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Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief:
Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: , , , , , , , , , , , , und

Sprache: Englisch

Erstveröffentlichung: 1. Oktober 1985

Erscheinungsweise: 4 Hefte pro Jahr

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The current volume of Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry is open access via Subscribe to Open (S2O). All accepted articles will be published under a Creative Commons license at no cost to authors. Learn more about De Gruyter Brill’s Subscribe to Open program.

Objective
Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry (REVIC) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on developments in inorganic chemistry. Technical reviews offer detailed synthesis protocols, reviews of methodology and descriptions of apparatus. Topics are treated from a synthetic, theoretical, or analytical perspective. The editors and the publisher are committed to high quality standards and rapid handling of the review and publication process. The journal publishes all aspects of solid-state, molecular and surface chemistry. Topics may be treated from a synthetic, theoretical, or analytical perspective. The editors and the publisher are commited to high quality standards and rapid handling of the review and publication process.

Topics

Main group chemistry
Transition metal chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Organometallic chemistry
Ca talysis
Bioinorganic chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Ionic liquids

Article formats
Critical scientific and technical reviews

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Ihre Vorteile

Your benefits:

Critical overview of the current discussions
Critical perspective on future research directions
High-quality reviews
Rapid publication times
Ahead of print publication

Geschichte

Previously published by Freund Publishing House Ltd. The journal was relaunched in 2011with new Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board.

Open Access
Comprehensive review on the development of ceramic coating with carbon nanotube (CNT) with excellent bonding

28. April 2026

Boshra A. Alqurashi, Hadi M. Marwani, Abdulrahman M. Almohaimeed, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman

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Ceramic coatings are widely employed in defense applications due to their exceptional hardness, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and lightweight protective capabilities. Nevertheless, their practical performance is often constrained by inadequate interfacial bonding, intrinsic brittleness, and degradation under severe thermal and mechanical conditions. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. CNT reinforcement enhances ceramic coatings through nanoscale toughening mechanisms, including crack bridging, crack deflection, and pull-out, while simultaneously improving electrical conductivity and thermal transport properties. Recent developments demonstrate that CNT integration into ceramic systems such as alumina, zirconia, titania, silica, magnesia, and zinc oxide significantly improves fracture toughness, adhesion strength, and durability. These multifunctional enhancements are highly relevant to advanced defense technologies, including aerospace propulsion components, ballistic protection systems, marine infrastructures, and military electronics. This review critically examines recent progress in CNT-reinforced ceramic coatings, with particular emphasis on interfacial bonding strategies, mechanical performance, processing techniques, and multifunctional behavior. The discussion outlines current challenges and future prospects, positioning CNT-ceramic coatings as promising next-generation materials for high-performance military and protective applications.
Open Access
Advances in carbon dioxide utilization technologies for integrated power generation systems

28. April 2026

Sivasubramanian Manikandan, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Sundaram Vickram

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The escalating urgency to mitigate climate change has intensified global interest in technologies that transform carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from an environmental liability into a valuable resource. This review provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of recent advancements in CO 2 conversion technologies, with particular emphasis on their integration into modern power generation systems. Key industrial pathways – including catalytic methanation, electrochemical CO 2 reduction, and synthetic fuel synthesis – are systematically evaluated in terms of conversion efficiency, technological maturity, scalability, and techno-economic feasibility. Current studies indicate that catalytic methanation can achieve CO 2 conversion efficiencies approaching 85 %, while advanced electrochemical reduction systems reach efficiencies of nearly 70 %, depending on catalyst architecture and energy input. These processes demonstrate energy conversion yields of approximately 1.8–2.5 MJ per kilogram of CO 2 , highlighting their potential for grid-scale energy storage and the decarbonization of power infrastructure. Furthermore, techno-economic analyses suggest that coupling CO 2 conversion with existing fossil-fuel-based power plants could reduce net carbon emissions by 20–30 % while enabling the production of value-added fuels and chemicals. Emerging innovations – including artificial intelligence-assisted catalyst discovery, process optimization, and smart energy management – are also examined for their role in accelerating technological maturity and industrial deployment. Collectively, this review underscores that strategic integration of CO 2 utilization technologies, supported by continued innovation and forward-looking policy frameworks, could play a transformative role in advancing circular carbon economies and achieving long-term global energy sustainability.
Open Access
High-entropy materials for photocatalysis: a comprehensive review of design, mechanisms, and applications

7. April 2026

Shitong Zhang, Pengyang Jiang, Qiaoyun Wang, Caijin Huang, Kaining Ding

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In recent years, the demand for catalytic devices in renewable energy applications has grown rapidly. HEMs characterized by their distinct atomic configurations, exhibit excellent chemical stability, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and favorable thermal stability, making them advantageous for modern catalytic technologies. This article summarizes the fundamental definition and synthetic approaches of HEMs and investigates the influencing factors of photocatalytic activity from four aspects: semiconductor band structure, charge carrier separation and migration characteristics, catalyst surface activity, and environmental parameters. Moreover, the design and preparation of HEM photocatalysts by adjusting component ratio, optimizing lattice defects, and regulating electronic structure are mainly introduced. Finally, the broad application prospects of HEMs in fields such as photocatalysis, energy conversion and storage are presented. Given the rapid development and transformative potential of HEMs in photocatalysis, a systematic review is essential to consolidate recent advances, clarify design principles, and guide future research toward efficient and stable photocatalytic systems.
Open Access
Inorganic and molecular photocatalysts for solar energy conversion: from ligand design to device integration

7. April 2026

Abdulrahman A. Alsimaree, Saeed S. Samman, Abdulaziz M. Almohyawi, Hatem M. Altass, Jan Mohammad Mir, Saleh A. Ahmed

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Inorganic and molecular photocatalysts represent two powerful yet historically distinct pathways for solar energy conversion. This review argues that their convergence, guided by rational ligand design, is the key to next-generation device performance. We bridge the gap between robust inorganic semiconductors, such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, and perovskites, and tunable molecular components, including bio-inspired and synthetic ligand systems. The discussion is structured around their integration into key device architectures: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), and Photoelectrochemical Cells (PECs), where ligands dynamically govern interfacial processes. Beyond fundamental roles, we explore advanced architectural strategies like heterojunction engineering and nanostructuring, which are enhanced by tailored ligands. Critical challenges at the hybrid interface, such as the stability, charge transport trade-off, are analyzed to outline a pragmatic research agenda. Future progress hinges on bio-inspiration, computational material screening, and sustainable design, ultimately advancing toward adaptive, smart interfaces. By framing the journey from ligand design to device integration, this review underscores that the strategic fusion of inorganic and molecular photochemistry is essential for efficient, durable, and scalable solar energy technologies.
Open Access
Boosting TiO₂ photocatalysis under visible light, doping, surface modification, and nanostructure design

11. Februar 2026

Badria M. Alshehri, Shahab Khan, Arshad Ali, Humaira Aslam, Muhamad Zeeshan Azam, Huma Khan, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan, Shah Rukh Begum, Somnath Mukherjee, Hayat Ullah

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The factors that have intensified the aggressiveness of environmental pollution and the necessity to possess clean energy all across the globe have contributed to intensifying the desire to possess solar-powered photocatalytic technology. Due to its non-toxicity and low cost, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the most investigated photocatalysts, which is chemically stable. However, because of its high bandgap (about 3.2 eV), photoactivation can only occur in the ultraviolet light (only a small fraction of the solar spectrum), so this limits its use in natural sunlight. To counter this weakness, the current research has been directed to the extension of the optical response of TiO 2 into the visible spectrum. The current efforts to enhance the TiO 2 photocatalytic performance are introduced in this review: non-metal doping, surface engineering, heterojunction design, incorporation of plasmonic/light-scattering nanostructures, and nanostructure design. These modifications improve the absorption in the visible-light region, decrease charge-carrier recombination, and improve interfacial charge transfer. The advances of synthesis techniques, which enable the composition and morphology to be controlled with high precision, are also stated. The developed TiO 2 -based photocatalysts are better in the application of degradation of environmental pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, and CO 2 conversion under a specified experimental setup. Finally, the review indicates the prevailing conditions or the way forward for the rational design of efficient TiO 2 photocatalysts for sustainable environmental and energy-relevant applications.
Open Access
Exploring the therapeutic potential of metal complexes in glioblastoma treatment: a focus on brain tumor targeting strategies

12. Januar 2026

Nimer F. Alsabeelah

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and fatal brain tumors in adults, marked by high recurrence rates, poor prognosis, and a median survival of less than 5 %. Its treatment remains a major challenge due to resistance to conventional therapies and the difficulty of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite advancements in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, GBM’s prognosis remains dismal. This study highlights the emerging potential of metal complexes as therapeutic agents against GBM. Compounds based on metals like ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) have shown the ability to induce cytotoxicity through DNA interaction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Notably, in U-251 cells, compounds C45 (0.51 µM), C46 (0.49 µM), C47 (0.29 µM), and C52 (0.25 µM) demonstrated strong potency. In U-87 MG cells, C53 (15.72 nM) and C54 (8.48 nM) were particularly effective. Meanwhile, LN229 cells responded moderately to C77 (1.80 µM), C79 (0.88 µM), and C80 (0.96 µM). These findings suggest that U-251 and U-87 MG cells are more responsive to these metal complexes. Overall, the study underscores the promise of metal-based therapeutics in overcoming the BBB and drug resistance, offering a pathway toward safer, more effective, and environmentally conscious GBM treatments.
Open Access
Mechanisms and technological frontiers in inorganic surface engineering of diamond

19. Dezember 2025

Christopher Selvam Damian, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Viswanathan Pushparajesh, Aditya Kishore Dash, Shwetha Appaji Gowda, Shilpa Pathak, Suneel Kumar Swarnkar, Kulmani Mehar

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Diamond materials have evolved from mere protective coatings to multifaceted platforms that facilitate advancements in various domains, including electronics, catalysis, energy storage, and quantum technologies. Recent advancements in inorganic functionalization – including heteroatom doping, covalent grafting, plasma activation, nanostructuring, and hybridization with two-dimensional materials now afford meticulous control over band structure, surface energy, defect chemistry, and charge-transport dynamics. Nevertheless, existing scholarly reviews predominantly present qualitative analyses and lack quantitative frameworks that elucidate the impact of these modifications on overall performance. This review presents a comprehensive, data-driven synthesis, supported by meta-analysis tables that aggregate capacitance values, electrochemical windows, carrier mobilities, defect densities, thermal conductivities, sensitivity metrics, and NV-center coherence times, derived from over 97 studies. A methodical workflow establishes connections between synthesis methodologies, atomic modifications, resultant properties, and device-level functionalities. The evaluation of technology readiness and sustainability is conducted through Technology Readiness Level (TRL) mapping, assessment of industrial chemical vapor deposition (CVD) energy requirements, cost analyses, and environmental impact considerations, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goals. Emerging applications such as neuromorphic processors, quantum photonic circuits, and flexible bioelectronics are scrutinized critically, with a particular emphasis on AI-assisted dopant optimization and defect prediction recognized as pivotal avenues for expediting the development of sustainable materials.
Open Access
Latest research progress on rechargeable energy storage devices and electrode materials

16. Dezember 2025

Wei Yang, Yuanli Feng, Rumeng Dai, Chaofan Wu, Congwen Huang, Hai Wu, Wei Lu, Zheng Yang

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As a core for large-scale use of green energy, electrochemical energy storage technology plays the key role in this field. Herein, various electrochemical energy storage devices which are applied in different fields, such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, zinc ion batteries, and zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors are summarized, and the mechanism by which the structural properties of electrode materials affect electrochemical performance are discussed. Meanwhile, important factors that constrain the application of electrochemical energy storage devices, including limited energy density, high cost, and short cycle life, have also been seriously discussed. In addition, in-depth analysis has been conducted on new electrode materials that provide important assistance to solve the above-mentioned challenges. Finally, by analyzing the challenges and prospects of improving the energy storage performance of electrode materials, reasonable technical references and guidance are provided for the next generation of rechargeable energy storage devices.
Open Access
A review of transition metal compounds-carbon hybrid electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting

15. Dezember 2025

Muhammad Murad, Salman Khan, Noureen Amir Khan, Nisar Khan, Muhammad Yasin, Kashif Ali, Zonish Zeb, M. K. M. Ali, Muhammad Azam Qamar

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Designing efficient, affordable, and durable electrocatalysts to drive water splitting is crucial for addressing the energy crisis and environmental issues. Transition metal-based materials are widely used for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions due to their tunable activity and abundance. However, challenges like low conductivity, agglomeration, and poor stability persist. Transition metal compounds have the potential to provide a solution by integrating carbon materials. This review examines the integration of transition metal compounds (TMCs) with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting, a vital process for sustainable hydrogen production. The mechanisms of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are discussed, emphasizing the role of electrocatalysts in mitigating overpotentials associated with these reactions. TMCs, when combined with CNFs and CNTs, create synergistic effects that improve reaction kinetics and increase active sites for catalysis. This review highlights recent advancements in the development of hybrid nanocomposites, detailing how their unique physicochemical properties facilitate effective electron transfer and enhance electrocatalytic activity and the stability of these integrated materials under harsh electrochemical conditions. Through a comprehensive examination of recent studies, this review aims to provide insights into the design and optimization of advanced electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting.
Open Access
Zeolite-based biopolymer composites: innovations, applications, and future directions in biomedical engineering

12. Dezember 2025

Muhammad Shahjahan, Yasir Iqbal, Seemab Javed, Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha, Tayyab Tahir, Khuram Shahzad, Toaqeer Salman, Muhammad Azam Qamar, Sami Ullah

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Zeolites, crystalline aluminosilicates, exhibit unique physicochemical characters, including microporosity, high surface area, and ion-exchange capabilities, which make them promising candidates for biomedical applications. Their natural biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity have generated significant interest in their use for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. This review explores the potential of biopolymer composites based on zeolites, including their synthesis, properties, and applications in the biomedical field. Various biopolymers, such as chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and hyaluronic acid, have been combined with zeolites to enhance their mechanical, antibacterial, and drug-release properties. The synergistic interaction between zeolites and biopolymers has been demonstrated to improve biocompatibility, facilitate controlled drug release, and stimulate cellular activities crucial for tissue regeneration. Additionally, new synthesis techniques for zeolites, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and microwave-assisted methods, provide precise control over their structural properties, ultimately enhancing their suitability for biomedical applications. Challenges such as low drug loading and functionalization are still needed to achieve optimal performance, despite the significant applications of these promising materials. The review presents recent advances, describes the identified gaps in the existing research, and defines future research to optimize the applications of zeolite-based composites in the medical field, with pipeline in cancer, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.
Open Access
90th anniversary of metallic hydrogen: history and modernity

10. Dezember 2025

Oleg V. Mikhailov

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The theoretical and experimental data available in the literature on the problem of obtaining metallic hydrogen under extreme conditions (ultra-high pressures in a wide range of temperatures), especially those that were performed during the 21st century, are systematized and summarized. It is stated that although almost 100 years have passed since the publication of the first work devoted to this substance, metallic hydrogen has not yet been obtained in an experiment, despite all the efforts of researchers during this period. In this connection, attention is drawn to existing doubts about the possibility of the existence of such a substance.
Open Access
A comprehensive review on medicinal applications of iodine

8. Dezember 2025

Saidu Nurudeen, Shahab Khan, Maaz Khan, Arshad Ali, Khaled Fahmi Fawy, Hadi M. Marwani, Sudair Ahmad, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Ahlam A. Alalwiat, Majed A. Bajaber

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Iodine, an essential trace element, plays a critical role in human health, primarily through its involvement in thyroid hormone synthesis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and neurological development. This research explores the multifaceted medicinal applications of iodine, ranging from its critical role in preventing iodine deficiency disorders, such as goiter and hypothyroidism, to its use in advanced medical therapies. Key areas of focus include radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism, the antimicrobial and antiseptic properties of iodine-based compounds like povidone-iodine, and its significance in pregnancy and fetal development. Emerging research highlights iodine’s potential in cancer treatment, dermatology, and reducing oxidative stress. Despite its broad therapeutic utility, challenges such as iodine toxicity and allergic reactions necessitate careful management. This study underscores the importance of balanced iodine intake, advances in iodine-based treatments, and global public health efforts to combat iodine deficiency for improved healthcare outcomes.
Open Access
Dinuclear copper complexes: advances from bioinorganics to medicine – a review

2. Dezember 2025

Amina I. Nurović, Jovana Z. Marinković, Mirjana D. Jakovljević, Tanja V. Soldatović, Petar B. Stanić

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The knowledge of the essential role of copper in the human body, especially in its involvement in various important metalloenzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase and other, has greatly stimulated research interest in copper coordination compounds from both chemical and medicinal perspectives. Dinuclear copper complexes, in particular, have shown considerable therapeutic potential, as the unique combination of copper chemistry and dinuclear structural modifications has given rise to various highly bioactive compounds and new medicinal possibilities. In this paper, biological activities of medicinally attractive homodinuclear and heterodinuclear copper complexes are reviewed and their therapeutic potential and future perspectives are discussed. An in-depth analysis of key elements that impact their structure-activity relationships was performed and through a rational design approach, supported by the available literature, concluding remarks were given, that could possibly lead to more optimal therapeutic dinuclear copper complex structures. Known limitations regarding copper toxicity, bioavailability, metabolism and clearance were analyzed and possible strategies to mitigate them were discussed as well, including the possibe use of dinuclear copper complexes in targeted therapy and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, the prospects of using dinuclear copper complexes in personalized or combination therapy are postulated.
Open Access
Nanocatalyst-enabled waste-to-energy systems: from material innovation to techno-economic and sustainability pathways

1. Oktober 2025

Bhanu Teja Nalla, Binod Kr Choudhary, Muniraj Sunil Kumar, Chamarajanagar Gopal Ramachandra, Divyesh Rameshbhai Vaghela, Premananda Pradhan, Aseel Smerat, Kumar Kamakshi Priya

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The accelerated proliferation of industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste, in conjunction with the escalating global demand for energy, underscores the imperative for sustainable waste-to-energy (WtE) methodologies. This review scrutinizes contemporary advancements in nano-engineered catalysts that augment the selectivity, kinetics, and energy recovery associated with the conversion of waste into hydrogen, syngas, and value-added fuels. Attention is directed towards a variety of catalyst categories, including single-atom catalysts, metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived structures, biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials, and plasmonic nanoparticles, as well as their synthesis utilizing waste precursors. Unlike previous reviews, this investigation combines nanoscale catalyst design with techno-economic evaluations, environmentally friendly synthesis methodologies, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization, thereby offering a comprehensive perspective that interconnects material innovation with system-level sustainability. Documented advancements reveal energy recovery efficiencies exceeding 80 %, hydrogen Faradaic efficiencies of over 95 %, and recyclability rates above 90 % under realistic conditions. Furthermore, life-cycle assessments, benchmark performance indicators, and comparative techno-economic analyses are provided to exemplify the scalability of nano-enhanced WtE. Constraints, including catalyst deactivation, nanoparticle toxicity, and hurdles in large-scale synthesis, are critically evaluated, alongside prospective avenues in hybrid solar-electrochemical systems and digital twin-assisted process management. This scholarly work presents a distinctive roadmap that positions nano-enabled WtE as a fundamental element of the circular hydrogen economy.
Open Access
Recent advance on the direct syntheses of the M@zeolite hybrid with the metal species encapsulation within zeolite crystals

1. Oktober 2025

Junyi Mu, Hongjiang Li, Shenmin Li, Yingna Cui, Xinping Wang

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The syntheses and application of M@zeolite hybrids with the structure of metal being encapsulated into zeolite crystals have attracted extensive attention due to their high activity and resistance to sintering under harsh conditions as the catalysts. Remarkable achievements have been made in the structure construction, particularly in the way of so called “one pot synthesis”. Herein, we exclusively summarize the recent advance of the metal encapsulation in the “ in situ synthesis” technique, with which help the researchers constructing their metal-embedding catalysts more active and thermal resistant.
Open Access
Recent advances in photocatalytic plastic waste conversion: a review on renewable energy pathways

25. August 2025

Damian Christopher Selvam, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Prakash Ranjan Behera, Honganur Raju Manjunath, Krunal Ajmeri, Neeraj Das, Chamarajanagar Gopal Ramachandra

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The escalating global crisis of plastic waste and the urgent demand for clean energy alternatives necessitate innovative, integrative solutions. Among emerging approaches, solar photoreforming stands out as a transformative dual-function technology that simultaneously degrades polymeric waste and produces hydrogen fuel. This review explores a cutting-edge strategy that synergistically integrates high-pressure torsion (HPT) a severe plastic deformation technique with defect-engineered brookite-phase titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles to significantly elevate the solar-driven photoreforming performance of polypropylene (PP) waste. HPT introduces intense shear forces under compressive pressures (∼6 GPa), inducing substantial microstructural transformations in PP. These include the formation of high-density dislocations, amorphous domains, and interfacial defects, all of which enhance the polymer’s surface reactivity and its interaction with photocatalysts. Concurrently, brookite-phase TiO 2 , prized for its narrow band gap (∼3.1 eV), enhanced charge carrier separation, and high photoactivity, serves as an efficient photocatalyst. The strong interfacial coupling between the defect-rich PP surface and brookite TiO 2 nanoparticles facilitates rapid charge transfer, suppresses electron–hole recombination, and enhances radical generation. As a result, the integrated system exhibits a 2.4-fold improvement in hydrogen evolution, achieving production rates up to 580 μmol h −1  g −1 under solar irradiation. Moreover, the process enables selective oxidation of polymer fragments, yielding value-added chemicals such as formic acid and acetic acid with faradaic efficiencies exceeding 45 %. This review further elucidates the underlying mechanisms of defect-mediated catalysis, emphasizing the roles of nanoparticle phase composition, surface chemistry, and morphology. Collectively, this work establishes a promising and scalable pathway for circular plastic-to-fuel conversion, providing both environmental remediation and clean energy generation. The integration of mechanical defect engineering and nanostructured photocatalysis represents a pivotal advancement toward sustainable, high-efficiency solar photoreforming technologies.
Open Access
State-of-the-art nanocatalysts driving sustainable biofuel production

25. August 2025

Ganesan Subbiah, Devanshu J. Patel, Saroj Kumar Acharya, Soumya V. Menon, Damanjeet Aulakh, Krishna Kumar Shukla, Kamakshi Priya Kumar

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Nano-catalysts have emerged as significant entities in enhancing the efficacy and Selectivity of biodiesel production from renewable substrates, such as used cooking oils, animal lipids, and plant-derived fats. In contrast to traditional catalytic agents, nanoparticle-based systems, especially those composed of metal oxides and magnetically recoverable materials, exhibit enhanced surface areas (200–500 m 2 /g), accelerated transesterification kinetics, and superior tolerance to free fatty acids, culminating in biodiesel yields that surpass 90 % under less stringent reaction conditions. Recent developments in heterogeneous nanocatalysts have facilitated reusability for as many as 50–100 cycles with negligible deactivation (<2 % per cycle), thus bolstering industrial applicability. Novel advancements in synthesis techniques, encompassing sol–gel and sonochemical methodologies, further diminish energy consumption and augment catalyst stability. Despite the challenges associated with production expenses and scalability, ongoing investigations into multifunctional nanostructures and environmentally benign synthesis routes continue to drive advancements toward economically feasible and ecologically sustainable biodiesel technologies.
Open Access
Recent trends in supercapacitor technology; basics, history, fabrications, classifications and their application in energy storage materials

31. Juli 2025

Humaira Aslam, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan, Tapankumar Trivedi, Ganesan Ezhilarasan, Deepak Bhanot, Numan Abbas, Khaled Fahmi Fawy

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Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, have attracted significant attention as promising energy storage devices due to their superior power density, rapid charge-discharge capability, and long cycle life. This review comprehensively discusses the recent advancements in supercapacitor technology, focusing on the development of novel electrode materials, electrolytes, device designs, and fabrication methods. Particular emphasis is placed on carbon-based materials, metal oxides, conducting polymers, and their hybrid composites, which have shown remarkable improvements in specific capacitance and stability. Additionally, the role of advanced electrolytes, including ionic liquids and gel polymer electrolytes, in enhancing the energy and power density of SCs is explored. The integration of hybrid supercapacitor systems, combining EDLCs and pseudocapacitors, is also highlighted for their potential to overcome the limitations of conventional capacitors and batteries. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the current progress, emerging trends, and future directions for improving the performance and practical applicability of supercapacitors in real-world energy storage applications.
Open Access
State-of-the-art of polyoxometalate-based catalysts for catalytic removal of vesicants

30. Juli 2025

Aiping Gao, Si-Han Zhao, Jiajia Wang, Hai-Lou Li

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Vesicants are one frequently-used kind of chemical warfare agents due to their low-boiling point, high gaseous diffusion, and accessibility. Sulfur mustard is one of the main vesicant that has since been banned by international organization, but there are still large stocks in some countries and its production is relatively easy, requiring no tedious steps or expensive equipment. Thus far, catalytic oxidation, alongside physical adsorption and hydrolysis has been proven one of the most effective methods for decontaminating the HD simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). POMs have exhibited outstanding catalytic oxidation performance toward CEES owing to their unique redox properties, robust structural stability, flexible metal valence and the presence of numerous active sites. This review summarizes the advances of POM-based materials for catalytic decontamination of vesicants simulant CEES, including POMs, POM-based MOFs and POMs composites. This review provides new sights for engineering robust POM-based catalysts for the catalytic decontamination of CWAs.
Open Access
Nano-enhanced sodium carbonate for efficient carbon capture: a review of performance advancements and economic viability

18. Juli 2025

Christopher Selvam D, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Ganesan Subbiah, Subbulakshmi Ganesan, Aditya Kishore Dash, Vikrant Aadiwal, Amandeep Gill

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This study examines recent advancements in nano-enhanced sodium carbonate (NaCH) and elucidates the reasons behind its emergence as a prominent alternative to traditional absorbents. In comparison to benchmark materials such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), NaCH achieves up to 30 % greater CO 2 uptake, regenerates at temperatures that are 20 °C lower, and demonstrates a significantly reduced environmental footprint and operational expenditure. The application of nanostructuring enhances surface area and reaction kinetics, facilitating a 30 % increase in CO 2 absorption rates while concurrently lowering overall process costs by 25 %. Various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, illuminate the pore structure and chemical functionalities that contribute to these enhancements, reinforcing the capacity for repeated regeneration without substantial performance degradation. The amalgamation of exceptional capture efficiency, reduced energy penalties, and prolonged cycle durability positions NaCH as a scalable, cross-sector solution that has the potential to effectuate immediate advancements in global decarbonization initiatives.
Open Access
Important features, applications and future perspective of zinc oxide based reduce graphene oxide nanocomposite

3. Juli 2025

Maaz Ahmad, Mohsin Ali, Noor Ul Islam, Habib Ullah, Khalid Fahmi Faway, Xie Yi, Muhammad Ikram, Noor Zada, Debasish Shit, Abdullah, Karthikeyan Jayabalan, Ziaullah

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play key role in propelling transformative changes, and highlighting burning issues to be addressed to achieve successful global developmental initiative. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are helpful in achieving various SDGs. However, both materials have some limitations. To overcome the drawbacks of individual ZnO and rGO nanomaterials, ZnO/rGO nanocomposites are designed. This review aims to highlight issues being faced by ZnO and graphene oxide and their resolution through the development of ZnO/rGO nanocomposite. Various characterization techniques are discussed to explore physio-chemical properties. As the composite materials exhibit enhanced charge carrier separation, and extended lifetime of photoinduced charge carriers, making them a promising agent for improved photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, biosensors, and energy conversion and storage devices such as solar cells, and lithium batteries etc. Morphological relationship with various activities and potential applications in numerous fields, including controlling environmental pollution, biomedical, bio-sensing, energy etc., have also been discussed to explore their importance. Additionally, for further advancement to design next generation material several recommendations have been given. The knowledge gained from this review is the way for the development of next-generation nanomaterials, capable of addressing global challenges in energy and environmental sustainability etc.
Open Access
Advances in electrocatalyst development for hydrogen production by water electrolysis

27. Juni 2025

Vichitra Malaiyarasan, Rajkuma Umamageshwari, Muniraj Sunil Kumar, Nagappan Beem Kumar, Ganesan Subbiah, K. Kamakshi Priya

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Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a clean, sustainable energy carrier with the potential to play a pivotal role in future energy systems. Among the various methods for hydrogen production, water electrolysis stands out for its ability to generate highly pure hydrogen in an environmentally sustainable manner. The development of efficient electrocatalysts is critical for enhancing the performance of water electrolysis, particularly in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While precious metals like Ag, Au, Ru, and Pt have been traditionally used due to their high catalytic activity, their high cost and scarcity limit their widespread use. Recent research has focused on non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts, which offer comparable catalytic efficiency, lower cost, and greater environmental friendliness. These alternatives have the potential to replace expensive noble metals in water electrolysis, but further research and innovation are required to improve their performance and long-term stability. This work examines the advancements in electrocatalyst development for three major electrolysis techniques – alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) – and discusses the challenges and future directions for optimizing these technologies for large-scale hydrogen production.
Open Access
Emerging nanocarriers: rational design and biomedical application

26. Juni 2025

Hongling Tian, Sihan Ma, Deng Long

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Nanosystems, renowned for their remarkable physical and chemical attributes arising from their unique morphology and structure, such as elevated specific surface areas, pronounced macroscopic quantum effects, distinctive dielectric properties, and notable small size effects, are poised to transform cancer treatment paradigms by potentially supplanting conventional chemical drugs. This revolutionary potential has generated significant buzz and attracted considerable interest within the medical diagnostics and therapeutics landscape. Extensive research has underscored the exceptional capabilities of nano-scale diagnostic agents, which have been extensively employed in imaging and anti-tumor applications, heralding a promising horizon for their utilization. This review endeavors to offer an exhaustive synthesis of the latest research strides in nanomedical theranostic candidates. It delves into the design strategies and prospective applications of various nanomaterials within the domains of tumor therapy and imaging, aiming to furnish valuable perspectives and directives for the future trajectory of nanomedicine. Specifically, the review meticulously explores and elucidates methodologies for enhancing tumor elimination through the judicious modification of nanomaterials. Furthermore, this work meticulously discusses the formidable challenges and intricacies associated with the development of optimal therapeutic nanomaterials, as well as the hurdles impeding their clinical translation. The overall aim is to advance the application and development of nanomaterials for effective and precise collaborative diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Open Access
Advancing hydrogen storage and exploring the potential of perovskite hydrides and metal hydrides

18. Juni 2025

Mudassir Ur Rahman, Mohamed Farouk Elsadek, Rangaswamy Roopashree, Aditya Kashyap

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Recent notable developments concerning the hydrogen storage materials are summarized in this review, with particular emphasis placed on magnesium hydrides, titanium- and calcium-based hydrides, metal borohydrides, and perovskite-type hydrides. MgH 2 performance is greatly improved through nanostructuring and transition metal doping. Calcium hydrides, as well as titanium hydrides have very good hydrogen storage properties in addition to the potential for superconductivity. Single and bimetallic borohydrides have high hydrogen contents, achieving high performance in battery and energy application, but face challenges in regeneration and stability. Many perovskite-type hydrides, including MgX 3 H 8 (X = Sc, Ti, Zr), Li 2 CaH 4 , and Li 2 SrH 4 , as well as oxide-based hydrides like MgTiO 3 Hx, CaTiO 3 Hx, and BaYO 3 H x , are emerging as ideal hydrogen storage materials thanks to their stable crystal structure, promising thermodynamics, excellent mechanical properties, and efficient hydrogen cycling. Destabilization of the hydrogen is likely based on analysis of DFT studies of hydrogen binding enthalpy, which supports stability and negative formation enthalpies for MgX 3 H 8 and BaYO 3 H 3 as well as CaTiO 3 H 6 and storage of 4.27 wt% with desorption at ∼821.1 K further strengthens the potential of perovskite hydrides in a variety of hydrogen storage applications.
Open Access
Transforming waste to energy: nanocatalyst innovations driving green hydrogen production

13. Juni 2025

Christopher Selvam D., Manjunath Channappagoudra, Sikata Samantaray, Adesh Kumar Mishra, Guntaj Juneja, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Karam Chand

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The burgeoning global demand for energy, coupled with the pressing need to mitigate carbon emissions, underscores the necessity for clean and sustainable energy alternatives, with green hydrogen emerging as a pivotal energy vector. Among the promising avenues for the production of green hydrogen, nano-catalysts derived from waste materials are attracting considerable interest due to their capacity to diminish production costs and environmental ramifications while capitalizing on underutilized waste streams. Notwithstanding recent advancements, significant knowledge deficits remain concerning the catalytic mechanisms, established performance benchmarks, and thorough sustainability evaluations of these materials. This review integrates contemporary progress in the synthesis, structural enhancement, and application of nano-catalysts originating from a variety of waste sources, including industrial byproducts, agricultural residues, and municipal waste. Crucial mechanistic variables, such as augmented active site density, improved electron transfer, and metal-support interactions, are examined to elucidate their superior performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Comparative assessments utilizing standardized metrics (e.g., overpotential at 10 mA/cm 2 , Tafel slope, Faradaic efficiency) indicate that optimized waste-derived catalysts can realize up to a 30 % enhancement in hydrogen yield in comparison to traditional catalysts. Life cycle assessments (LCA), framed within cradle-to-gate methodologies, reveal substantial reductions in CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, and resource depletion. The review further delineates challenges associated with material variability, long-term durability, and the integration of these materials into pre-existing systems. Ultimately, this study highlights the crucial role of waste-derived nano-catalysts in promoting scalable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable hydrogen production and advocates for enhanced interdisciplinary research and supportive policy frameworks to expedite their commercialization.
Open Access
A comprehensive review on advanced synthesis approaches of MXenes and their dual role in photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial applications

23. Mai 2025

Muhammad Azam Qamar, Sally Mostafa Khadrawy, Ahmed A. Allam, Syed Kashif Ali, Khatib Sayeed Ismail, Emad Abada, Abdel-Rahman M. Shater

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MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional materials, have gained considerable attention due to their unique properties, including high conductivity, mechanical strength, and versatile surface functionalities. These materials are synthesized through selective etching of the MAX phase, and their remarkable characteristics make them suitable candidates for various applications, particularly in environmental remediation and antimicrobial activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the different MXene synthesis techniques, such as selective etching, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal methods, and fluoride-free etching processes. Additionally, it explores the structural stability, photocatalytic capabilities, and antimicrobial properties of MXenes, focusing on their potential to degrade pollutants, adsorb heavy metals, and combat microbial resistance. The influence of surface modifications, functional groups, and heterostructure formation on the photocatalytic and antimicrobial performance of MXenes is also discussed. Novel findings highlight how surface engineering can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity and antimicrobial efficiency of MXenes, offering a pathway to address critical environmental and biomedical challenges. Future research should focus on optimizing MXene synthesis, improving long-term stability, and exploring practical applications in real-world environmental and antimicrobial scenarios.
Open Access
A review on the effect of organic admixtures containing different functional groups on the hydration behaviors of Portland cement

22. April 2025

Yibo Gao, Jianlin Luo, Xiatong Zhu, Jigang Zhang, Kangxin Fan, Minglei Ma

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In order to adapt to the complex service environment, the rational application of organic admixtures has become one of the important means of preparing high-performance cementitious materials. The type and functional groups of organic admixtures are crucial to the hydration degree and strength development of Portland cement. Here, the main chemical reactions occurring in different hydration stages and corresponding hydration mechanism of Portland cement were explicated in detail. On this basis, the influence feature and mechanism of organic admixtures containing different functional groups on the overall process and different stages of cement hydration were systematically reviewed. The statistical results show that organic admixtures mainly affect the induction and acceleration periods of cement hydration, and the hydration effect is closely related to the molecular weight, molecular structure, functional groups and charges of organic admixtures. Most of the organic admixtures will prolong the hydration induction period, and the corresponding effect on the hydration acceleration period varies greatly. The mainstream influence mechanisms of organic admixture include complexation and adsorption theories. Some new theories such as “self-assembly of hydration products” are also put forward, but need to be further verified.
Open Access
Harnessing 1D TiO₂ nanostructures: insights into synthesis, properties and photocatalytic applications for pollution control

22. April 2025

Jyoti Rawat, Charu Dwivedi, Pankaj Sharma

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This review explores the development of one dimensional TiO 2 nanostructures, which have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional structural and functional properties. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into the synthesis of one dimensional TiO 2 nanostructures with controlled size, morphology, composition, and properties, as well as their photocatalytic applications for pollution control, compared to zero dimensional and two dimensional structures. Furthermore, the review places particular emphasis on their role in environmental remediation, especially in the photocatalytic degradation of both air and aqueous pollutants. It highlights the transformative potential of these nanomaterials in addressing pressing environmental challenges and advancing future technologies.

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Journal Impact Factor	3.1	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	4.3	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.3	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
CiteScore	8	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.709	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	1.177	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Axel Schulz, University of Rostock, Germany, axel.schulz@uni-rostock.de

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Simon Aldridge, University of Oxford, UK
Neil Burford, University of Victoria, Canada
Lee Cronin, University of Glasgow, UK
Kim Rene Dunbar, Texas A&M University, USA
Max Holthausen, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Hubert Huppertz, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Xiaoming Liu, Jiaxing University, China
Uwe Rosenthal, University of Rostock, Germany
Alexander Schiller, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Stephan Schulz, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Jürgen Senker, University of Bayreuth, Germany
Carsten von Hänisch, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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eISSN: 2191-0227

ISSN: 0193-4929

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