Home Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan

  • Darko Davitkov EMAIL logo , Milos Vucicevic , Jevrosima Stevanovic , Vanja Krstic , Dajana Slijepcevic , Uros Glavinic and Zoran Stanimirovic
Published/Copyright: March 30, 2016
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
Acta Parasitologica
From the journal Acta Parasitologica Volume 61 Issue 2

Abstract

Equine piroplasmosis is significant tick-borne disease with wide distribution. The prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina is unknown. In aim to obtain a first insight into the prevalence we performed molecular epidemiological study which included 142 horses, on seven locations in these three countries. We first performed PCR for the detection of a 450bp long section of the 18S rRNA of piroplasma-specific region. For all positive samples we have done multiplex PCR for the species detection. Species determination was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of 10 randomly selected Theileria equi and all Babesia caballi samples. The overall prevalence rates in analysed region for T. equi and B. caballi were 22.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Possible risk factors (such as location, age, sex and activity) associated with PCR positivity were evaluated. Marked differences were found in prevalence between geographic areas. There was no significant association between positivity and age group. T. equi was more prevalent in females and farming horses. This is the first report on the molecular survey of T. equi and B. caballi in central Balkan. Further prevalence studies on definitive host and vectors in this region are necessary.

Keywords: Equine piroplasmosis; horses; PCR; Serbia; Montenegro; Bosnia and Herzegovina

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant No. III46002), led by professor Zoran Stanimirovic.

Reference

Abutarbush S.M., Alqawasmeh D.M., Mukbel R.M., Al-Majali A.M. 2012. Equine babesiosis: seroprevalence, risk factors and comparison of different diagnostic methods in Jordan. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59, 72–78. DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01244.x10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01244.xSearch in Google Scholar

Acici M., Umur S., Guvenc T., Arslan H.H., Kurt M. 2008. Seroprevalence of equine babesiosis in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Parasitology International, 57, 198–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.00910.1016/j.parint.2007.12.009Search in Google Scholar

Alhassan A., Govind Y., Tam N.T., Thekisoe O.M., Yokoyama N., Inoue N., Igarashi I. 2007. Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of LAMP, PCR and in vitro culture methods for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. Parasitology Research, 100, 1165–1168. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0430-610.1007/s00436-006-0430-6Search in Google Scholar

Alhassan A., Pumidonming W., Okamura M., Hirata H., Battsetseg B., Fujisaki K., Yokoyama N., Igarashi I. 2005. Development of a single round and multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in horse blood. Veterinary Parasitology, 129, 43–49. DOI: 10.1016/ j.vetpar.2004.12.01810.1016/ j.vetpar.2004.12.018Search in Google Scholar

Allred D.R. 2003. Babesiosis: persistence in the face of adversity. Trends in Parasitology, 19, 51–55. DOI: 10.1016/S147122(02)00065-X10.1016/S1471-22(02)00065-XSearch in Google Scholar

Allsopp M.T.E.P., Lewis B.D., Penzhorn B.L. 2007. Molecular evidence for transplacental transmission of Theileria equi from carrier mares to their apparently healthy foals. Veterinary Parasitology, 148, 130–136. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.01710.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.017Search in Google Scholar

Amir S., Zimmerman T., Klement E., Lensky I.M., Berlin D., Gottlieb Y., Baneth G. 2012. Demographic and environmental risk factors for infection by Theileria equi in 590 horses in Israel Short Communication. Veterinary Parasitology, 187, 558–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.01810.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.018Search in Google Scholar

Bahrami S., Ghadrdan A.R., Mirabdollahi S.M., Fayed M.R. 2014. Diagnosis of subclinical equine theileriosis in center of Iran using parasitological and molecular methods. Tropical Biomedicine, 31, 110–117Search in Google Scholar

Bashiruddin J.B., Camma C., Rebelo E. 1999. Molecular detection of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horse blood by PCR amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene. Veterinary Parasitology, 84, 75–83. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00049-710.1016/S0304-4017(99)00049-7Search in Google Scholar

Bhagwan J., Kumar A., Kumar R., Goyal L., Goel P., Kumar S. 2015. Molecular evidence of Theileria equi infection in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive Indian horses. Acta Parasitologica, 60, 322–329. DOI: 10.1515/ap2015-004510.1515/ap-2015-0045Search in Google Scholar

Brüning A., Phipps P., Posnett E., Canning E.U. 1997. Monoclonal antibodies against Babesia caballi and Babesia equi and their application in serodiagnosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 68, 11–26. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4017(96)01074-610.1016/S0304-4017(96)01074-6Search in Google Scholar

Camacho A.T., Guitian F.J., Pallas E., Gestal J.J., Olmeda A.S., Habela M.A., Telford 3rd S.R., Spielman A. 2005. Theileria (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 37, 293–302. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-005-5691-z10.1007/s11250-005-5691-zSearch in Google Scholar

Criado-Fornelio A., Gonzalez-del-Rio M.A., Buling-Sarana A., Barba-Carretero J.C. 2004. The ‘‘expanding universe’’ of piroplasms. Veterinary Parasitology, 119, 337–345. DOI: 10. 1016/j.vetpar.2003.11.01510.1016/j.vetpar.2003.11.015Search in Google Scholar

Criado-Fornelio A., Martinez-Marcos A., Buling-Sarana A., Barba-Carretero J.C. 2003. Molecular studies on Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon in southern Europe. Part I. Epizootiological aspects. Veterinary Parasitology, 113, 189–201. DOI: 10. 1016/S0304-4017(03)00078-510. 1016/S0304-4017(03)00078-5Search in Google Scholar

Davitkov D., Vucicevic M., Stevanovic J., Krstic V., Tomanovic S., Glavinic U., Stanimirovic Z. 2015. Clinical babesiosis and molecular identification of Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs from Serbia. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 63, 199–208. DOI: 10.1556/AVet.2015.01710.1556/AVet.2015.017Search in Google Scholar

de Waal, D.T. 1992. Equine piroplasmosis: a review. The British Veterinary Journal, 148, 6–14. DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935 (92)90061-510.1016/0007-1935 (92)90061–5Search in Google Scholar

de Waal D.T., van Heerden J. 1994. Equine Piroplasmosis. In: Coetzer J.A.W., Tustin R.C. (Eds.), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, New York, Oxford University Press, 425–433.Search in Google Scholar

Friedhoff K.T., Soule C. 1996. An account on equine babesiosis. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 15, 1191–1201.10.20506/rst.15.3.972Search in Google Scholar PubMed

García-Bocanegra I., Arenas-Montes A., Hernández E., Adaszek Ł., Carbonero A., Almería S., Jaén-Téllez J.A., Gutiérrez-Palomino P., Arenas A. 2013. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection in equids, The Veterinary Journal, 195, 172–178. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.01210.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Georges K.C., Ezeokoli C.D., Sparagano O., Pargass I., Campbell M.R., D’Abadie R., Yabsley M.J. 2011. A case of transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in a foal in Trinidad. Veterinary Parasitology, 175, 363–366. DOI: 10.1016/ j.vetpar.2010.10.01910.1016/ j.vetpar.2010.10.019Search in Google Scholar

Grandi G., Molinari G., Tittarelli M., Sassera D., Kramer L.H. 2011. Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses from northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 11, 1–2. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.019310.1089/vbz.2010.0193Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Heim A., Passos L.M.F., Ribeiro M.F.B., Costa-Junior L.M., Bastos C.V., Cabral D.D., Hirzmann J., Pfister K. 2007. Detection and molecular characterization of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi isolates from endemic areas of Brazil. Parasitology Research, 102, 63–68. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0726-110.1007/s00436-007-0726-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Hornok S., Edelhofer R., Földvári G., Joachim A., Farkas R. 2007. Serological evidence for Babesia canis infection of horses and an endemic focus of B. caballi in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 55, 491–500. DOI: 10.1556/AVet.55.2007.4.810.1556/AVet.55.2007.4.8Search in Google Scholar

Kappmeyer L.S., Perryman L.E., Hines S.A., Baszler T.V., Katz J.B., Hennager S.G., Knowles D.P. 1999. Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a Competitive-Inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 2285–229010.1128/JCM.37.7.2285-2290.1999Search in Google Scholar

Kim C.M., Blanco L.B., Alhassan A., Iseki H., Yokoyama N., Xuan X., Igarashi I. 2008. Diagnostic real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from equine blood samples. Veterinary Parasitology, 151, 158–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.02310.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.023Search in Google Scholar

Knowles Jr. D.P. 1996. Control of Babesia equi parasitemia. Parasitology Today, 12, 195–198. DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(96) 10007-710.1016/0169-4758(96) 10007-7Search in Google Scholar

Kouam M.K., Kantzoura V., Gajadhar A.A., Theis J.H., Papadopoulos E., Theodoropoulos G. 2010. Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in Greece. Veterinary Parasitology, 169, 273–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.01110.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Krause P.J., 2003. Babesiosis diagnosis and treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 3, 45–51. DOI: 10.1089/153036 60376562745110.1089/153036603765627451Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Mehlhorn H., Schein E. 1998. Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi. Parasitology Research, 84, 467–475. DOI: 10.1007/s00436005043110.1007/s004360050431Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Moretti A., Mangili V., Salvatori R., Maresca C., Scoccia E., Torina A., Moretta I., Gabrielli S., Tampieri M.P., Pietrobelli M. 2010. Prevalence and diagnosis of Babesia and Theileria infections in horses in Italy: a preliminary study. The Veterinary Journal, 184, 346–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.02110.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Muhnickel C.J., Jefferies R., Morgan-Ryan U.M., Irwin P.J., 2002. Babesia gibsoni infection in three dogs in Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal, 80, 606–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.17510813.2002.tb10961.x10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10961.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Nagore D., Garcia-Sanmartin J., Garcia-Perez A.L., Juste R.A., Hurtado A. 2004. Detection and identification of equine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blotting: epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis. Veterinary Parasitology, 123, 41–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.01010.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

OIE, 2010. World Animal Health Information Database Interface. http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=disease timelinesSearch in Google Scholar

Olmeda A.S., Armstrong P.M., Rosenthal B.M., Valladares B., del Castillo A., de Armas F., Miguelez M., Gonzalez A., Rodriguez J.A., Spielman A., Telford 3rd S.R. 1997. A subtropical case of human babesiosis. Acta Tropica, 67, 229–234. DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(97)00045-410.1016/S0001-706X (97)00045-4Search in Google Scholar

Quintao-Silva M.G., Ribeiro M.F. 2003. Infection rate of Babesia spp. sporokinetes in engorged Boophilus microplus from an area of enzootic stability in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 999–1002. DOI: 10.1590/S0074-0276200300080000310.1590/S0074-02762003000800003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ros-García A., M’ghirbi Y., Hurtado A., Bouattour A. 2013. Prevalence and genetic diversity of piroplasm species in horses and ticks from Tunisia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 17, 33–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.03810.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.038Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Rothschild C.M. 2013. Equine piroplasmosis. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 33, 497–508. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.18910.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.189Search in Google Scholar

Rüegg S.R., Torgerson P., Deplazes P., Mathis A. 2007. Age-dependant dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks. Parasitology, 134, 939–947. DOI: 10.1017/S003118200700240510.1017/S0031182007002405Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sevnic F., Maden M., Kumas C., Sevnic M., Ekici O.C. 2008. A compar-ative study on the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horse sub-populations in Turkey. Veterinary Parasitology, 156, 173–177. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.00610.1016/j.vetpar. 2008.06.006Search in Google Scholar

Sigg L., Gerber V., Gottstein B., Doherr M.G., Frey C.F. 2010. Serprevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in the Swiss horse population. Parasitology International, 59, 313–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.02.00510.1016/j.parint.2010.02.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Xuan X., Nagai A., Battsetseg B., Fukumoto S., Makala L.H., Inoue N., Igarashi I., Mikami T., Fujisaki K. 2001. Diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis in Brazil by serodiagnostic methods with recombinant antigens. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 63, 1159–1160. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.115910.1292/jvms.63.1159Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zobba R., Ardu M., Nicollini S., Chessa B., Manna L., Cocco R., Parpaglia M.L.P. 2008. Clinical and laboratory findings in equine piroplasmosis. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 28, 301–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.03.00510.1016/j.jevs.2008.03.005Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2015-7-26
Revised: 2015-10-2
Accepted: 2015-12-1
Published Online: 2016-3-30
Published in Print: 2016-6-1

© W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, PAS

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Human Trichinella infection outbreaks in Slovakia, 1980-2008
  3. Research Article
  4. Immune responses in rats and sheep induced by a DNA vaccine containing the phosphoglycerate kinase gene of Fasciola hepatica and liver fluke infection
  5. Research Article
  6. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba spp. from thermal swimming pools and spas in Southern Brazil
  7. Research Article
  8. First report and spore ultrastructure of Vairimorpha plodiae (Opisthokonta: Microspora) from Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turkey
  9. Research Article
  10. Evaluation of immuno diagnostic assay for the exposure of stage specific filarial infection
  11. Research Article
  12. Morphological, molecular and developmental characterization of the thelastomatid nematode Thelastoma bulhoesi (de Magalhães, 1900) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) parasite of Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Japan
  13. Research Article
  14. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) – reservoir host of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Slovakia
  15. Research Article
  16. Prevalence of Giardia spp. in young dogs using a combination of two diagnostic methods
  17. Research Article
  18. CIAS detection of Fasciola hepatica/F. gigantica intermediate forms in bovines from Bangladesh
  19. Research Article
  20. Redescription of two species of cystidicolid nematodes (Spirurina: Cystidicolidae) from Notopterus notopterus (Osteichthyes) in Thailand
  21. Research Article
  22. Paradiplozoon iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoinae) from Cyprinion macrostomum (Cyprinidae) in the Tigris River, Iraq
  23. Research Article
  24. Genetic diversity of Diplomonadida in fish of the genus Coregonus from Southeastern Siberia
  25. Research Article
  26. Dynamics and effects of Ligula intestinalis (L.) infection in the native fish Barbus callensis Valenciennes, 1842 in Algeria
  27. Research Article
  28. Bioinformatics analysis and expression of a novel protein ROP48 in Toxoplasma gondii
  29. Research Article
  30. Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels and studies on fetal pathology, diagnosis and treatment
  31. Research Article
  32. Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan
  33. Research Article
  34. Two new species of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) parasitizing agamid lizards (Sauria: Agamidae) from the Indian subcontinent
  35. Research Article
  36. A new species of Spauligodon (Nematoda; Oxyuroidea; Pharyngodonide) and other Helminths in Ptychozoon Kuhli (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from East Malaysia
  37. Research Article
  38. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of some mazocraeidean monogeneans from carangid fish
  39. Research Article
  40. Validation of the TrichinEasy® digestion system for the detection of Anisakidae larvae in fish products
  41. Research Article
  42. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ceragenins against Trichomonas vaginalis
  43. Research Article
  44. Prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sika deer in Jilin province, Northeastern China
  45. Research Article
  46. Endoparasitic fauna of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Serbia
  47. Research Article
  48. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from white yaks in China
  49. Research Article
  50. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among turkeys on family farms in the state of Northeastern Brazil
  51. Research Article
  52. First report of molecular identification of Cystoisospora suis in piglets with lethal diarrhea in Japan
  53. Research Article
  54. Determination of PCT on admission is a useful tool for the assessment of disease severity in travelers with imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria
  55. Research Article
  56. Dynamics of Theileria orientalis genotype population in cattle in a year-round grazing system
  57. Research Article
  58. A new isosporoid coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)from the southern house wren Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) from Brazil
  59. Research Article
  60. Mass spectrometry analysis of the excretory-secretory (E-S) products of the model cestode Hymenolepis diminut a reveals their immunogenic properties and the presence of new E-S proteins in cestodes
https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0044
Keywords for this article
Equine piroplasmosis; horses; PCR; Serbia; Montenegro; Bosnia and Herzegovina

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Human Trichinella infection outbreaks in Slovakia, 1980-2008
  3. Research Article
  4. Immune responses in rats and sheep induced by a DNA vaccine containing the phosphoglycerate kinase gene of Fasciola hepatica and liver fluke infection
  5. Research Article
  6. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba spp. from thermal swimming pools and spas in Southern Brazil
  7. Research Article
  8. First report and spore ultrastructure of Vairimorpha plodiae (Opisthokonta: Microspora) from Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turkey
  9. Research Article
  10. Evaluation of immuno diagnostic assay for the exposure of stage specific filarial infection
  11. Research Article
  12. Morphological, molecular and developmental characterization of the thelastomatid nematode Thelastoma bulhoesi (de Magalhães, 1900) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) parasite of Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Japan
  13. Research Article
  14. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) – reservoir host of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Slovakia
  15. Research Article
  16. Prevalence of Giardia spp. in young dogs using a combination of two diagnostic methods
  17. Research Article
  18. CIAS detection of Fasciola hepatica/F. gigantica intermediate forms in bovines from Bangladesh
  19. Research Article
  20. Redescription of two species of cystidicolid nematodes (Spirurina: Cystidicolidae) from Notopterus notopterus (Osteichthyes) in Thailand
  21. Research Article
  22. Paradiplozoon iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoinae) from Cyprinion macrostomum (Cyprinidae) in the Tigris River, Iraq
  23. Research Article
  24. Genetic diversity of Diplomonadida in fish of the genus Coregonus from Southeastern Siberia
  25. Research Article
  26. Dynamics and effects of Ligula intestinalis (L.) infection in the native fish Barbus callensis Valenciennes, 1842 in Algeria
  27. Research Article
  28. Bioinformatics analysis and expression of a novel protein ROP48 in Toxoplasma gondii
  29. Research Article
  30. Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels and studies on fetal pathology, diagnosis and treatment
  31. Research Article
  32. Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan
  33. Research Article
  34. Two new species of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) parasitizing agamid lizards (Sauria: Agamidae) from the Indian subcontinent
  35. Research Article
  36. A new species of Spauligodon (Nematoda; Oxyuroidea; Pharyngodonide) and other Helminths in Ptychozoon Kuhli (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from East Malaysia
  37. Research Article
  38. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of some mazocraeidean monogeneans from carangid fish
  39. Research Article
  40. Validation of the TrichinEasy® digestion system for the detection of Anisakidae larvae in fish products
  41. Research Article
  42. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ceragenins against Trichomonas vaginalis
  43. Research Article
  44. Prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sika deer in Jilin province, Northeastern China
  45. Research Article
  46. Endoparasitic fauna of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Serbia
  47. Research Article
  48. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from white yaks in China
  49. Research Article
  50. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among turkeys on family farms in the state of Northeastern Brazil
  51. Research Article
  52. First report of molecular identification of Cystoisospora suis in piglets with lethal diarrhea in Japan
  53. Research Article
  54. Determination of PCT on admission is a useful tool for the assessment of disease severity in travelers with imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria
  55. Research Article
  56. Dynamics of Theileria orientalis genotype population in cattle in a year-round grazing system
  57. Research Article
  58. A new isosporoid coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)from the southern house wren Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) from Brazil
  59. Research Article
  60. Mass spectrometry analysis of the excretory-secretory (E-S) products of the model cestode Hymenolepis diminut a reveals their immunogenic properties and the presence of new E-S proteins in cestodes
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 27.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ap-2016-0044/html
Scroll to top button