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The application of social network analysis in applied linguistics research: a systematic review

  • Citing Li

    Citing Li is Professor at the School of English Studies at Shanghai International Studies University. She holds a PhD from the University of Hong Kong. Her current research interests include language and identity, multilingualism, social network analysis, and second language education. Her recent publications have appeared in Language, Culture and Curriculum, Language Awareness and International Journal of Multilingualism in China.

     ORCID logo     , Zibei Li

    Zibei Li is a doctoral student at the School of English Studies in Shanghai International Studies University. Her research interests mainly focus on multilingualism, social network analysis, and language learners’ socialization in study-abroad contexts.

     ORCID logo EMAIL logo     und Xuesong (Andy) Gao ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 23. Oktober 2024
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Applied Linguistics Review
Aus der Zeitschrift Applied Linguistics Review Band 16 Heft 4

Abstract

Social network analysis (SNA) has recently drawn increasing scholarly attention in applied linguistics research in response to the social turn in the field. In this review, we analyze and identify the methodological characteristics and topical concerns of articles addressing SNA in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we identify a total of 60 articles published between 1980 and 2023. Our analysis reveals that a growing body of research is adopting qualitative and mixed methods to examine the relationships between social networks and language learning, teaching and use. These findings confirm that social context constitutes an essential part of the ecosystem intertwined with various cognitive, social, and psychological factors, which have a synergistic impact on language learning and teaching. While these studies show that social networks afford learners with valuable linguistic, emotional, and social resources, they reveal that networks may also exert negative influences in their learning behaviors in some contexts. We conclude the review with recommendations for future research to broaden the scope of investigations and consider exploring how different types of social networks at meso- and macro-levels may influence the learning and teaching of language.

Keywords: social network analysis; applied linguistics; methodological characteristics; topical concerns
Corresponding author: Zibei Li, School of English Studies, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China, E-mail:

Funding source: The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

Award Identifier / Grant number: 41004997

About the authors

Citing Li

Citing Li is Professor at the School of English Studies at Shanghai International Studies University. She holds a PhD from the University of Hong Kong. Her current research interests include language and identity, multilingualism, social network analysis, and second language education. Her recent publications have appeared in Language, Culture and Curriculum, Language Awareness and International Journal of Multilingualism in China.

Zibei Li

Zibei Li is a doctoral student at the School of English Studies in Shanghai International Studies University. Her research interests mainly focus on multilingualism, social network analysis, and language learners’ socialization in study-abroad contexts.

Appendix: SNA key terms and tools

To facilitate readers’ understanding and application of the commonly used terms and tools in the SNA-informed research, we draw on Borgatti et al. (2018), Froehlich et al. (2020b), and Scott and Carrington (2011) to provide the definitions of each term and tool in the following section.

Key terms

  1. Social network: It is a web of relations/ties between actors/nodes.

  2. Actors/Nodes: They can be persons, groups, organizations, countries, etc.

  3. Ties/Lines: They represent friendship, communication, collaboration, advice, etc.

  4. Social network analysis: It is a set of relational methods for systematically understanding and identifying connections among actors; it is also a way of thinking about social systems that focus our attention on the relationships among the entities that make up the system.

  5. Ego network: It consists of a focal node (“ego”) and the nodes to whom ego is directly connected to (these are called “alters”) plus the ties, if any, among the alters. Each alter in an ego network has his/her own ego network, and all ego networks interlock to form the social network.

  6. Whole/Complete network: It consists of the relationships that exist among the members of a population.

  7. Density: It is a common descriptive measure to explain network structure. It denotes the actual number of ties between actors compared to the number of possible ties between actors.

  8. Multiplexity: It is a common measurement which means that there are more than one kind of relationship between actors.

  9. Strength of ties: It refers to the degree of connection or relationship between actors/nodes within a social network. It measures the intensity or emotional closeness of interactions between actors/nodes.

  10. Network Redundancy: It implies that actors have multiple ties or connections with other actors/nodes within the same network, which could be either positive (i.e. more resilient to disruptions, facilitate the flow of information) or negative (information overload, dependency risks, a waste of time to maintain relationships).

  11. Heterogeneity: It refers to the diversity or variety present within a network. It can encompass various aspects such as differences in node characteristics, connections, or interactions.

  12. Structural holes: They exist in social networks where there is a lack of direct tie between two or more actors.

  13. Network centrality: It is a property of a node’s position in a whole network indicating the node’s importance and contribution to the network’s structure.

  14. In-degree centrality: It can encompass various aspects such as differences in node characteristics, connections, or interactions. It counts the number of incoming edges that a node has.

  15. Out-degree centrality: It counts the number of outgoing edges from a node.

SNA tools

  1. Social Network Questionnaires: Questionnaires are designed to elicit retrospective reports made by participants to collect information about the nature of their social networks (Dewey et al. 2012; McManus et al. 2014). They typically include three parts, including the ego’s demographic information, name generator (i.e. a list of regular contacts), and name interpreter (such as relationship type, primary language of communication, frequency, closeness, reciprocity, etc.). Different scholars may measure different network features according to the research questions and foci.

  2. Concentric Circles Interview: CC interview involves asking the participant to identify and describe various layers or circles of people in their social network, typically starting from their closest contacts and moving outward to more distant connections (Froehlich et al. 2020a).

  3. Individual Network of Practice (INoP) Map: INoP places the learner at the center of the socialization process while simultaneously taking account of the other individuals and communities with whom the learner interacts and engages in linguistic and discursive practice (Zappa-Hollman and Duff 2015). This tool measures the tie strength/proximity between the social relationships.

  4. Analytical software: UCINET and Gephi are two open-source network analysis and visualization software packages. They offer various tools for visualizing network structures, such as layouts for arranging nodes and edges, as well as color-coding and sizing options to represent different attributes of nodes or edges. They also support a wide range of network formats and provide statistical measures and algorithms for analyzing network properties, including centrality, density, community detection, and clustering algorithms.

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Received: 2023-08-31
Accepted: 2024-10-03
Published Online: 2024-10-23
Published in Print: 2025-07-28

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. The application of social network analysis in applied linguistics research: a systematic review
  4. Research Articles
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  6. Unpacking fluid linguistic landscape in a community coffeehouse in Hangzhou, East China: an everyday life perspective
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  8. Investigating the relationships of writing behaviours to linguistic complexity and accuracy in independent and integrated writing task performance
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https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2023-0195
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
social network analysis; applied linguistics; methodological characteristics; topical concerns

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. The application of social network analysis in applied linguistics research: a systematic review
  4. Research Articles
  5. The neoliberal coloniality of EMI in Hong Kong higher education: insights from online stancetaking
  6. Unpacking fluid linguistic landscape in a community coffeehouse in Hangzhou, East China: an everyday life perspective
  7. Translanguaging in public and digital spaces: integrating telecollaboration to linguistic landscapes studies
  8. Investigating the relationships of writing behaviours to linguistic complexity and accuracy in independent and integrated writing task performance
  9. Exploring unobserved heterogeneity of speech fluency and its dynamic interactions with emotions
  10. Modality of input and factors affecting incidental vocabulary learning: reading, listening, and viewing with captions
  11. Blurred lines of participation: nexus analytical tools for reflecting on the roles of researchers and participants in change-oriented research projects
  12. The contribution of second language writers’ translanguaging ability to their information-based academic writing ability
  13. Translanguaging in the linguistic landscape: creative scripts in Yi ethnicity students’ handwritten signs
  14. Playing with funds of difficult knowledge: interactional insights for heritage language education
  15. Creating a meaningful summative assessment in a Chinese immersion context: a translanguaging perspective
  16. Transnational media and English spread in the Expanding Circle: Hollywood’s predominance, language accommodation, and English as an additional language in cinema, television, and video on demand
  17. Translingual practices for critical language awareness in English as an additional language writing education
  18. Multilingualism, translanguaging, and education in the Vaupés, Northwest Amazonia: dynamics of language use, and language loss
  19. Moderation of teacher-student rapport in the link between smartphone addiction and foreign language burnout and its gender difference
  20. The impact of divergent language policies on teachers’ language attitudes and proficiency in two multilingual education settings
  21. Exploring EFL learner resilience and examining its association with L2 buoyancy and language achievement
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Heruntergeladen am 10.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/applirev-2023-0195/html
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