Abstract
Nanocrystalline nickel produced by pulsed electrolysis was heat-treated to produce grain sizes from nanoscale to microscale. A special polish allowed to image the specimen with an atomic force microscope (AFM) down to a grain size of 30 nm. Micro- and instrumented nanohardness of these specimens were examined. A NI-AFM (Nanoindenting AFM) was used to measure the interaction between grain boundaries and dislocations. Nanoindentation was performed always in the center of the grains. When the size of the indent was kept constant (constant strain) it could be shown that the hardness scales with the dislocation density within the grains. However, when the size of the indent approached the grain size, the plastic zone spread over several grains and a decrease in hardness was observed. In addition, with deceasing grain size, grain boundary sliding was observed even at room temperature.
-
The support of this work under the contract number SFB 277 (B8) is gratefully acknowledged. One author (Bo Yang) is grateful to Prof. Mathias Göken, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, for his advice and help, and to Prof. Hempelmann (Physical Chemistry, SFB 277), for the nano-nickel.
References
[1] D. McLean: Grain Boundaries in Metals, Oxford University Press (1995).Search in Google Scholar
[2] V. Randle: Acta Mater. 46 (1997) 1459.10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00338-8Search in Google Scholar
[3] H. Vehoff: Surf. Int. Analysis 12 (1988) 225.10.1002/sia.740120311Search in Google Scholar
[4] T. Hasegawa, Y. Sakurai, K. Okazaki: Mater. Sci. Eng. A 346 (2003) 34.10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00533-6Search in Google Scholar
[5] H. Vehoff, C. Laird, D.J. Duquette: Acta metall. 35 (1987) 2877.10.1016/0001-6160(87)90286-0Search in Google Scholar
[6] R.L. Coble: J. Appl. Phys. 34 (1963) 1679.10.1063/1.1702656Search in Google Scholar
[7] S.S. Sahay, C.P. Malhotra, A.M. Kolkhede: Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 339.10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00398-1Search in Google Scholar
[8] J. Petch: J. Iron Steel Inst. 174 (1953) 25.Search in Google Scholar
[9] E.O. Hall: Proc. Phys. Soc. London B 64 (1951) 747.10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303Search in Google Scholar
[10] K. Lu, H.Y. Zhang; Y. Zhong, H.J. Fecht: J. Mater. Res. 12 (1997) 923.10.1557/JMR.1997.0132Search in Google Scholar
[11] M.Yu. Gutkin, I.A. Ovid’ko, C.S. Pande: Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 2 (2001) 80.Search in Google Scholar
[12] R.W. Siegel, G.E. Fougere: Nanostructured Mater. 6 (1995) 205.10.1016/0965-9773(95)00044-5Search in Google Scholar
[13] J. Schiotz, F.D. Di Tolla, K.W. Jacobsen: Nature 391 (1998) 56110.1038/35328Search in Google Scholar
[14] C.S. Pande, R.A. Masumura, P.M. Hazzledine: Mater. Phys. Mech. 5 (2002) 16.Search in Google Scholar
[15] R.S. Mishra, S.X. McFadden, R.Z. Valiev, A.K. Mukherjee: JOM 51 (1999) 37.10.1007/s11837-999-0010-1Search in Google Scholar
[16] A.A. Fedorov, M.Yu. Gutkin, I.A. Ovid’ko: Scripta Mater. 47 (2002) 51.10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00096-9Search in Google Scholar
[17] Y. Zhou, U. Erb, K.T. Aust, G. Palumbo: Scripta Mater. 48 (2003) 825.10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00511-0Search in Google Scholar
[18] K.S. Kumar, S. Suresh, M.F. Chisholm, J.A. Horton, P. Wang: Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 387.10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00421-4Search in Google Scholar
[19] M. Göken, M. Kempf: Z. Metallkd. 92 (2001) 1061.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Y. Gaillard, C. Tromas, J. Woirgard: Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 1059.10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00509-8Search in Google Scholar
[21] K. Durst, M. Göken and H. Vehoff: J. Mat. Res.19 (2004) 85.10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.85Search in Google Scholar
[22] M. Göken, M. Kempf: Acta Mater. 47 (1999) 1043.10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00377-2Search in Google Scholar
[23] M. Kempf, M. Göken, H. Vehoff: Mat. Sci. & Eng. A 329–331 (2002) 184.10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01561-1Search in Google Scholar
[24] W.D. Oliver, G.M. Pharr: J. Mater. Res. 7 (1992) 6.10.1557/JMR.1992.1564Search in Google Scholar
[25] F. Endres, M. Bukowski, R. Hempelman, H. Natter: Angew. Chem. 115 (2003) 3550.10.1002/ange.200350912Search in Google Scholar
[26] G.E. Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1986).Search in Google Scholar
[27] N.A. Stelmashenko, M.G. Walls, L.M. Brown, Y.V. Milman: Acta Metall. Mater. 41 (1993) 2855.10.1016/0956-7151(93)90100-7Search in Google Scholar
[28] W.D. Nix, H. Gao: J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 411.10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00086-0Search in Google Scholar
[29] K. Durst: Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes, Der Andere Verlag, Osnabrück (2003).Search in Google Scholar
[30] J.C.M. Li: Trans. AIME 227 (1963) 239.Search in Google Scholar
© 2004 Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Articles Basic
- Thermally assisted motion of dislocations in solid solution-strengthened fcc alloys and the concept of “stress equivalence”
- From single to collective dislocation glide instabilities: A hierarchy of scales, embracing the Neumann strain bursts
- Geometry and surface state effects on the mechanical response of Au nanostructures
- Microstructural evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of Cu–Ag microcomposites
- Deformation behaviour of strontium titanate between room temperature and 1800 K under ambient pressure
- The deformation response of ultra-thin polymer films on steel sheet in a tensile straining test: the role of slip bands emerging at the polymer/metal interface
- Influence of dissolved gas molecules on the size recovery kinetics of cold-rolled BPA-PC
- Comparison between Monte Carlo and Cluster Variation method calculations in the BCC Fe–Al system including tetrahedron interactions
- Experimental study and Cluster Variation modelling of the A2/B2 equilibria at the titanium-rich side of the Ti–Fe system
- Phases and phase equilibria in the Fe–Al–Zr system
- On the plate-like τ-phase formation in MnAl–C alloys
- Articles Applied
- The grain boundary hardness in austenitic stainless steels studied by nanoindentations
- The effect of grain size on the mechanical properties of nanonickel examined by nanoindentation
- Microstructures and mechanical properties of V–V3Si eutectic composites
- Grain boundary characterization and grain size measurement in an ultrafine-grained steel
- On the determination of the volume fraction of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in binary Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloys
- Mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr alloys in relation to microstructure and atomic defects
- Characterization of the cyclic deformation behaviour and fatigue crack initiation on titanium in physiological media by electrochemical techniques
- Effect of prestraining on high-temperature fatigue behaviour of two Ni-base superalloys
- Influence of surface defects and edge geometry on the bending strength of slip-cast ZrO2 micro-specimens
- Tensile failure in a superplastic alumina
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/Personelles
- Conferences/Konferenzen
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Articles Basic
- Thermally assisted motion of dislocations in solid solution-strengthened fcc alloys and the concept of “stress equivalence”
- From single to collective dislocation glide instabilities: A hierarchy of scales, embracing the Neumann strain bursts
- Geometry and surface state effects on the mechanical response of Au nanostructures
- Microstructural evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of Cu–Ag microcomposites
- Deformation behaviour of strontium titanate between room temperature and 1800 K under ambient pressure
- The deformation response of ultra-thin polymer films on steel sheet in a tensile straining test: the role of slip bands emerging at the polymer/metal interface
- Influence of dissolved gas molecules on the size recovery kinetics of cold-rolled BPA-PC
- Comparison between Monte Carlo and Cluster Variation method calculations in the BCC Fe–Al system including tetrahedron interactions
- Experimental study and Cluster Variation modelling of the A2/B2 equilibria at the titanium-rich side of the Ti–Fe system
- Phases and phase equilibria in the Fe–Al–Zr system
- On the plate-like τ-phase formation in MnAl–C alloys
- Articles Applied
- The grain boundary hardness in austenitic stainless steels studied by nanoindentations
- The effect of grain size on the mechanical properties of nanonickel examined by nanoindentation
- Microstructures and mechanical properties of V–V3Si eutectic composites
- Grain boundary characterization and grain size measurement in an ultrafine-grained steel
- On the determination of the volume fraction of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in binary Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloys
- Mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr alloys in relation to microstructure and atomic defects
- Characterization of the cyclic deformation behaviour and fatigue crack initiation on titanium in physiological media by electrochemical techniques
- Effect of prestraining on high-temperature fatigue behaviour of two Ni-base superalloys
- Influence of surface defects and edge geometry on the bending strength of slip-cast ZrO2 micro-specimens
- Tensile failure in a superplastic alumina
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/Personelles
- Conferences/Konferenzen