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Identifying creep mechanisms in plastic flow

  • Terence G. Langdon EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: January 28, 2022
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International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 96 Issue 6

Abstract

The mechanisms occurring in plastic flow at elevated temperatures may be divided into three distinct classes depending upon whether they are intragranular dislocation mechanisms, grain boundary sliding including superplasticity or diffusion creep occurring through vacancy flow. The characteristics of these various mechanisms are described and procedures are outlined for distinguishing between the different processes. Using this approach, it is shown that there is good experimental data supporting the occurrence of both Harper –Dorn creep and Nabarro – Herring diffusion creep as distinct creep processes. Recent results reported from computer simulations, combined with experimental observations, suggest the possible occurrence of grain boundary sliding at low temperatures in nanostructured and ultrafine-grained materials.

Keywords: Diffusion creep; Grain boundary sliding; Harper –Dorn creep; superplasticity
T. G. Langdon Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California CA 90089-1453 Los Angeles, USA Tel.: +1 213 740 0491 Fax: +1 213 740 8071

Dedicated to Professor Wolfgang Blum on the occasion of his 65th birthday

  1. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States under Grant No. DMR-0243331.

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Appendix

Figure 2 illustrates three orthogonal displacements, u, v and w, arising from grain boundary sliding between two adjacent grains. The sliding contribution, ξ, may be estimated by determining the value of εgbs from individual measurements of any of these three displacements.

It is apparent from Fig. 4 that the individual sliding displacements are related through the expression

(3) u=vtanψ+wtanθ

If individual measurements of u are taken along a longitudinal marker line at every point where the marker line intersects a grain boundary, the sliding strain is given by [81]

(4) εgbs=n1u¯ 1

where n is the number of grains per unit length, u̅ is the average value of u and the subscript l denotes taking measurements along a longitudinal line.

If a longitudinal line is used to record measurements of w, the sliding strain is given by [82]

(5) εgbs=k′n1w¯ 1

where w̅ is the average value and k′ is a constant having a value estimated as 1.5.

If measurements are taken of the offsets v perpendicular to the specimen surface, the easiest procedure is to take the measurements at randomly selected boundaries and the sliding strain is given by [82]

(6) εgbs=k″nrv¯ r

where k″ is a constant having a value of 1.1 for a polished surface and 1.5 for an annealed surface, v̄ is the average value and the subscript r denotes randomly selected boundaries.
Received: 2004-12-17
Accepted: 2005-03-08
Published Online: 2022-01-28

© 2005 Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Editorial
  4. Articles Basic
  5. Identifying creep mechanisms in plastic flow
  6. A unified microstructural metal plasticity model applied in testing, processing, and forming of aluminium alloys
  7. Implications of non-negligible microstructural variations during steady-state deformation
  8. Tertiary creep of metals and alloys
  9. Interactions between particles and low-angle dislocation boundaries during high-temperature deformation
  10. Strain-rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained materials
  11. Transient plastic flow at nominally fixed structure due to load redistribution
  12. Vacancy concentrations determined from the diffuse background scattering of X-rays in plastically deformed copper
  13. Effect of heating rate in α + γ dual-phase field on lamellar microstructure and creep resistance of a TiAl alloy
  14. About stress reduction experiments during constant strain-rate deformation tests
  15. Finite-element modelling of anisotropic single-crystal superalloy creep deformation based on dislocation densities of individual slip systems
  16. Variational approach to subgrain formation
  17. Articles Applied
  18. Pseudoelastic cycling of ultra-fine-grained NiTi shape-memory wires
  19. Creep properties at 125 °C of an AM50 Mg alloy modified by Si additions
  20. Dependence of mechanical strength on grain structure in the γ′ and oxide dispersions-trengthened nickelbase superalloy PM 3030
  21. On the improvement of the ductility of molybdenum by spinel (MgAl2O4) particles
  22. Hot workability and extrusion modelling of magnesium alloys
  23. Characterization of hot-deformation behaviour of Zircaloy-2: a comparison between kinetic analysis and processing maps
  24. Requirements for microstructural investigations of steels used in modern power plants
  25. Influence of Lüders band formation on the cyclic creep behaviour of a low-carbon steel for piping applications
  26. Creep and creep rupture behaviour of 650 °C ferritic/martensitic super heat resistant steels
  27. Toughening mechanisms of a Ti-based nanostructured composite containing ductile dendrites
  28. Notifications/Mitteilungen
  29. Personal/Personelles
  30. News/Aktuelles
  31. Conferences/Konferenzen
https://doi.org/10.3139/ijmr-2005-0096
Keywords for this article
Diffusion creep; Grain boundary sliding; Harper –Dorn creep; superplasticity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Editorial
  4. Articles Basic
  5. Identifying creep mechanisms in plastic flow
  6. A unified microstructural metal plasticity model applied in testing, processing, and forming of aluminium alloys
  7. Implications of non-negligible microstructural variations during steady-state deformation
  8. Tertiary creep of metals and alloys
  9. Interactions between particles and low-angle dislocation boundaries during high-temperature deformation
  10. Strain-rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained materials
  11. Transient plastic flow at nominally fixed structure due to load redistribution
  12. Vacancy concentrations determined from the diffuse background scattering of X-rays in plastically deformed copper
  13. Effect of heating rate in α + γ dual-phase field on lamellar microstructure and creep resistance of a TiAl alloy
  14. About stress reduction experiments during constant strain-rate deformation tests
  15. Finite-element modelling of anisotropic single-crystal superalloy creep deformation based on dislocation densities of individual slip systems
  16. Variational approach to subgrain formation
  17. Articles Applied
  18. Pseudoelastic cycling of ultra-fine-grained NiTi shape-memory wires
  19. Creep properties at 125 °C of an AM50 Mg alloy modified by Si additions
  20. Dependence of mechanical strength on grain structure in the γ′ and oxide dispersions-trengthened nickelbase superalloy PM 3030
  21. On the improvement of the ductility of molybdenum by spinel (MgAl2O4) particles
  22. Hot workability and extrusion modelling of magnesium alloys
  23. Characterization of hot-deformation behaviour of Zircaloy-2: a comparison between kinetic analysis and processing maps
  24. Requirements for microstructural investigations of steels used in modern power plants
  25. Influence of Lüders band formation on the cyclic creep behaviour of a low-carbon steel for piping applications
  26. Creep and creep rupture behaviour of 650 °C ferritic/martensitic super heat resistant steels
  27. Toughening mechanisms of a Ti-based nanostructured composite containing ductile dendrites
  28. Notifications/Mitteilungen
  29. Personal/Personelles
  30. News/Aktuelles
  31. Conferences/Konferenzen
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