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Structure optimization of continuous casting tundish with channel-type induction heating using mathematical modeling

  • Bin Yang EMAIL logo , Kun Liu , Hong Lei and Peng Han
Published/Copyright: August 29, 2022
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 41 Issue 1

Abstract

There are few studies on the shape and structure of the channel-type induction heating tundish on multi-physics field. Computational fluid dynamics has been used to study the influence of the structure of the tundish on the macroscopic transport behavior of the tundish with channel induction heating. The results show that increasing the depth of the molten pool is conducive to dynamic behavior of multiphase, the deeper the molten pool, the larger the active area, the longer residence time, the more inclusions removal and the higher ratio of plug to dead volume. Meanwhile, the larger the channel diameter, the more inclusions removal in the receiving chamber and channel. The channel induction heating has enough ability to increase the superheat and temperature compensate for the heat loss caused by the excessive residence time of the molten steel in the tundish. The change in the channel structure is crucial to the macroscopic transport behavior of the fluid. The change in channel diameter has the greatest effect on the multi-physics field in the molten pool.

Keywords: channel; induction heating; chamber; inclusion; flow

1 Introduction

Steel cleanliness, strict composition and suitable superheat are becoming the primary concerns of steelmakers. The tundish is basically an intermediate vessel placed between the ladle and the mold and as the last metallurgical vessel before solidifying in the continuous casting mold [1,2,3]. Function of a tundish include delivery of clean molten steel to different strands at required needs. Therefore, a modern continuous casting tundish is furnished with flow control devices for carrying out various metallurgical operations, inclusion collision-coalescence, floatation, alloy trimming, induction heating, superheat control, thermal and particulate homogenization [4,5,6,7,8]. Many investigations have been carried out on the abovementioned metallurgical process in the tundish by physical experiments, industrial experiment and mathematical modeling [9,10,11,12,13]. However, the tundish with channel-type induction heating is a unique style of metallurgical container which is a recent novel technology equipped with heating function and electromagnetic force control units to produce improved quality casting strands and their hot rolling products. The studies and applications regarding this issue are presented with special attention for the understanding, new findings, and suggestions for the novel tundish technology for its applications and further improved steel quality.

At present, the actual industrial production of the channel-type induction heating tundish in China has not been widely promoted, and only a few steel mills are currently in trial operation. The function of the tundish is to improve the superheat and inclusion removal, and the previous studies of the tundish was focus on electromagnetic field, flow field, temperature field and inclusion field [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. But the effect on macroscopic transport behavior of the tundish structure is rarely reported [13,14,15,19,20,21,22], in order to provide the mold with molten steel whose composition and temperature meet the requirements.

Electromagnetic conditions [22], fluid flow [20], heat transfer [20], flow characteristics [21], and inclusion collision coalescence and removal process and kinetic models [17] have been studied and explored in detail in previous studies by the author. In the present work, three sets of multi-physics field were developed to show the macroscopic dynamics behavior in the tundish with channel-type induction heating, with molten pools of different depths, channel diameter and induction heating power. The fluid flow, temperature compensate, residence time distribution and inclusion spatial distribution were generated by performing the CFD simulation to analyze and investigate the desired characteristics for transport behavior in the tundish with channel induction heating. The objective of the current work is to compare and analyze the macroscopic dynamics transport behavior of multiple physical fields developed by numerical simulation.

2 Model development

2.1 Physical model description

Figure 1 shows the mesh, front view and top view of tundish. Simulation was performed for three important parameters that have a great influence on flow behavior for molten steel, the depth of the molten pool, diameter of the channel and induction heating power.

Figure 1 Schematic of tundish with channel-type induction heating (all lengths are in mm).
Figure 1

Schematic of tundish with channel-type induction heating (all lengths are in mm).

Table 1 shows the three sets of the tundish with channel induction heating. Case 1 to case 4 is the first group, case 5 to case 9 is the second group and case 10 to case 13 is the third group.

Table 1

Simulation performed for following cases

Characteristics Cases Parameters (mm)
Depth of molten pool Case 1 H = 1,000
Case 2 H = 1,125
Case 3 H = 1,250
Case 4 H = 1,400
Diameter of channel Case 5 D = 100
Case 6 D = 150
Case 7 D = 200
Case 8 D = 250
Case 9 D = 300
Induction heating power Case 10 P = 100 kW
Case 11 P = 400 kW
Case 12 P = 800 kW
Case 13 P = 1,600 kW

2.2 Mathematical formulation

2.2.1 Assumptions

The main assumptions for the analysis of the collision-coalescence of inclusions in molten steel are:

  1. The inclusions are spherical.

  2. The effect of inclusion on the macroscopic flow morphology of molten steel is ignored.

  3. The inclusion phase can be treated as continuous.

  4. An inclusion is removed once it touches the slag layer of tundish, tundish wall, or channel wall.

  5. The molten steel is an incompressible Newtonian fluid.

  6. The flow of molten steel in the tundish is at the steady state.

  7. The physical parameter of tracer is the same with molten steel in the tundish.

2.2.2 Maxwell’s equations

In the region of molten steel, the following subset of Maxwell’s equations applies:

(1) ∇ × H ⇀ = σ E → ,

(2) ∇ × E ⇀ = − ∂ B ⇀ ∂ t ,

(3) ∇ ⋅ B ⇀ = 0 .

In the other region, which contains source current J → s , the equations relating the various physical quantities are constituted by the following subset of Maxwell’s equations:

(4) ∇ × H ⇀ = J → s ,

(5) ∇ ⋅ B ⇀ = 0 .

2.2.3 Fluid flow

In the case of the channel-type induction heating, the momentum conservation equations should consider the electromagnetic force J → × B → on the fluid flow:

(6) ∇ ⋅ u ⇀ = 0 ,

(7) ∇ ⋅ ( ρ u ⇀ u ⇀ ) = − ∇ p + ρ g ⇀ + ∇ ⋅ [ μ eff ( ∇ u ⇀ + ( ∇ u ⇀ ) T )] + J → × B → .

2.2.4 Heat transfer

(8) ∂ ( ρ C P T ) ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ T u ⇀ ) = ∇ ⋅ ( λ ∇ T ) + σ J 2 .

2.2.5 Turbulent kinetic energy and rate of dissipation

A conventional curvature streamline of molten steel would be formed under the tundish. Therefore, the two-equation k − ε turbulent model is adopted to determine the effective viscosity [3,16,17,19,20,21,22,23]:

(9) ∂ ( ρ f k ) ∂ t + ∂ ( ρ f k u → f ) ∂ x j = ∂ ∂ x j ( μ + u e f f σ k ) ∂ k ∂ x j + G k − ρ f ε ,

(10) ∂ ( ρ f ε ) ∂ t + ∂ ( ρ f ε u j ) ∂ x j = ∂ ∂ x j ( μ + u e f f σ ε ) ∂ ε ∂ x j + C 1 ε ε k G k − C 2 ε ρ f ε 2 k .

2.2.6 Solute transfer

(11) ∂ ( ρ f C o ) ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ f u ⇀ f C o ) = ∇ ⋅ ( D e f f . ∇ C o ) .

2.2.7 Inclusion collision-coalescence model

The inclusion model which is verified by the industrial experiment [23] is applied to describe the inclusion collision-aggregation in the tundish:

(12) ∇ ⋅ ( ρ f u → C C ) = ∇ ⋅ ( ρ f D eff,C ∇ C ),

(13) ∇ ⋅ ( ρ f u → N N ) = ∇ ⋅ ( ρ f D eff , N ∇ N ) + S N .

With D eff = D 0 + μ t / ρ f S c t

S N is related to the inclusion collision-coalescence in the molten steel [22].

(14) S N = S turb + S Stokes = 2.6 α π ρ f ε μ l 0.5 N 2 r ⁎ 3 + 10 9 6 3 π g → Δ ρ μ l N 2 r ⁎ 4 ,

where r ⁎ = 3 C 4 π N 3 is the characteristic inclusion radius. The constants of the k − ε two-equation turbulence model are taken as: C 1 = 1.44, C 2 = 1.92, σ k = 1.0 and σ ε = 1.3.

The inclusion collision-coalescence model is applied to all types of inclusion, the main component of the particles is Al2O3, the aggregation of particles is mainly related to the density and radius size of inclusions, and therefore, the model is able to predict the spatial distribution of the vast majority of inclusions in the metallurgical vessel.

In this article, the classic combined model [23] is applied to calculate the plug zone (V pv), the well mixed zone (V mv) and the dead zone (V dv) of the tundish.

2.3 Boundary conditions

Electromagnetic field: flux parallel boundary condition is imposed on the exterior surface of the computational domain which is discretized by using 500,000 nonuniform tetrahedral grids [22].

Flow field: four types of boundaries enclose the domain: the inlet, the outlet, free surface and the solid wall. The wall-function method is applied near the wall [20,21].

Temperature field: here also there are four types of boundaries, the inlet, the outlet, free surface and the tundish wall [20,21,22,23].

Tracer field: the tracer concentration is considered to be impervious for tundish wall [21], the other boundary conditions of inclusion can be found in Table 2.

Table 2

Boundary condition for tracer transport

Inlet Wall Outlet Free surface
∂ C 0 ∂ n = 0 ∂ C 0 ∂ n = 0 ∂ C 0 ∂ n = 0 ∂ C 0 ∂ n = 0

Inclusion field: two mechanisms for inclusion to move toward the free surface and the tundish wall: diffusion and convection [17].

(15) F C c = u p , c C ,

(16) F N c = u p , N N ,

(17) F C d = 16 π 3 C 2 6 3 N r ⁎ 4 ,

(18) F N d = C 2 6 3 N r ⁎ .

The other boundary conditions of inclusion can be found in Table 3.

Table 3

Boundary conditions of inclusion

Parameter C N
Inlet Constant Constant
Outlet ∂ C ∂ n = 0 ∂ N ∂ n = 0
Tundish wall F C c + F C d F N c + F N d
Free surface F C c + F C d F N c + F N d

2.4 Grid system, convergence criteria and numerical solution

The tundish domain is discretized by using a nonuniform grid system which encloses the computational domain. The number of grids is about 300,000. ANSYS CFX software (version 11.0, ANSYS, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2008) is applied to solve these partial differential equations in order to obtain the multi-physics field, the convective discrete scheme adopts first-order upwind style, the convergence criteria is that the normalized residual for variables should be less than 10−5.

The calculation procedure can be described as follows:

  1. Finite element method is applied to solve the Maxwell’s equation.

  2. A Fortran program is applied to do the interpolation of electromagnetic body force per unit and Joule heat power density from ANSYS to CFX.

  3. Finite volume method is applied to solve the mass/momentum/energy equations, tracer transport equation and the k − ε turbulence equation.

  4. Finite volume method is applied to solve the inclusion mass conservation and number conservation equations.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Model validation

The mathematical model of flow field, temperature field, electromagnetic force, inclusion field and solute field has been verified in previous papers [17,20,21,22], hence, no need to elaborate here.

3.2 Comparison of performance of tundish at different molten pool depth

The plant has operated at different molten pool depth. It was expected that the results can be altered due to the effect of change in the molten pool depth.

Table 4 shows some noticeable information: (1) The effective volume increases gradually with the increase in the molten pool depth of receiving chamber within a limited range, from 0.875 to 0.884, an increment of 0.9%, the reason for this can be attributed to the long mean residence time of molten steel, from 1812.48 to 2011.71 s. Meanwhile, long mean residence time is conducive to decrease dead volume fraction, from 12.49 to 11.58%, a decrease of 0.91% and increase the high ratio of plug to dead volume, from 0.400 to 0.415, an increase of 1.5%. Therefore, the investigations have shown that if the molten pool depth of receiving chamber increased, then the hydrodynamic conditions in the tundish are significantly improved. (2) The longer mean residence time of molten steel could lead to a temperature decrease, comparing case 1 and case 4, only a decrease of 0.5℃ due to the constant Joule heat, the heat loss mainly comes from the free surface, side wall and channel wall of tundish. If there is no external heat source, the temperature drop will be increased for the tundish with large capacity. Therefore, the channel induction heating is essential to produce the high-quality steel in continuous casting tundish. To sum up, the thermal effect can effectively compensate for the heat loss caused by the excessive residence time of the molten steel in the tundish.

Table 4

Analysis results for the residence time distribution (RTD) curve and temperature value for cases

Cases V 1 / V 3 t a v (s) t s (s) t a v / t s V P V (%) V D V (%) V M V (%) V P V / V D V T outlet (K)
Case 1 0.539 1812.48 2071.2 0.875 24.96 12.49 62.55 0.400 1812.6
Case 2 0.593 1889.68 2142.9 0.882 25.55 11.82 62.63 0.408 1812.5
Case 3 0.644 1953.44 2210.9 0.884 25.85 11.65 62.50 0.414 1812.2
Case 4 0.691 2011.71 2275.2 0.884 25.93 11.58 62.49 0.415 1812.1

Note: V 1 represents the volume of receiving chamber and V 3 represents the volume of discharging chamber.

The inclusion removal rate and characteristic inclusion radius at outlet can be seen from Figure 2. The result shows that a deeper molten pool depth can lead to a slight improvement in inclusions removal, from 42.0 to 43.9%, and the size of the inclusions slightly increased from 3.64 to 3.85 µm, due to the longer mean residence time for large capacity tundish that can be seen in Table 4. Therefore, increasing the depth of the molten pool can increase the inclusions removal and the collisions probability of inclusions. And if the heat loss is less than guaranteed, extending the residence time of molten steel as much as possible is beneficial for continuous casting.

Figure 2 Inclusion removal rate and characteristic inclusion radius of tundish with different molten pool depths.
Figure 2

Inclusion removal rate and characteristic inclusion radius of tundish with different molten pool depths.

3.3 Comparison of performance of tundish at different diameters of channel

Table 5 shows the fluid flow characteristics obtained by performing the RTD analysis. The flow characteristics of the fluid do not show regular pattern due to the small change in tundish volume. Therefore, the inclusion field could act as an assessment criterion to evaluate the effect of channel diameter on the fluid flow, heat transfer and inclusion spatial distribution in the tundish with channel-type induction heating.

Table 5

Analysis results for the RTD curve for case 5 to case 9

Cases t max (s) t max (s) t a v (s) t s (s) t a v / t s V P V (%) V D V (%) V M V (%) V P V / V D V
Case 5 52 1,002 1807.37 2062.4 0.876 25.55 12.37 62.08 2.07
Case 6 44 990 1812.48 2071.2 0.875 24.96 12.49 62.55 2.00
Case 7 59 1,017 1837.63 2090.1 0.879 25.74 12.08 62.18 2.13
Case 8 65 1,033 1855.63 2098.8 0.884 26.16 11.58 62.26 2.26
Case 9 62 1,022 1865.79 2118.0 0.881 25.59 11.91 62.50 2.15

Figure 3 shows some interesting regularity phenomena which is characterized as follows. (1) In the receiving chamber, the larger the channel diameter, the more the inclusion removal, from 10.74 to 26.22%, an increase of 15.48%, a small change in diameter can lead to a great inclusion removal. The reason for this can be attributed to the fluid flow characteristics in the tundish, as shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that the larger the channel diameter, the greater the macro mixing in the tundish. When d = 100 mm, there is a small recirculation zone in the receiving chamber and shows a gentle clockwise flow phenomena. As the diameter increases, the flow characteristics change, when d = 150 mm, there are two small recirculation zones in the receiving chamber, the two small recirculation zones can increase the collision chance of particles. When d = 200 mm, the recirculation zone becomes larger compared to that when d = 100 mm, it is beneficial to mix for molten steel. When d = 250 mm, an enormous recirculation zone is formed in the receiving chamber which leads to inclusion collision-coalescence and grow up. When d = 300 mm, a clockwise flow around the recirculation zone with a very regular and long streamline will increase the inclusion collision chance and the inclusion removal by slag layer and tundish wall. (2) In the channel, the order of particle removal is from least to most: Case 5 (9.28%) < Case 6 (14.90%) < Case 7 (23.57%) < Case 8 (24.95%) < Case 9 (25.18%), Case 9 has the best inclusion removal compared to other cases. Therefore, the larger the channel diameter, the more the inclusion removal, from 9.28 to 25.18%, an increase by 15.9%. The reason for this can be attributed to flow characteristic in the channel as shown in Figure 4. With the increase in the channel diameter, the flow from chaos to orderly, and the backflow phenomena occurs in the channel, it is beneficial for inclusion collision-aggregation and adsorption by channel wall. From the above data, it can be inferred that when the channel diameter comes to a certain extent, the inclusion removal has reached a limited. Therefore, it is crucial to choose a suitable channel diameter for tundish with channel type. (3) In the discharging chamber, the order of particle removal is from least to most: Case 9 (2.21%) < Case 8 (3.16%) < Case 7 (5.6%) < Case 6 (11.17%) < Case 5 (15.04%), the larger the channel diameter, the lesser the inclusion removal, from 15.04 to 2.21%, this is because the inclusion collision-aggregation and grow up occurs in the receiving chamber and channel for large size channel diameter of tundish due to the superior flow behavior; however, the inclusion collision-aggregation and grow up occurs in the discharging chamber for small size diameter of tundish channel induction heating, therefore the channel is one of the important place to remove inclusions. (4) The larger the channel diameter, the smaller the characteristic inclusion radius at outlet of tundish and larger the characteristic inclusion radius in channel outlet due to the complex fluid behavior.

Figure 3 The inclusion removal rate in chambers and characteristic inclusion radius distribution at different positions for different tundishes.
Figure 3

The inclusion removal rate in chambers and characteristic inclusion radius distribution at different positions for different tundishes.

Figure 4 Streamline at longitudinal section through the center of the channel. (a) d = 100 mm, (b) d = 150 mm, (c) d = 200 mm, (d) d = 250 mm and (e) d = 300 mm.
Figure 4

Streamline at longitudinal section through the center of the channel. (a) d = 100 mm, (b) d = 150 mm, (c) d = 200 mm, (d) d = 250 mm and (e) d = 300 mm.

3.4 Comparison of performance of tundish at different induction heating powers

Figure 5 shows that the greater the induction heating power, the more the inclusion removal in the tundish, due to the strong electromagnetic force. The inclusion removal rate increases from 19.7 to 62.7%, an increase by 43%, but the excessive electromagnetic force can cause negative effect, leading to a discontinuous flow phenomena in the tundish. Therefore, in the actual industrial production, the appropriate induction heating power should be selected reasonably according to the production needs. The order of the characteristic inclusion radius is from small to large: Case 5 (3.16 µm) < Case 6 (3.59 µm) < Case 7 (3.77 µm) < Case 8 (3.89 µm), Case 8 has the largest characteristic inclusion radius compared to Case 5 to Case 7, this is because the higher induction heating power lead to a great electromagnetic force and a great turbulent kinetic energy, so the small inclusions have more chance to collision-coalescence and float to slag layer.

Figure 5 Inclusion removal rate and characteristic inclusion radius of tundish with different induction heating.
Figure 5

Inclusion removal rate and characteristic inclusion radius of tundish with different induction heating.

4 Conclusion

The mathematical model was developed to investigate the optimum structure for multi-physics field in the present work. The following conclusions were presented from the study:

  1. The deeper the molten pool depth, the more effective the volume, the longer the residence time of molten steel, the more the inclusion removal rate and higher the ratio of plug to dead volume.

  2. The larger the channel diameter, the greater the macro mixing effect, the greater the inclusion removal rate and the smaller the characteristic inclusion radius at outlet of tundish.

  3. Receiving chamber and channel facilitate inclusion removal, and the lager channel is beneficial for inclusion grow up in the receiving chamber.

  4. The greater the induction heating power, the higher the temperature compensate, the more the inclusion removal rate and the smaller the characteristic inclusion radius at outlet of tundish.

Nomenclature

B ⇀

magnetic flux density

C

inclusion volume concentration

C 0

mass fraction of the injected tracer

C p

heat capacity

D 0

molecular diffusion coefficient

E →

electric field strength

F C c

transport flux of inclusion volume concentration

F N c

Transport flux of inclusion number density

F C d

diffusion flux of inclusion volume concentration

F N d

diffusion flux of inclusion number density

G k

generation rate of turbulence energy

g →

gravitational accelerate

H ⇀

magnetic field strength

J → s

source current

k

turbulence kinetic energy

N

inclusion number density

P

pressure

Sc t

turbulent Schmidt number

S N

source of inclusion number density

T

temperature

t

time

u → C

inclusion slipping velocity

u → N

inclusion slipping velocity

u → f

fluid velocity

V p v

plug zone

V m v

well mixed zone

V d v

dead zone

μ l

kinematic viscosity

μ t

turbulence viscosity

ε

turbulence dissipation rate

σ

electrical conductivity

μ eff

effective viscosity

ρ f

fluid density

σ k

Schmidt number for k

σ ε

Schmidt number for ε

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Acknowledgments

The author are grateful to the University of Science and Technology of Liaoning for United Fund (HGSKL-USTLN(2021)01), United Fund (HGSKL-USTLN(2019)09) and Fundamental Research Funds (2020QN02) for the financial support of current work.

  1. Funding information: The authors are grateful to the University of Science and Technology of Liaoning for United Fund (HGSKL-USTLN(2021)01) and Fundamental Research Funds (2020QN02) for the financial support of current work.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-02-11
Revised: 2022-03-12
Accepted: 2022-04-26
Published Online: 2022-08-29

© 2022 Bin Yang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  6. Effect of the weld parameter strategy on mechanical properties of double-sided laser-welded 2195 Al–Li alloy joints with filler wire
  7. The precipitation behavior of second phase in high titanium microalloyed steels and its effect on microstructure and properties of steel
  8. Development of a huge hybrid 3D-printer based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) incorporated with computer numerical control (CNC) machining for industrial applications
  9. Effect of different welding procedures on microstructure and mechanical property of TA15 titanium alloy joint
  10. Single-source-precursor synthesis and characterization of SiAlC(O) ceramics from a hyperbranched polyaluminocarbosilane
  11. Carbothermal reduction of red mud for iron extraction and sodium removal
  12. Reduction swelling mechanism of hematite fluxed briquettes
  13. Effect of in situ observation of cooling rates on acicular ferrite nucleation
  14. Corrosion behavior of WC–Co coating by plasma transferred arc on EH40 steel in low-temperature
  15. Study on the thermodynamic stability and evolution of inclusions in Al–Ti deoxidized steel
  16. Application on oxidation behavior of metallic copper in fire investigation
  17. Microstructural study of concrete performance after exposure to elevated temperatures via considering C–S–H nanostructure changes
  18. Prediction model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient changing with time and ingot diameter
  19. Design, fabrication, and testing of CVI-SiC/SiC turbine blisk under different load spectrums at elevated temperature
  20. Promoting of metallurgical bonding by ultrasonic insert process in steel–aluminum bimetallic castings
  21. Pre-reduction of carbon-containing pellets of high chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite at different temperatures
  22. Optimization of alkali metals discharge performance of blast furnace slag and its extreme value model
  23. Smelting high purity 55SiCr automobile suspension spring steel with different refractories
  24. Investigation into the thermal stability of a novel hot-work die steel 5CrNiMoVNb
  25. Residual stress relaxation considering microstructure evolution in heat treatment of metallic thin-walled part
  26. Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
  27. Effect of chloride ion concentration on stress corrosion cracking and electrochemical corrosion of high manganese steel
  28. Prediction of oxygen-blowing volume in BOF steelmaking process based on BP neural network and incremental learning
  29. Effect of annealing temperature on the structure and properties of FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy
  30. Study on physical properties of Al2O3-based slags used for the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) – metallurgy method
  31. Low-temperature corrosion behavior of laser cladding metal-based alloy coatings on EH40 high-strength steel for icebreaker
  32. Study on thermodynamics and dynamics of top slag modification in O5 automobile sheets
  33. Structure optimization of continuous casting tundish with channel-type induction heating using mathematical modeling
  34. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC–Ni cermets prepared by microwave sintering
  35. Spider-based FOPID controller design for temperature control in aluminium extrusion process
  36. Prediction model of BOF end-point P and O contents based on PCA–GA–BP neural network
  37. Study on hydrogen-induced stress corrosion of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy for railway vehicles
  38. Study on the effect of micro-shrinkage porosity on the ultra-low temperature toughness of ferritic ductile iron
  39. Characterization of surface decarburization and oxidation behavior of Cr–Mo cold heading steel
  40. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of SLM-316 L/rolled-316 L
  41. An investigation on as-cast microstructure and homogenization of nickel base superalloy René 65
  42. Effect of multiple laser re-melting on microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating
  43. Experimental study on the preparation of ferrophosphorus alloy using dephosphorization furnace slag by carbothermic reduction
  44. Research on aging behavior and safe storage life prediction of modified double base propellant
  45. Evaluation of the calorific value of exothermic sleeve material by the adiabatic calorimeter
  46. Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O system
  47. Effect of rare earth Y on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel during hot rolling and cold rolling processes
  48. Effect of ambient temperature on the jet characteristics of a swirl oxygen lance with mixed injection of CO2 + O2
  49. Research on the optimisation of the temperature field distribution of a multi microwave source agent system based on group consistency
  50. The dynamic softening identification and constitutive equation establishment of Ti–6.5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–1W–0.2Si alloy with initial lamellar microstructure
  51. Experimental investigation on microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of plasma arc welded Inconel 617 plates
  52. Numerical simulation and experimental research on cracking mechanism of twin-roll strip casting
  53. A novel method to control stress distribution and machining-induced deformation for thin-walled metallic parts
  54. Review Article
  55. A study on deep reinforcement learning-based crane scheduling model for uncertainty tasks
  56. Topical Issue on Science and Technology of Solar Energy
  57. Synthesis of alkaline-earth Zintl phosphides MZn2P2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) from Sn solutions
  58. Dynamics at crystal/melt interface during solidification of multicrystalline silicon
  59. Boron removal from silicon melt by gas blowing technique
  60. Removal of SiC and Si3N4 inclusions in solar cell Si scraps through slag refining
  61. Electrochemical production of silicon
  62. Electrical properties of zinc nitride and zinc tin nitride semiconductor thin films toward photovoltaic applications
  63. Special Issue on The 4th International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2022)
  64. Effect of microstructure on tribocorrosion of FH36 low-temperature steels
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0041
Keywords for this article
channel; induction heating; chamber; inclusion; flow
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Numerical and experimental research on solidification of T2 copper alloy during the twin-roll casting
  3. Discrete probability model-based method for recognition of multicomponent combustible gas explosion hazard sources
  4. Dephosphorization kinetics of high-P-containing reduced iron produced from oolitic hematite ore
  5. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue studies on P92 steel with different hold time
  6. Effect of the weld parameter strategy on mechanical properties of double-sided laser-welded 2195 Al–Li alloy joints with filler wire
  7. The precipitation behavior of second phase in high titanium microalloyed steels and its effect on microstructure and properties of steel
  8. Development of a huge hybrid 3D-printer based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) incorporated with computer numerical control (CNC) machining for industrial applications
  9. Effect of different welding procedures on microstructure and mechanical property of TA15 titanium alloy joint
  10. Single-source-precursor synthesis and characterization of SiAlC(O) ceramics from a hyperbranched polyaluminocarbosilane
  11. Carbothermal reduction of red mud for iron extraction and sodium removal
  12. Reduction swelling mechanism of hematite fluxed briquettes
  13. Effect of in situ observation of cooling rates on acicular ferrite nucleation
  14. Corrosion behavior of WC–Co coating by plasma transferred arc on EH40 steel in low-temperature
  15. Study on the thermodynamic stability and evolution of inclusions in Al–Ti deoxidized steel
  16. Application on oxidation behavior of metallic copper in fire investigation
  17. Microstructural study of concrete performance after exposure to elevated temperatures via considering C–S–H nanostructure changes
  18. Prediction model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient changing with time and ingot diameter
  19. Design, fabrication, and testing of CVI-SiC/SiC turbine blisk under different load spectrums at elevated temperature
  20. Promoting of metallurgical bonding by ultrasonic insert process in steel–aluminum bimetallic castings
  21. Pre-reduction of carbon-containing pellets of high chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite at different temperatures
  22. Optimization of alkali metals discharge performance of blast furnace slag and its extreme value model
  23. Smelting high purity 55SiCr automobile suspension spring steel with different refractories
  24. Investigation into the thermal stability of a novel hot-work die steel 5CrNiMoVNb
  25. Residual stress relaxation considering microstructure evolution in heat treatment of metallic thin-walled part
  26. Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
  27. Effect of chloride ion concentration on stress corrosion cracking and electrochemical corrosion of high manganese steel
  28. Prediction of oxygen-blowing volume in BOF steelmaking process based on BP neural network and incremental learning
  29. Effect of annealing temperature on the structure and properties of FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy
  30. Study on physical properties of Al2O3-based slags used for the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) – metallurgy method
  31. Low-temperature corrosion behavior of laser cladding metal-based alloy coatings on EH40 high-strength steel for icebreaker
  32. Study on thermodynamics and dynamics of top slag modification in O5 automobile sheets
  33. Structure optimization of continuous casting tundish with channel-type induction heating using mathematical modeling
  34. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC–Ni cermets prepared by microwave sintering
  35. Spider-based FOPID controller design for temperature control in aluminium extrusion process
  36. Prediction model of BOF end-point P and O contents based on PCA–GA–BP neural network
  37. Study on hydrogen-induced stress corrosion of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy for railway vehicles
  38. Study on the effect of micro-shrinkage porosity on the ultra-low temperature toughness of ferritic ductile iron
  39. Characterization of surface decarburization and oxidation behavior of Cr–Mo cold heading steel
  40. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of SLM-316 L/rolled-316 L
  41. An investigation on as-cast microstructure and homogenization of nickel base superalloy René 65
  42. Effect of multiple laser re-melting on microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating
  43. Experimental study on the preparation of ferrophosphorus alloy using dephosphorization furnace slag by carbothermic reduction
  44. Research on aging behavior and safe storage life prediction of modified double base propellant
  45. Evaluation of the calorific value of exothermic sleeve material by the adiabatic calorimeter
  46. Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O system
  47. Effect of rare earth Y on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel during hot rolling and cold rolling processes
  48. Effect of ambient temperature on the jet characteristics of a swirl oxygen lance with mixed injection of CO2 + O2
  49. Research on the optimisation of the temperature field distribution of a multi microwave source agent system based on group consistency
  50. The dynamic softening identification and constitutive equation establishment of Ti–6.5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–1W–0.2Si alloy with initial lamellar microstructure
  51. Experimental investigation on microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of plasma arc welded Inconel 617 plates
  52. Numerical simulation and experimental research on cracking mechanism of twin-roll strip casting
  53. A novel method to control stress distribution and machining-induced deformation for thin-walled metallic parts
  54. Review Article
  55. A study on deep reinforcement learning-based crane scheduling model for uncertainty tasks
  56. Topical Issue on Science and Technology of Solar Energy
  57. Synthesis of alkaline-earth Zintl phosphides MZn2P2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) from Sn solutions
  58. Dynamics at crystal/melt interface during solidification of multicrystalline silicon
  59. Boron removal from silicon melt by gas blowing technique
  60. Removal of SiC and Si3N4 inclusions in solar cell Si scraps through slag refining
  61. Electrochemical production of silicon
  62. Electrical properties of zinc nitride and zinc tin nitride semiconductor thin films toward photovoltaic applications
  63. Special Issue on The 4th International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2022)
  64. Effect of microstructure on tribocorrosion of FH36 low-temperature steels
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