A review of sludge production in South Africa municipal wastewater treatment plants, analysis of handling cost and potential minimization methods
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Seth Apollo
Abstract
The government of South Africa through the department of water and sanitation has installed numerous activated sludge systems in most of the municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) to ensure adequate sanitation. However, secondary sludge generation and handling is a major challenge of the AS process. This work reviews the sludge production potential in selected regions in South Africa including Midvaal, Emfuleni and Lesedi municipalities. Further, the sludge handling cost and potential methods of sludge minimization are discussed. This study found that the selected MWWTPs discharge effluent volume of between 3 and 65 ML/day with average COD of about 350 mg/L leading to sludge production of between 5 and 23 tons/day with an estimated handling cost of €57,000 to €320,000 per year. Some of the technologies reviewed for sludge minimization to cut down plant operation cost include chemical oxidation using ozone and potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), application of oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process, anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) combined with K2FeO4 oxidation side stream reactor (SSR), SANI® technology and use of anaerobic side stream reactor (ASSR) in the conventional activated sludge (AS) line.
Funding source: Water Research Commission
Award Identifier / Grant number: C2019/2020-00154
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Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This work was funded by the Water Research Commission South Africa project no C2019/2020-00154.
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Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Anticancer properties of arylchromenes and arylchromans: an overview
- Solid state lithium ion conductors for lithium batteries
- Performance and kinetics of a fluidized bed anaerobic reactor treating distillery effluent
- Use of biochemical markers for diabetes prevention in the new decade
- Antibreast cancer activities of phytochemicals from Anonna muricata using computer-aided drug design (CADD) approach
- Alkaline-earth metal(II) complexes of salinomycin – spectral properties and antibacterial activity
- Use of heterogeneous catalysis in sustainable biofuel production
- Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the stem bark of Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen
- A review of sludge production in South Africa municipal wastewater treatment plants, analysis of handling cost and potential minimization methods
- Cu-Catalysed tandem reactions for building poly hetero atom heterocycles-green chemistry tool
- Optimizing Cr(VI) adsorption parameters on magnetite (Fe3O4) and manganese doped magnetite (MnxFe(3-x)O4) nanoparticles
- Fabaceae: a significant flavonoid source for plant and human health
- A novel application of synthesised based squarylium dyes on nylon 6, and silk woven fabrics
- Chromatographic characterization of the fusion protein SARS-CoV-2 S protein (RBD)-hFc
- Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and a new chemotaxonomic marker in Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. Rubiaceae
- Extraction, isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Morinda lucida from Oshiegbe in Ebonyi State
- Lead optimisation efforts on a molecular prototype of the immunomodulatory parasitic protein ES-62
- Catalytic applications of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of bioactive scaffolds through the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds
- Synthesis, characterization, DFT and molecular docking studies of acetone O-((2,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl) oxime
- Design of membrane systems
- Conceptual design and cost-efficient environmentally Benign synthesis of beta-lactams
- Synthesis and characterization of alkaloid derived hydrazones and their metal (II) complexes
- The spontaneity of chemical reactions: challenges with handling the concept and its implications
- Copper nanoparticles catalyzed carbon–heteroatom bond formation and synthesis of related heterocycles by greener procedures
- Tellurium in carbohydrate synthesis
- Conformational preferences and intramolecular hydrogen bonding patterns of tetraflavaspidic acid BBBB – a tetrameric acylphloroglucinol
- Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Hibiscus Cannabinus seed oil
- Polyaniline mediated heterogeneous catalysis in the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives through carbon–heteroatom bond formations
- A comparison of two digestion methods and heavy metals determination in sediments
- Synthesis, properties and catalysis of quantum dots in C–C and C-heteroatom bond formations
- Recyclable magnetically retrievable nanocatalysts for C–heteroatom bond formation reactions
- Small molecules as next generation biofilm inhibitors and anti-infective agents
- Toxicity of tellurium and its compounds
- Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) based polymer and composites
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