characterization of titanium nanoparticles: Testing its cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects
  47. A novel biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using Erythrina senegalensis leaf extract and their ameliorative effect on mycoplasmal pneumonia for treating lung infection in nursing care
  48. Phytosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using the costus extract for bactericidal application against foodborne pathogens
  49. Temperature effects on electrospun chitosan nanofibers
  50. An electrochemical method to investigate the effects of compound composition on gold dissolution in thiosulfate solution
  51. Trillium govanianum Wall. Ex. Royle rhizomes extract-medicated silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity
  52. In vitro bactericidal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anticoagulant, and hemolytic effect of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Allium sativum clove extract incubated at various temperatures
  53. The green synthesis of N-hydroxyethyl-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines with acidic ionic liquid as catalyst
  54. Effect of KMnO4 on catalytic combustion performance of semi-coke
  55. Removal of Congo red and malachite green from aqueous solution using heterogeneous Ag/ZnCo-ZIF catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
  56. Nucleotide-based green synthesis of lanthanide coordination polymers for tunable white-light emission
  57. Determination of life cycle GHG emission factor for paper products of Vietnam
  58. Parabolic trough solar collectors: A general overview of technology, industrial applications, energy market, modeling, and standards
  59. Structural characteristics of plant cell wall elucidated by solution-state 2D NMR spectroscopy with an optimized procedure
  60. Sustainable utilization of a converter slagging agent prepared by converter precipitator dust and oxide scale
  61. Efficacy of chitosan silver nanoparticles from shrimp-shell wastes against major mosquito vectors of public health importance
  62. Effectiveness of six different methods in green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using propolis extract: Screening and characterization
  63. Characterizations and analysis of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and dye reduction ability of green synthesized silver nanoparticles
  64. Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress
  65. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Valeriana jatamansi shoots extract and its antimicrobial activity
  66. Characterization and biological activities of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using the extract of Acantholimon serotinum
  67. Effect of calcination temperature on rare earth tailing catalysts for catalytic methane combustion
  68. Enhanced diuretic action of furosemide by complexation with β-cyclodextrin in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate
  69. Development of chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles-coated paper for antibacterial application
  70. Preparation, characterization, and catalytic performance of Pd–Ni/AC bimetallic nano-catalysts
  71. Acid red G dye removal from aqueous solutions by porous ceramsite produced from solid wastes: Batch and fixed-bed studies
  72. Review Articles
  73. Recent advances in the catalytic applications of GO/rGO for green organic synthesis
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0070
Keywords for this article
drug development; cellulose paper; bar-coating; antibacterial activity; reactive oxygen species
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Obituary for Prof. Dr. Jun-ichi Yoshida
  2. Regular Articles
  3. Optimization of microwave-assisted manganese leaching from electrolyte manganese residue
  4. Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents
  5. The kinetics of the extraction of caffeine from guarana seed under the action of ultrasonic field with simultaneous cooling
  6. Biocomposite scaffold preparation from hydroxyapatite extracted from waste bovine bone
  7. A simple room temperature-static bioreactor for effective synthesis of hexyl acetate
  8. Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles, characterization and cytotoxicity against pediatric leukemia cell lines
  9. Efficient synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using guar gum as stabilizer and their applications as catalyst in reduction reactions and degradation of azo dyes
  10. Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria from Potwar oil fields: Effect of non-fossil fuel based carbon sources
  11. Green synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic applications of silver nanoparticles using Diospyros lotus
  12. Dielectric properties and microwave heating behavior of neutral leaching residues from zinc metallurgy in the microwave field
  13. Green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles using Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance extract and their antibacterial activity
  14. Microwave-induced heating behavior of Y-TZP ceramics under multiphysics system
  15. Synthesis and catalytic properties of nickel salts of Keggin-type heteropolyacids embedded metal-organic framework hybrid nanocatalyst
  16. Preparation and properties of hydrogel based on sawdust cellulose for environmentally friendly slow release fertilizers
  17. Structural characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of iron nanoparticles synthesized using Asphodelus aestivus Brot. aqueous extract
  18. Phase transformation involved in the reduction process of magnesium oxide in calcined dolomite by ferrosilicon with additive of aluminum
  19. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini extract for photo-catalytic removal of lead (Pb) in explosive industrial wastewater
  20. The study on the influence of oxidation degree and temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel
  21. Prepare a catalyst consist of rare earth minerals to denitrate via NH3-SCR
  22. Bacterial nanobiotic potential
  23. Green synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl guar gum: Application in textile printing technology
  24. Potential of adsorbents from agricultural wastes as alternative fillers in mixed matrix membrane for gas separation: A review
  25. Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of green synthesized nanosilver using Rosmarinus officinalis leaves
  26. Synthesis of biomass-supported CuNi zero-valent nanoparticles through wetness co-impregnation method for the removal of carcinogenic dyes and nitroarene
  27. Synthesis of 2,2′-dibenzoylaminodiphenyl disulfide based on Aspen Plus simulation and the development of green synthesis processes
  28. Catalytic performance of the biosynthesized AgNps from Bistorta amplexicaule: antifungal, bactericidal, and reduction of carcinogenic 4-nitrophenol
  29. Optical and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized via green route using honey
  30. Adsorption of l-α-glycerophosphocholine on ion-exchange resin: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies
  31. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and antibacterial activity studies
  32. Preparation of graphene oxide/chitosan complex and its adsorption properties for heavy metal ions
  33. Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: A review
  34. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes used as cathode materials for Al–air batteries from a renewable source of water hyacinth
  35. Optimization of medium–low-grade phosphorus rock carbothermal reduction process by response surface methodology
  36. The study of rod-shaped TiO2 composite material in the protection of stone cultural relics
  37. Eco-friendly synthesis of AuNPs for cutaneous wound-healing applications in nursing care after surgery
  38. Green approach in fabrication of photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant zinc oxide nanoparticles – hydrothermal synthesis using clove hydroalcoholic extract and optimization of the process
  39. Green synthesis: Proposed mechanism and factors influencing the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles
  40. Green synthesis of 3-(1-naphthyl), 4-methyl-3-(1-naphthyl) coumarins and 3-phenylcoumarins using dual-frequency ultrasonication
  41. Optimization for removal efficiency of fluoride using La(iii)–Al(iii)-activated carbon modified by chemical route
  42. In vitro biological activity of Hydroclathrus clathratus and its use as an extracellular bioreductant for silver nanoparticle formation
  43. Evaluation of saponin-rich/poor leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles and their antifungal capacity
  44. Propylene carbonate synthesis from propylene oxide and CO2 over Ga-Silicate-1 catalyst
  45. Environmentally benevolent synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Olea ferruginea Royle for antibacterial and antioxidant activities
  46. Eco-synthesis and characterization of titanium nanoparticles: Testing its cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects
  47. A novel biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using Erythrina senegalensis leaf extract and their ameliorative effect on mycoplasmal pneumonia for treating lung infection in nursing care
  48. Phytosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using the costus extract for bactericidal application against foodborne pathogens
  49. Temperature effects on electrospun chitosan nanofibers
  50. An electrochemical method to investigate the effects of compound composition on gold dissolution in thiosulfate solution
  51. Trillium govanianum Wall. Ex. Royle rhizomes extract-medicated silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity
  52. In vitro bactericidal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anticoagulant, and hemolytic effect of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Allium sativum clove extract incubated at various temperatures
  53. The green synthesis of N-hydroxyethyl-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines with acidic ionic liquid as catalyst
  54. Effect of KMnO4 on catalytic combustion performance of semi-coke
  55. Removal of Congo red and malachite green from aqueous solution using heterogeneous Ag/ZnCo-ZIF catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
  56. Nucleotide-based green synthesis of lanthanide coordination polymers for tunable white-light emission
  57. Determination of life cycle GHG emission factor for paper products of Vietnam
  58. Parabolic trough solar collectors: A general overview of technology, industrial applications, energy market, modeling, and standards
  59. Structural characteristics of plant cell wall elucidated by solution-state 2D NMR spectroscopy with an optimized procedure
  60. Sustainable utilization of a converter slagging agent prepared by converter precipitator dust and oxide scale
  61. Efficacy of chitosan silver nanoparticles from shrimp-shell wastes against major mosquito vectors of public health importance
  62. Effectiveness of six different methods in green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using propolis extract: Screening and characterization
  63. Characterizations and analysis of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and dye reduction ability of green synthesized silver nanoparticles
  64. Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress
  65. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Valeriana jatamansi shoots extract and its antimicrobial activity
  66. Characterization and biological activities of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using the extract of Acantholimon serotinum
  67. Effect of calcination temperature on rare earth tailing catalysts for catalytic methane combustion
  68. Enhanced diuretic action of furosemide by complexation with β-cyclodextrin in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate
  69. Development of chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles-coated paper for antibacterial application
  70. Preparation, characterization, and catalytic performance of Pd–Ni/AC bimetallic nano-catalysts
  71. Acid red G dye removal from aqueous solutions by porous ceramsite produced from solid wastes: Batch and fixed-bed studies
  72. Review Articles
  73. Recent advances in the catalytic applications of GO/rGO for green organic synthesis
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