Abstract
This article reports on a study that used the online MULTITEACH questionnaire to examine the relationship between the multilingual pedagogies 111 language teachers, employed in upper-secondary schools in Norway and Russia, reported implementing, their beliefs about how multilingualism benefitted students and teachers, and their self-assessed ability to teach language aspects and skills. The study also investigated whether sociobiographical variables and participants’ language habits outside of work affected their beliefs about multilingualism benefitting their students and implementation of multilingual pedagogies. The findings revealed that participants utilized multilingual pedagogies least frequently when teaching in first language contexts and that those who used foreign languages outside of work applied such pedagogies more frequently than participants who did not. Moreover, their beliefs about multilingualism benefitting their students were positively predicted by their beliefs about multilingualism benefitting teachers and negatively predicted by their support of the monolingual approach to language learning and teaching.
References
Aronin, Larissa. 2019. Dominant Language Constellation as a method of research. In Eva Vetter & Ulrike Jessner (eds.), International research on multilingualism: Breaking with the monolingual perspective, 13–26. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-21380-0_2Suche in Google Scholar
Aronin, Larissa, Joshua Fishman, David Singleton & Muiris Ó. Laoire. 2013. Current multilingualism: A new linguistic dispensation. In David Singleton, Joshua Fishman, Larissa Aronin & Muiris Ó. Laoire (eds.), Current multilingualism, 3–23. Berlin: Walter de Gruyton.10.1515/9781614512813.3Suche in Google Scholar
Aslan, Erhan. 2015. When the native is also a non-native: “Retrodicting” the complexity of language teacher cognition. Canadian Modern Language Review 71(3). 244–269. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2575.Suche in Google Scholar
Baranova, Tatiana, Dmitriy Mokhorov, Aleksandra Kobicheva & Tokareva Elena. 2021. Assessment of the application of content and language integrated learning in a multilingual classroom. Education Sciences 11(12). 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120808.Suche in Google Scholar
Barras, Malgorzata, Elisabeth Peyer & Gabriela Lüthi. 2019. Mehrsprachigkeitsdidaktik im schulischen Fremdsprachenunterricht: Die Sicht der Lehrpersonen. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 24(2). 377–403.Suche in Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael. 2021. The extraordinary ordinary: Re-engineering multilingualism as a natural category. Language Learning 71(S1). 80–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12407.Suche in Google Scholar
Brown, Amanda. 2021. Monolingual versus multilingual foreign language teaching: French and Arabic at beginning levels. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168821990347.Suche in Google Scholar
Busch, Brigitta. 2011. Trends and innovative practices in multilingual education in Europe: An overview. International Review of Education 57(5). 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9257-1.Suche in Google Scholar
Calafato, Raees. 2020a. Evaluating teacher multilingualism across contexts and multiple languages: Validation and insights. Heliyon 6(8). e04471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04471.Suche in Google Scholar
Calafato, Raees. 2021a. Teachers’ reported implementation of multilingual teaching practices in foreign language classrooms in Norway and Russia. Teaching and Teacher Education 105. 103401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103401.Suche in Google Scholar
Calafato, Raees. 2021b. “I feel like it’s giving me a lot as a language teacher to be a learner myself”: Factors affecting the implementation of a multilingual pedagogy as reported by teachers of diverse languages. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 11(4). 579–606. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.4.5.Suche in Google Scholar
Calafato, Raees. 2022a. Fidelity to participants when researching multilingual language teachers: A systematic review. The Review of Education 10(1). e3344. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3344.Suche in Google Scholar
Calafato, Raees. 2022b. Multilingual teacher identity in the Emirates: Implications for language policy and education. In Sarah Hopkyns & Wafa Zoghbor (eds.), Linguistic identities in the Arab Gulf states: Waves of change, 198–214. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781003149637-16Suche in Google Scholar
Candelier, Michel (ed.). 2004. Janua Linguarum – The gateway to languages. The introduction of language awareness into the curriculum: Awakening to languages. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Suche in Google Scholar
Catalano, Theresa & Edmund T. Hamann. 2016. Multilingual pedagogies and pre-service teachers: Implementing “language as a resource” orientations in teacher education programs. Bilingual Research Journal 39(3–4). 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2016.1229701.Suche in Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone. 2013. Defining multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33. 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s026719051300007x.Suche in Google Scholar
Christison, Mary Ann, AnnaKrulatz & Yeşim Sevinç. 2021. Supporting teachers of multilingual young learners: Multilingual approach to diversity in education (MADE). In Joanna Rokita-Jaśkow & Agata Wolanin (eds.), Facing diversity in child foreign language education, 271–289. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-66022-2_15Suche in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian. 2016. Premises of multi-competence. In Vivian Cook & Wei Li (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic multicompetence, 1–25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107425965.001Suche in Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1976. The influence of bilingualism on cognitive growth: A synthesis of research findings and explanatory hypothesis. Working Papers on Bilingualism 9. 1–43.Suche in Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, Eduardo Henrique Diniz. 2011. Nonnative English-speaking teachers in the United States: Issues of identity. Language and Education 25(5). 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2011.574702.Suche in Google Scholar
Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang & Axel Buchner. 2007. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39. 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.Suche in Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 1989. Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Brain and Language 36(1). 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(89)90048-5.Suche in Google Scholar
Hegna, Jorunn & Heike Speitz. 2020. PPU-studenters oppfatninger om elevenes flerspråklighet som ressurs i alle fag. Norsk Pedagogisk Tidsskrift 104(1). 18–29. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2987-2020-01-03.Suche in Google Scholar
Higgins, Christina & Eva Ponte. 2017. Legitimating multilingual teacher identities in the mainstream classroom. The Modern Language Journal 101(S1). 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12372.Suche in Google Scholar
Huang, Ting, Hanneke Loerts & Rasmus Steinkrauss. 2022. The impact of second-and third-language learning on language aptitude and working memory. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25(2). 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1703894.Suche in Google Scholar
Jessner, Ulrike. 2008. A DST model of multilingualism and the role of metalinguistic awareness. The Modern Language Journal 92(2). 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00718.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Jiang, Yih-Lin Belinda, Georgia Earnest García & Arlette Ingram Willis. 2014. Code-mixing as a bilingual instructional strategy. Bilingual Research Journal 37(3). 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2014.963738.Suche in Google Scholar
Kaushanskaya, Margarita, Jeewon Yoo & Viorica Marian. 2011. The effect of second-language experience on native-language processing. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics 8. 54–77.Suche in Google Scholar
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2002. Language acquisition and language use from a chaos/complexity theory perspective. In Claire Kramsch (ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization: Ecological perspectives, 33–46. London: Continuum.Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, Jang Ho. 2016. Exploring non-native English-speaking teachers’ beliefs about the monolingual approach: Differences between pre-service and in-service Korean teachers of English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(8). 759–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1133629.Suche in Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, AnnaKrulatz & Eivind Nessa Torgersen. 2021. Embracing linguistic and cultural diversity in multilingual EAL classrooms: The impact of professional development on teacher beliefs and practice. Teaching and Teacher Education 105. 103428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103428.Suche in Google Scholar
Minobr. 2021. Federal state educational standards. Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Available at: https://fgos.ru/.Suche in Google Scholar
Ng, Patrick Chin Leong. 2018. Overcoming institutional native speakerism: The experience of one teacher. In Stephanie Houghton & Kayoko Hashimoto (eds.), Towards post-native-speakerism: Intercultural communication and language education, 3–15. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-10-7162-1_1Suche in Google Scholar
Olaussen, Andrea Hjertås & Irmelin Kjelaas. 2020. “De det er jobb med og som ikke har kommet noen vei”: Norsklæreres forestillinger om flerspråklighet i skolen. Målbryting 11. 53–80.10.7557/17.5589Suche in Google Scholar
Otwinowska, Agnieszka. 2014. Does multilingualism influence plurilingual awareness of Polish teachers of English? International Journal of Multilingualism 11(1). 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2013.820730.Suche in Google Scholar
Otwinowska, Agnieszka. 2015. Attitudes towards bilingual and multilingual language use: The Western and Central-European perspective. In Cognate vocabulary in language acquisition and use: Attitudes, awareness, activation, 18–28. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783094394-004Suche in Google Scholar
Papagno, Constanza & Giuseppe Vallar. 1995. Verbal short-term memory and vocabulary learning in polyglots. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48. 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401378.Suche in Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta. 2006. Bilingual selves. In Aneta Pavlenko (ed.), Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression and representation, 1–33. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853598746-003Suche in Google Scholar
Plonsky, Luke & Frederick L. Oswald. 2014. How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning 64(4). 878–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12079.Suche in Google Scholar
Safford, Kimberly & Alison Kelly. 2010. Linguistic capital of trainee teachers: Knowledge worth having? Language and Education 24(5). 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500781003695567.Suche in Google Scholar
Schedel, Larissa Semiramis & Audrey Bonvin. 2017. „Je parle pas l’allemand. Mais je compare en français“: LehrerInnenperspektiven auf Sprachvergleiche. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 22(2). 116–127.Suche in Google Scholar
Sullivan, Gail M. & Richard Feinn. 2012. Using effect size—or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education 4(3). 279–282. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-12-00156.1.Suche in Google Scholar
Tang, Fei & Raees Calafato. 2021. Multilingual, bilingual, and monolingual Arabic teachers’ development of learner self-regulation and language awareness in the Emirates. Foreign Language Annals 54(1). 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12515.Suche in Google Scholar
Taylor, Shelley K. & Kristin Snoddon. 2013. Plurilingualism in TESOL: Promising controversies. TESOL Quarterly 47(3). 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.127.Suche in Google Scholar
Tishakov, Theresé & Dina Tsagari. 2022. Language beliefs of English teachers in Norway: Trajectories in transition? Languages 7(2). 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7020141.Suche in Google Scholar
Utdanningsdirektoratet. 2019. Læreplan i norsk (NOR01-06) [Curriculum for Norwegian]. Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. Available at: https://www.udir.no/lk20/nor01-06.Suche in Google Scholar
Utdanningsdirektoratet. 2020a. Læreplan i fremmedspråk (FSP01-02) [Foreign language curriculum]. Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. Available at: https://www.udir.no/lk20/fsp01-02.Suche in Google Scholar
Utdanningsdirektoratet. 2020b. Læreplan i engelsk (ENG01-04) [Curriculum for English]. Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. Available at: https://www.udir.no/lk20/eng01-04.Suche in Google Scholar
Vikøy, Aasne & Åsta Haukås. 2021. Norwegian L1 teachers’ beliefs about a multilingual approach in increasingly diverse classrooms. International Journal of Multilingualism.10.1080/14790718.2021.1961779Suche in Google Scholar
Wagner, Christopher J. 2021. Online teacher inquiry as a professional learning model for multilingual early childhood educators. Early Childhood Education Journal 49. 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01060-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Wernicke, Meike. 2018. Plurilingualism as agentive resource in L2 teacher identity. System 79. 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.07.005.Suche in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2022-0019).
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Consolidating EFL content and vocabulary learning via interactive reading
- Understanding salient trajectories and emerging profiles in the development of Chinese learners’ motivation: a growth mixture modeling approach
- Multilingual pedagogies in first versus foreign language contexts: a cross-country study of language teachers
- Classroom assessment and learning motivation: insights from secondary school EFL classrooms
- Interculturality and Islam in Indonesia’s high-school EFL classrooms
- Collaborative writing in an EFL secondary setting: the role of task complexity
- Spanish heritage speakers’ processing of lexical stress
- Effectiveness of second language collocation instruction: a meta-analysis
- Understanding the Usefulness of E-Portfolios: Linking Artefacts, Reflection, and Validation
- Syntactic prediction in L2 learners: evidence from English disjunction processing
- The cognitive construction-grammar approach to teaching the Chinese Ba construction in a foreign language classroom
- The predictive roles of enjoyment, anxiety, willingness to communicate on students’ performance in English public speaking classes
- Speaking proficiency development in EFL classrooms: measuring the differential effect of TBLT and PPP teaching approaches
- L2 textbook input and L2 written production: a case of Korean locative postposition–verb construction
- What does the processing of chunks by learners of Chinese tell us? An acceptability judgment investigation
- Comparative analysis of written corrective feedback strategies: a linear growth modeling approach
- Enjoyment in language teaching: a study into EFL teachers’ subjectivities
- Students’ attitude and motivation towards concept mapping-based prewriting strategies
- Pronunciation pedagogy in English as a foreign language teacher education programs in Vietnam
- The role of language aptitude probed within extensive instruction experience: morphosyntactic knowledge of advanced users of L2 English
- The impact of different glossing conditions on the learning of EFL single words and collocations in reading
- Patterns of motivational beliefs among high-, medium-, and low-achieving English learners in China
- The effect of linguistic choices in note-taking on academic listening performance: a pedagogical translanguaging perspective
- A latent profile analysis of Chinese EFL learners’ enjoyment and anxiety in reading and writing: associations with imaginative capacity and story continuation writing performance
- Effects of monolingual and bilingual subtitles on L2 vocabulary acquisition
- Task complexity, task repetition, and L2 writing complexity: exploring interactions in the TBLT domain
- Expansion of verb-argument construction repertoires in L2 English writing
- Immediate versus delayed prompts, field dependence and independence cognitive style and L2 development
- Aural vocabulary, orthographic vocabulary, and listening comprehension
- The use of metadiscourse by secondary-level Chinese learners of English in examination scripts: insights from a corpus-based study
- Scoping review of research methodologies across language studies with deaf and hard-of-hearing multilingual learners
- Exploring immediate and prolonged effects of collaborative writing on young learners’ texts: L2 versus FL
- Discrepancy in prosodic disambiguation strategies between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers
- Exploring the state of research on motivation in second language learning: a review and a reliability generalization meta-analysis
- Japanese complaint responses in textbook dialogues and ordinary conversations: learning objects to expand interactional repertoires
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Consolidating EFL content and vocabulary learning via interactive reading
- Understanding salient trajectories and emerging profiles in the development of Chinese learners’ motivation: a growth mixture modeling approach
- Multilingual pedagogies in first versus foreign language contexts: a cross-country study of language teachers
- Classroom assessment and learning motivation: insights from secondary school EFL classrooms
- Interculturality and Islam in Indonesia’s high-school EFL classrooms
- Collaborative writing in an EFL secondary setting: the role of task complexity
- Spanish heritage speakers’ processing of lexical stress
- Effectiveness of second language collocation instruction: a meta-analysis
- Understanding the Usefulness of E-Portfolios: Linking Artefacts, Reflection, and Validation
- Syntactic prediction in L2 learners: evidence from English disjunction processing
- The cognitive construction-grammar approach to teaching the Chinese Ba construction in a foreign language classroom
- The predictive roles of enjoyment, anxiety, willingness to communicate on students’ performance in English public speaking classes
- Speaking proficiency development in EFL classrooms: measuring the differential effect of TBLT and PPP teaching approaches
- L2 textbook input and L2 written production: a case of Korean locative postposition–verb construction
- What does the processing of chunks by learners of Chinese tell us? An acceptability judgment investigation
- Comparative analysis of written corrective feedback strategies: a linear growth modeling approach
- Enjoyment in language teaching: a study into EFL teachers’ subjectivities
- Students’ attitude and motivation towards concept mapping-based prewriting strategies
- Pronunciation pedagogy in English as a foreign language teacher education programs in Vietnam
- The role of language aptitude probed within extensive instruction experience: morphosyntactic knowledge of advanced users of L2 English
- The impact of different glossing conditions on the learning of EFL single words and collocations in reading
- Patterns of motivational beliefs among high-, medium-, and low-achieving English learners in China
- The effect of linguistic choices in note-taking on academic listening performance: a pedagogical translanguaging perspective
- A latent profile analysis of Chinese EFL learners’ enjoyment and anxiety in reading and writing: associations with imaginative capacity and story continuation writing performance
- Effects of monolingual and bilingual subtitles on L2 vocabulary acquisition
- Task complexity, task repetition, and L2 writing complexity: exploring interactions in the TBLT domain
- Expansion of verb-argument construction repertoires in L2 English writing
- Immediate versus delayed prompts, field dependence and independence cognitive style and L2 development
- Aural vocabulary, orthographic vocabulary, and listening comprehension
- The use of metadiscourse by secondary-level Chinese learners of English in examination scripts: insights from a corpus-based study
- Scoping review of research methodologies across language studies with deaf and hard-of-hearing multilingual learners
- Exploring immediate and prolonged effects of collaborative writing on young learners’ texts: L2 versus FL
- Discrepancy in prosodic disambiguation strategies between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers
- Exploring the state of research on motivation in second language learning: a review and a reliability generalization meta-analysis
- Japanese complaint responses in textbook dialogues and ordinary conversations: learning objects to expand interactional repertoires