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Developing an epoxy resin with high toughness for grouting material via co-polymerization method

  • Xiongfei Zhang EMAIL logo , Xiaolian Lu , Lu Qiao , Linqi Jiang , Ting Cao and Yunyi Zhang
Published/Copyright: October 1, 2019
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 19 Issue 1

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

In order to improve the toughness of epoxy resin for grouting material, the flexible hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was utilized to manufacture a new kind of epoxy resin with high toughness via co-polymerization method. In the procedure of preparing bisphenol A epoxy resin, before the reaction between bisphenol A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), HDI was introduced to react with BPA for embedding flexible segments into the chain of epoxy resin, then modified epoxy resin (HDI/EP) was manufactured. The mechanical properties, especially the toughness of the HDI/EP, are significantly increased – the fracture elongation is up to 124%. In addition, the compressed specimens can fully recover to their original shape in a few minutes. Thermal performance and corrosion resistance of the HDI/EP specimen were also investigated, which showed that the specimen can be used under 258°C, and can remain stable in H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions with 10 wt% for 100 h, respectively. The present work provides a convenient avenue pathway to prepare an epoxy resin with high toughness, which may be used in many technologies.

Keywords: epoxy resin; high toughness; flexible chain; hexamethylene diisocyanate; co-polymerization

1 Introduction

Among the chemical grouting materials, epoxy resins (EP) has been attracted tremendous interest owing to their excellent thermal and chemical resistance, convenient processing characteristics, superior electrical resistance properties, relatively lower shrinkage and satisfactory mechanical properties on curing as well as strong adhesion to many substrates (1, 2, 3). Nonetheless, they suffer one main drawback: the inherent brittleness of the cured resin. As highly cross-linked rigid thermoset, epoxy resins are of poor toughness and impact resistance comes from the fact that their molecule contains many rigid groups, such as benzene ring, which becomes the crucial reason impaired the compatibility of the grouting system (4, 5, 6, 7). Therefore, researchers try to settle the significant issue by adding second phase modifier – for example inorganic nanoparticles (8, 9, 10), rubber particles (11,12), thermoplastic polymers (13, 14, 15), rigid particles (16, 17, 18, 19), core-shell polymers (20, 21, 22) have been reported to show satisfactory improvement in the fracture toughness of epoxy resins. Unfortunately, enhancing the toughness of epoxy resins through above methods is always accompanied by the enlargement of operation difficulty because it is very difficult to control the phase separation between the matrix resin and modifier polymer (23,24). Based on the above questions, it is considered as an efficient method to toughen epoxy resins by introducing flexible groups directly into the molecular chain of epoxy resin during the synthesis of epoxy resins (25,26). This method is expected to synthesize an epoxy resin which itself contains soft segments in the molecular chain. Carbamate group (-NHCOO-) as a flexible group can be obtained easily by means of the react between bisphenol A (BPA) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) (27, 28, 29). In addition, the flexible aliphatic chains (30,31) in the molecular structure of the HDI is also a soft segment. Hence, it is considered a practicable strategy that epoxy resin containing flexible segments are prepared

by block reaction of BPA with HDI and grafted with epichlorohydrin (ECH) to achieve double toughening effect (32,33).

In this paper, in the traditional preparation process of epoxy resin, HDI was reacted with BPA at first for embedding flexible segments, then ECH was added to obtain modified epoxy resin (HDI/EP). The HDI/EP was analyzed by NMR, FITR, DSC, TG, mechanical tests and SEM, and corrosion resistance was also tested in H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions respectively.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

ECH, HDI, BPA and tetramethylammonium bromide were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); sodium hydroxide, acetone, concentrated hydrochloric acid were provided by Jinshan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China); ether of bisphenol A type EP (E-51, room temperature viscosity = 11-15 Pa·s, EEW = 210-240 g/eq), low-molecular-weight polyamide was chosen as a low temperature curing agent and it was obtained from Baling Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (Hunan, China). All materials were used as received without further purification.

2.2 Preparation of flexible epoxy resin (HDI/EP)

Under nitrogen atmosphere, BPA and ECH were mixed in 500 mL four-necked flask at 50°C, after BPA was dissolved, HDI was slowly added into the flask, the mixture solution was stirred continuously. Tetramethylammonium bromide was not added into four-necked flask until the reaction between HDI and BPA was completed. The temperature was raised to 70°C and kept for 3 h. Then the solution was cooled down to 50°C, sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise into the flask and the temperature was kept at 50°C continuously for another 3 h. After recovering the solvent, the salt that produced during the reaction was filtered off and the filtrate was washed with excessive water, then with the volatiles evaporated (including solvent and water) under reduced pressure, the flexible epoxy resin (HDI/EP) was obtained as a light yellow liquid product. The formulations are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Formulations of HDI/EP composites.

SampleMolar ratio ofBPA (mol)ECH (mol)HDI (mol)
ECH to BPA
HDI/EP-14141140.5
HDI/EP-18181180.5
HDI/EP-22221220.5
HDI/EP-26261260.5

2.3 Curing

The HDI/EP was mixed uniformly with curing agent in certain proportion. The mixture was removed bubbles in a vacuum oven and poured into a Teflon mold, then cured at room temperature for a period of time. For comparison, control group (neat EP, epoxy E-51) was cured in a similar procedure, and then fully cured specimens of neat EP and HDI/EP for tests were achieved. Figure 1 shows the synthetic process of cured specimens.

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the preparation of the cured specimens.
Figure 1

Schematic illustration of the preparation of the cured specimens.

2.4 Characterization

The chemical structure of the HDI/EP was examined by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR at room temperature on a Bruker Avance 400 NMR spectrometer using DMSO-d6 as the solvent, and FTIR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer (Germany). The spectra were acquired by KBr pellet method within the wavelength from 4000 cm–1 to 500 cm–1.

The viscosity of the HDI/EP was measured by rotational digital viscosimeter (NDJ-5S, Shanghai Heng Ping Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd. China) at 25°C.

DSC was carried out on a DSC Q2000 (Netzsch Corporation, Germany) under nitrogen using 2-6 mg composites in aluminum pans. Thermal scan at a constant heating rate of 5°C·min–1 was conducted in the temperature range of 20-200°C.

TG were carried on a STA 449 C (Netzsch Corporation, Germany) equipped with a thermal analysis data station at a heating rate of 10°C·min–1 under Ar atmosphere, the sample was heated from 25 to 600°C.

Tensile strength with dumbbell-shaped samples and compressive strength with a sample size of 20 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm were carried out according to the standard of GB/T2567-2008 on a universal testing machine (Metes Industrial Systems Co., Ltd, China) at room temperature. The impact test was accomplished by using a pendulum impact testing machine (Jinan Tianchen Testing Machine Manufacturing Co., Ltd, China) and sample dimensions were 200 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm. Consideration for data accuracy, the results of all mechanical properties were presented as averages of five test specimens.

The surficial morphologies of the fracture surface were observed by using a JEOL JSM 5900 LV scanning electronic microscope (SEM, Japan) at the accelerating voltage of 20 kV.

The cured epoxy resin were soaked in water, sodium chloride solution (10 wt%), sodium hydroxide solution (10 wt%) and sulfuric acid solution (10 wt%) for 100 h, respectively, then the compressive strength and impact strength were tested.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Synthesis and structure characterization of HDI/EP

HDI/EP was synthesized via the reaction between BPA, HDI and ECH, as shown in Scheme 1. First, in ECH solvent, the block reactant was obtained from the reaction between BPA and HDI at molar ratio 2:1. Next, the block reactant reacted with ECH under the condition of adding catalyst and NaOH solution. Last, the HDI/EP was synthesized. The chemical structure of the HDI/EP, HDI and block reactant were characterized by FTIR (as shown in Figure 2). As compared to HDI, there is an absence of absorption peak at around 2270 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum of block reactant (which is the characteristic absorption peak of the isocyanate group), meanwhile peak at 1720 cm-1 ascribed to –C=O band is observed, indicating the successful reaction between HDI and BPA. In the FTIR spectrum of HDI/EP, peaks at 1450, 1500, and 1600 cm-1 confirm the presence of benzene ring in HDI/EP. It is rather remarkable that an additional peak at 914 cm-1 appears in the spectrum of HDI/EP which is attributed to –C–O–C absorption.

Figure 2 FTIR spectra of the HDI/EP, block reactant and HDI.
Figure 2

FTIR spectra of the HDI/EP, block reactant and HDI.

The chemical structure of the HDI/EP was also studied by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (as shown in Figure 3). The chemical shift at 9.26, 8.0 and 7.64 ppm are assigned to phenolic, aromatic and amide protons. The peak at 7.08 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen of benzene rings, meanwhile the neighboring weak peak at 6.67 ppm is attributed to the amino groups. There is also the chemical shift representing the protons in the epoxy group, which appeared at δ = 5.61 ppm. In addition, two peaks located at 127 and 69 ppm in the 13C-NMR spectrum can be clearly observed and they are associated to the carbon atoms on

Figure 3 1H (a) and 13C (b) NMR spectra of the HDI/EP-22.
Figure 3

1H (a) and 13C (b) NMR spectra of the HDI/EP-22.

Scheme 1 Synthetic pathway of HDI/EP.
Scheme 1

Synthetic pathway of HDI/EP.

benzene rings and epoxy groups. The presented results indicate that the flexible epoxy resin (HDI/EP) has been synthesized successfully.

3.2 Epoxy value and viscosity

The epoxy value and viscosity of HDI/EP were determined according to the standard of GB/T1677-2008 and GB/T2794-2013, respectively. The obtained image was shown in Figure 4. The epoxy values of HDI/EP are 0.19, 0.29, 0.32 and 0.32, and the viscosity values are 10.27, 4.11, 2.56 and 2.78 Pa·s. It can be seen that the former increase gradually, while the latter decrease extremely with increase of molar ratio ECH to BPA. Meanwhile, HDI/EP showed lower viscosity than the E-51 (11~15 Pa·s). When the molar ratio close to 22:1, the epoxy value and viscosity are basically unchanged.

Figure 4 Epoxy value and viscosity of the HDI/EP.
Figure 4

Epoxy value and viscosity of the HDI/EP.

3.3 Thermal properties analysis

Figure 5 shows the TG curves of the cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 under argon, and the corresponding

Figure 5 TG curves of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 under argon.
Figure 5

TG curves of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 under argon.

data were listed in Table 2. Cured neat EP exhibited one-stage degradation process, whereas HDI/EP-22 presented two weightless processes. Thermal decomposition temperatures of neat EP are higher than that of HDI/EP-22. The difference may be due to lower decomposition temperatures of the flexible chain segments in HDI/EP-22 than that of neat EP. As grouting

Table 2

Thermal properties of the cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22.

SampleT5%a (°C)T15%b (°C)T50%c(°C)W600d(%)
neat EP2853464127.0
HDI/EP-222583153899.5

  1. a the temperature where 5 wt% of weight was lost.

    b the temperature where 15 wt% of weight was lost.

    c the temperature where 50 wt% of weight was lost.

    d the residual weight at 600°C.

material, the initial decomposition temperature is still far higher than the application requirements.

The glass transition temperatures were also obtained from DSC (as shown in Figure 6). It was observed obviously that the Tg of neat EP and HDI/EP-22 are 145.3°C and 136.7°C, respectively. A possible explanation for this result is that the presence of aliphatic flexible chains in

Figure 6 DSC curves of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 under argon.
Figure 6

DSC curves of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 under argon.

the structure of the HDI/EP, leading to the molecule chain movement, is easier than neat EP as the temperature increased. Therefore, the cured HDI/EP-22 showed a slightly lower Tg than the neat EP.

3.4 Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties of the cured HDI/EP and neat EP, including compressive strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength were shown in Figure 7. The specimens curing HDI/EP exhibited intriguing flexibility as shown Figure 7a bending had no injure to the specimen. The compressive strength of different specimens were showed in Figure 7b the pure EP specimens cracked at the beginning of compression, and its compressive strength is only 29.97 MPa. On the contrary, HDI/EP specimens shown no obvious crack after compression for 70% and maintained satisfactory compressive strength with a value of 84.08 MPa. Furthermore, after removing the pressure, the specimens can fully recover to its original shape in a few minutes, which proves its outstanding elasticity. In addition, tensile properties also tested to explore the toughness of the modified epoxy, the typical tensile stress-strain curves of cured neat EP and HDI/EP can be seen in Figure 7c

Figure 7 Mechanical properties of cured neat EP and HDI/EP. (a) Image of bending curing HDI/EP specimen. (b) Compressive strength of HDI/EP at 70% compression state. (c) Typical stress-strain curve of cured neat EP and HDI/EP in the process of stretching. (d) Impact toughness of neat EP and HDI/EP. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5).
Figure 7

Mechanical properties of cured neat EP and HDI/EP. (a) Image of bending curing HDI/EP specimen. (b) Compressive strength of HDI/EP at 70% compression state. (c) Typical stress-strain curve of cured neat EP and HDI/EP in the process of stretching. (d) Impact toughness of neat EP and HDI/EP. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5).

The elastic deformation of neat EP occurs only during the stretching process, the tensile strength and fracture elongation are 14.30 MPa and 5%, respectively. Different from cured neat EP, two stages are clearly displayed during the same stretching process of the cured HDI/EP, showing an approximately linear relationship between stress and strain. This is observed at the first stage, indicating that the material is subjected to elastic deformation, the tensile strength and elastic elongation are up to about 25 MPa and 20%, respectively. With the increase of the force, the material begins to change from elastic deformation to plastic deformation at the second stage. Compared with neat EP, HDI/EP has higher tensile strength and fracture elongation. Significantly, the optimal tensile strength of HDI/EP-22 is 40.31 MPa, the value corresponds to the results of Chen’s (34), but the fracture elongation in this result is 124%, which is much higher. The excellent toughness and strength of cured HDI/EP were further proved in an impact test. It can be concluded from Figure 7d that the maximum impact strength of cured HDI/EP-22 is 51.74 kJ/m2, which is much higher than the control sample. This result is better than 11.8 kJ/m2 in the Zhou’s study and 18.51 kJ/m2 in the Kou’s study (35,36).

In conclusion, as shown in Figure 7, the HDI/EP has better mechanical properties compared with neat EP. This might be due to the fact that the flexible groups were embedded in the molecular structure of the resin successfully (37). What is noteworthy, the changed trend of the strength value and elongation at break of different samples are similar with the epoxy values (as shown in Figure 4). This may be due to the influence of mechanical properties on the epoxy value: the higher content of epoxy value in the system, the stronger chemical bonds between the HDI/EP and curing agent is, the greater interfacial adhesion can be formed. Because of this, the mechanical properties keep pace with the epoxy value, when the molar ratio of ECH to BPA is close to 22:1. The optimal performance of HDI/EP can be achieved.

3.5 SEM analysis

The tensile fracture and impact fracture surface morphologies of the cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22 were obtained by SEM (Figure 8). As can be seen, the tensile fracture and impact fracture surface morphologies of neat EP, large area smooth and flat surface with no lumps or rough parts, the cracking textures on the observed surface are uniform and developed into one-way extension, as expected displays typical characteristics of brittle fracture (38,39). In contrast, the fracture surface of the cured HDI/EP is obviously inhomogeneous and rough, considerable curls can be observed in the tensile fracture morphology, which may possibly be caused by the rebound after fracture of the soft segments. Besides, extensive river-like lines were observed in the impact morphology of the HDI/EP, which presents a typical characteristics of flexible fracture (40,41). These morphologies can be attributed to the soft segments as the HDI was introduced into the molecular structure of the epoxy resin, which can obviously absorb and dissipate energy when the material was damaged. That is why the fracture toughness of the cured HDI/EP was improved.

Figure 8 SEM images of tensile fracture and impact fracture of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22.
Figure 8

SEM images of tensile fracture and impact fracture of cured neat EP and HDI/EP-22.

3.6 Corrosion resistance test

Taking into account the corrosion of the repairing material that may occur and change the performances during some applications, the corrosion resistance was conducted and shown in Figure 9. The samples were dipped in H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solution with 10 wt% for 100 h, control samples were obtained by soaking for the same time in water. It can be seen from Figure 9b that

Figure 9 The images of corrosion resistance under H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions.
Figure 9

The images of corrosion resistance under H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions.

there is no obvious change in appearance under different solutions. The mechanical properties of soaked samples were tested and shown in Figure 10. According to impact and compression tests, the mechanical properties of HDI/EP remain stable before and after corrosion. These results proved that the grouting material has an excellent corrosion resistance.

Figure 10 Mechanical properties of corroded samples. (a) The impact strength of HDI/EP under H2O, H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions. (b) The compressive strength of HDI/EP under H2O, H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5).
Figure 10

Mechanical properties of corroded samples. (a) The impact strength of HDI/EP under H2O, H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions. (b) The compressive strength of HDI/EP under H2O, H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5).

4 Conclusions

In summary, for the first time, a novel bisphenol A epoxy resin as grouting material with high toughness and flexibility was prepared through co-polymerization method from HDI, BPA and ECH. The carbamate groups (–NHCOO–) and flexible aliphatic chains were successfully embedded into the chains of modified epoxy resin, just for the reason, the modified epoxy resin showed excellent mechanical properties, including compressive strength, impact strength, tensile strength and fracture elongation, which are critical for grouting material. With the molar ratio of ECH to BPA close to 22:1, the impact strength of the HDI/EP are significant increased to 51.74 kJ/m2. It is much higher than the control sample, and the fracture elongation is up to 124%. The compressive strength and tensile strength reached a higher number of 84.08 MPa and 40.31 MPa, respectively. In addition, the modified epoxy resin has an excellent heat resistance and corrosion resistance. The present work provides a simple and convenient avenue to prepare a high toughness epoxy resin, which may have potential applications in wide fields.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was partially supported by a grant from Foundation for Research, the Department of Education Department of Hunan Province (project number: 17c0026) and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China (project number: 2015CL04).

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Received: 2019-05-16
Accepted: 2019-07-09
Published Online: 2019-10-01

© 2019 Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Special Issue: Polymers and Composite Materials / Guest Editor: Esteban Broitman
  2. A novel chemical-consolidation sand control composition: Foam amino resin system
  3. Bottom fire behaviour of thermally thick natural rubber latex foam
  4. Preparation of polymer–rare earth complexes based on Schiff-base-containing salicylic aldehyde groups attached to the polymer and their fluorescence emission properties
  5. Study on the unsaturated hydrogen bond behavior of bio-based polyamide 56
  6. Effect of different nucleating agent on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene
  7. Effect of surface modifications on the properties of UHMWPE fibres and their composites
  8. Thermal degradation kinetics investigation on Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites processed via different fields
  9. Properties of carbon black-PEDOT composite prepared via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization
  10. Regular articles
  11. Polyarylene ether nitrile and boron nitride composites: coating with sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile
  12. Influence of boric acid on radial structure of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers
  13. Preparing an injectable hydrogel with sodium alginate and Type I collagen to create better MSCs growth microenvironment
  14. Application of calcium montmorillonite on flame resistance, thermal stability and interfacial adhesion in polystyrene nanocomposites
  15. Modifications of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) for antimicrobial and wound healing applications
  16. Polycation-globular protein complex: Ionic strength and chain length effects on the structure and properties
  17. Improving the flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate composites by incorporating layered double hydroxides based on Bayer red mud
  18. N, N’-sebacic bis(hydrocinnamic acid) dihydrazide: A crystallization accelerator for poly(L-lactic acid)
  19. The fabrication and characterization of casein/PEO nanofibrous yarn via electrospinning
  20. Waterborne poly(urethane-urea)s films as a sustained release system for ketoconazole
  21. Polyimide/mica hybrid films with low coefficient of thermal expansion and low dielectric constant
  22. Effects of cylindrical-electrode-assisted solution blowing spinning process parameters on polymer nanofiber morphology and microstructure
  23. Stimuli-responsive DOX release behavior of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles
  24. Continuous fabrication of near-infrared light responsive bilayer hydrogel fibers based on microfluidic spinning
  25. A novel polyamidine-grafted carboxymethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance test
  26. Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam
  27. Novel chitosan and Laponite based nanocomposite for fast removal of Cd(II), methylene blue and Congo red from aqueous solution
  28. Enhanced thermal oxidative stability of silicone rubber by using cerium-ferric complex oxide as thermal oxidative stabilizer
  29. Long-term durability antibacterial microcapsules with plant-derived Chinese nutgall and their applications in wound dressing
  30. Fully water-blown polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams with improved mechanical properties prepared from aqueous solution of gelling/ blowing and trimerization catalysts
  31. Preparation of rosin-based polymer microspheres as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkaloids
  32. Effects of chemical modifications on the rheological and the expansion behavior of polylactide (PLA) in foam extrusion
  33. Enhanced thermal conductivity of flexible h-BN/polyimide composites films with ethyl cellulose
  34. Maize-like ionic liquid@polyaniline nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitor
  35. γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a bio-based green solvent and ligand for iron-mediated AGET ATRP
  36. Revealing key parameters to minimize the diameter of polypropylene fibers produced in the melt electrospinning process
  37. Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges
  38. Influence of mid-stress on the dynamic fatigue of a light weight EPS bead foam
  39. Manipulating the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polydicyclopentadiene via tuning the stiffness of the incorporated monomers
  40. Voigt-based swelling water model for super water absorbency of expanded perlite and sodium polyacrylate resin composite materials
  41. Simplified optimal modeling of resin injection molding process
  42. Synthesis and characterization of a polyisocyanide with thioether pendant caused an oxidation-triggered helix-to-helix transition
  43. A glimpse of biodegradable polymers and their biomedical applications
  44. Development of vegetable oil-based conducting rigid PU foam
  45. Conetworks on the base of polystyrene with poly(methyl methacrylate) paired polymers
  46. Effect of coupling agent on the morphological characteristics of natural rubber/silica composites foams
  47. Impact and shear properties of carbon fabric/ poly-dicyclopentadiene composites manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding
  48. Effect of resins on the salt spray resistance and wet adhesion of two component waterborne polyurethane coating
  49. Modifying potato starch by glutaraldehyde and MgCl2 for developing an economical and environment-friendly electrolyte system
  50. Effect of curing degree on mechanical and thermal properties of 2.5D quartz fiber reinforced boron phenolic composites
  51. Preparation and performance of polypropylene separator modified by SiO2/PVA layer for lithium batteries
  52. A simple method for the production of low molecular weight hyaluronan by in situ degradation in fermentation broth
  53. Curing behaviors, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and morphologies of natural rubber vulcanizates containing reclaimed rubber
  54. Developing an epoxy resin with high toughness for grouting material via co-polymerization method
  55. Application of antioxidant and ultraviolet absorber into HDPE: Enhanced resistance to UV irradiation
  56. Study on the synthesis of hexene-1 catalyzed by Ziegler-Natta catalyst and polyhexene-1 applications
  57. Fabrication and characterization of conductive microcapsule containing phase change material
  58. Desorption of hydrolyzed poly(AM/DMDAAC) from bentonite and its decomposition in saltwater under high temperatures
  59. Synthesis, characterization and properties of biomass and carbon dioxide derived polyurethane reactive hot-melt adhesives
  60. The application of a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent in epoxy resin
  61. High performance polyimide films containing benzimidazole moieties for thin film solar cells
  62. Rigid polyurethane/expanded vermiculite/ melamine phenylphosphate composite foams with good flame retardant and mechanical properties
  63. A novel film-forming silicone polymer as shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluids
  64. Facile droplet microfluidics preparation of larger PAM-based particles and investigation of their swelling gelation behavior
  65. Effect of salt and temperature on molecular aggregation behavior of acrylamide polymer
  66. Dynamics of asymmetric star polymers under coarse grain simulations
  67. Experimental and numerical analysis of an improved melt-blowing slot-die
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0052
Keywords for this article
epoxy resin; high toughness; flexible chain; hexamethylene diisocyanate; co-polymerization
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Special Issue: Polymers and Composite Materials / Guest Editor: Esteban Broitman
  2. A novel chemical-consolidation sand control composition: Foam amino resin system
  3. Bottom fire behaviour of thermally thick natural rubber latex foam
  4. Preparation of polymer–rare earth complexes based on Schiff-base-containing salicylic aldehyde groups attached to the polymer and their fluorescence emission properties
  5. Study on the unsaturated hydrogen bond behavior of bio-based polyamide 56
  6. Effect of different nucleating agent on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene
  7. Effect of surface modifications on the properties of UHMWPE fibres and their composites
  8. Thermal degradation kinetics investigation on Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites processed via different fields
  9. Properties of carbon black-PEDOT composite prepared via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization
  10. Regular articles
  11. Polyarylene ether nitrile and boron nitride composites: coating with sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile
  12. Influence of boric acid on radial structure of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers
  13. Preparing an injectable hydrogel with sodium alginate and Type I collagen to create better MSCs growth microenvironment
  14. Application of calcium montmorillonite on flame resistance, thermal stability and interfacial adhesion in polystyrene nanocomposites
  15. Modifications of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) for antimicrobial and wound healing applications
  16. Polycation-globular protein complex: Ionic strength and chain length effects on the structure and properties
  17. Improving the flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate composites by incorporating layered double hydroxides based on Bayer red mud
  18. N, N’-sebacic bis(hydrocinnamic acid) dihydrazide: A crystallization accelerator for poly(L-lactic acid)
  19. The fabrication and characterization of casein/PEO nanofibrous yarn via electrospinning
  20. Waterborne poly(urethane-urea)s films as a sustained release system for ketoconazole
  21. Polyimide/mica hybrid films with low coefficient of thermal expansion and low dielectric constant
  22. Effects of cylindrical-electrode-assisted solution blowing spinning process parameters on polymer nanofiber morphology and microstructure
  23. Stimuli-responsive DOX release behavior of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles
  24. Continuous fabrication of near-infrared light responsive bilayer hydrogel fibers based on microfluidic spinning
  25. A novel polyamidine-grafted carboxymethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance test
  26. Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam
  27. Novel chitosan and Laponite based nanocomposite for fast removal of Cd(II), methylene blue and Congo red from aqueous solution
  28. Enhanced thermal oxidative stability of silicone rubber by using cerium-ferric complex oxide as thermal oxidative stabilizer
  29. Long-term durability antibacterial microcapsules with plant-derived Chinese nutgall and their applications in wound dressing
  30. Fully water-blown polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams with improved mechanical properties prepared from aqueous solution of gelling/ blowing and trimerization catalysts
  31. Preparation of rosin-based polymer microspheres as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkaloids
  32. Effects of chemical modifications on the rheological and the expansion behavior of polylactide (PLA) in foam extrusion
  33. Enhanced thermal conductivity of flexible h-BN/polyimide composites films with ethyl cellulose
  34. Maize-like ionic liquid@polyaniline nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitor
  35. γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a bio-based green solvent and ligand for iron-mediated AGET ATRP
  36. Revealing key parameters to minimize the diameter of polypropylene fibers produced in the melt electrospinning process
  37. Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges
  38. Influence of mid-stress on the dynamic fatigue of a light weight EPS bead foam
  39. Manipulating the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polydicyclopentadiene via tuning the stiffness of the incorporated monomers
  40. Voigt-based swelling water model for super water absorbency of expanded perlite and sodium polyacrylate resin composite materials
  41. Simplified optimal modeling of resin injection molding process
  42. Synthesis and characterization of a polyisocyanide with thioether pendant caused an oxidation-triggered helix-to-helix transition
  43. A glimpse of biodegradable polymers and their biomedical applications
  44. Development of vegetable oil-based conducting rigid PU foam
  45. Conetworks on the base of polystyrene with poly(methyl methacrylate) paired polymers
  46. Effect of coupling agent on the morphological characteristics of natural rubber/silica composites foams
  47. Impact and shear properties of carbon fabric/ poly-dicyclopentadiene composites manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding
  48. Effect of resins on the salt spray resistance and wet adhesion of two component waterborne polyurethane coating
  49. Modifying potato starch by glutaraldehyde and MgCl2 for developing an economical and environment-friendly electrolyte system
  50. Effect of curing degree on mechanical and thermal properties of 2.5D quartz fiber reinforced boron phenolic composites
  51. Preparation and performance of polypropylene separator modified by SiO2/PVA layer for lithium batteries
  52. A simple method for the production of low molecular weight hyaluronan by in situ degradation in fermentation broth
  53. Curing behaviors, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and morphologies of natural rubber vulcanizates containing reclaimed rubber
  54. Developing an epoxy resin with high toughness for grouting material via co-polymerization method
  55. Application of antioxidant and ultraviolet absorber into HDPE: Enhanced resistance to UV irradiation
  56. Study on the synthesis of hexene-1 catalyzed by Ziegler-Natta catalyst and polyhexene-1 applications
  57. Fabrication and characterization of conductive microcapsule containing phase change material
  58. Desorption of hydrolyzed poly(AM/DMDAAC) from bentonite and its decomposition in saltwater under high temperatures
  59. Synthesis, characterization and properties of biomass and carbon dioxide derived polyurethane reactive hot-melt adhesives
  60. The application of a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent in epoxy resin
  61. High performance polyimide films containing benzimidazole moieties for thin film solar cells
  62. Rigid polyurethane/expanded vermiculite/ melamine phenylphosphate composite foams with good flame retardant and mechanical properties
  63. A novel film-forming silicone polymer as shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluids
  64. Facile droplet microfluidics preparation of larger PAM-based particles and investigation of their swelling gelation behavior
  65. Effect of salt and temperature on molecular aggregation behavior of acrylamide polymer
  66. Dynamics of asymmetric star polymers under coarse grain simulations
  67. Experimental and numerical analysis of an improved melt-blowing slot-die
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