Home Dephosphorization kinetics of high-P-containing reduced iron produced from oolitic hematite ore
Article Open Access

Dephosphorization kinetics of high-P-containing reduced iron produced from oolitic hematite ore

  • Liwei Liu , Guofeng Li EMAIL logo , Yanfeng Li and Libing Zhao
Published/Copyright: February 25, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 41 Issue 1

Abstract

To comprehensively utilize Fe and P in oolitic hematite ore, an innovative method was proposed to enhance P enrichment in the reduced iron during the reduction process. The reduced iron was then converted to low-P-containing molten iron and high-P-containing slag in the presence of CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3 slag. In this study, the P content of the final iron after 0–1,800 s dephosphorization was investigated at different slag composition conditions, and the dephosphorization kinetics of the reduced iron was analyzed. The results showed that the P content of the final iron sample decreased rapidly within 600 s of dephosphorization and became almost constant with increasing dephosphorization time to 1,800 s. The basicity, FeO content, and Al2O3 content also affected the dephosphorization rate of the reduced iron. The apparent dephosphorization rate constant ranged from 1.141 × 10−3 to 2.363 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1, and the overall mass transfer coefficient ranged from 2.47 × 10−3 to 3.38 × 10−3 cm·s−1. The rate-controlling step of the dephosphorization process was the mass transfer of P in both the slag and iron phases. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of refractory oolitic hematite ore.

Keywords: reduced iron; dephosphorization; apparent dephosphorization rate constant; mass transfer coefficient

1 Introduction

Oolitic hematite ore is one of the most refractory iron ores. In China, approximately 3.72 billion tons of oolitic hematite ore has not been exploited because of its concentric and layered oolitic textures, fine-grained iron minerals, and high P content [1,2]. Several methods, such as fine grinding–magnetic separation, fine grinding–flotation, acid leaching, bioleaching, and magnetic roasting–magnetic separation, have been adopted to extract oolitic hematite ore [3,4,5,6,7]. However, efficiently obtaining a qualified iron concentrate using these technologies is difficult.

In the past decade, the coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation was proposed to treat oolitic hematite ore and regarded as a promising method [8,9]. Iron oxides are directly reduced to iron and aggregate to iron particles during the reduction process, and the iron particles are easily recovered from the reduction products by magnetic separation after grinding. According to previous experimental results, reduced iron that has values of Fe content, Fe recovery, and metallization degree of more than 90% is obtained from oolitic hematite ore. In addition, many basic studies have been conducted on this subject. Iron oxides in oolitic hematite ore are reduced in the sequence Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO (FeAl2O4, Fe2SiO4) → Fe [10,11]. The reduction kinetics of oolitic hematite ore were investigated based on the nonisothermal method, and the results show that the reduction process is described by a three-dimensional diffusion reaction model, and the corresponding apparent activation energy is in the range of 159.2–169.6 kJ·mol−1 [11]. Moreover, the entire reduction process includes the chemical reaction, nucleation, and crystal growth stages. The mean size of the iron particles increases with increasing reduction temperature or by extending the reduction time [10,12].

With further research on the coal-based reduction technology focused on oolitic hematite ore, the existential state of P during the reduction process has received considerable attention. Li et al. [13] and Yu et al. [14] found a nonnegligible content of P in the reduced iron, and the P content increases with increasing coal dosage or decreasing size of ore particles. Given that P is a harmful impurity to many steel grades, research has focused on reducing the P content of the reduced iron. Rao et al. [15] reported that the P content of the reduced iron decreases from 0.88 to 0.02% when 20% sodium sulfate is used as dephosphorization agent. A study by Li et al. [16] shows that the reduced iron containing 0.09% P is produced from an oolitic hematite ore with the addition of 7.5% sodium sulfate and 1.5% borax. Yu et al. [17] found that the P content of the reduced iron decreases to 0.07% when the oolitic hematite ore is reduced in the presence of 15% Ca(OH)2 and 3% Na2CO3.

Furthermore, another alternative method was proposed to comprehensively utilize Fe and P in oolitic hematite ore, namely promoting P into the iron phase during the reduction process. The reduced iron with a high content of P is converted to molten iron and high-P-containing slag, which can be used as a phosphate fertilizer, by a dephosphorization process [18,19]. Han et al. [20] revealed that the reduction behavior of apatite to P is a first-order reaction, and the reduction degree of apatite increases with increasing temperature or reduction time. Gao et al. [21] reported that P is easily enriched in the reduced iron during the reduction process of oolitic hematite ore. The P content of the reduced iron reaches approximately 2%. According to the author’s earlier investigation, when the dephosphorization of the reduced iron with 1.74% P is carried out in the presence of a suitable CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3 slag, the final iron with 0.2% P and the high-P-containing slag with 14.41% P2O5 are obtained. The high-P-containing slag can be used as a phosphate fertilizer [22]. However, theories concerning the dephosphorization behavior of the reduced iron still need to be improved. This research focuses on the dephosphorization kinetics of the reduced iron. The apparent dephosphorization rate constant and overall mass transfer coefficient of the dephosphorization process were investigated in detail. The rate-controlling step was also analyzed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The reduced iron was produced from an oolitic hematite ore, which contained 42.21% Fe and 1.31% P. The oolitic hematite ore was crushed to −2 mm and then reduced by coal in a heating furnace. The temperature, reduction time, and C/O molar ratio (the molar ratio of fixed C in coal to O in iron oxides) were, respectively, 1,548 K, 60 min, and 2.0. Then, the reduction products were ground using a Φ460 mm × 500 mm ball mill, and a two-stage magnetic separation was conducted using a Φ240 mm × 120 mm low-intensity magnetic separator. The magnetic field intensities of the magnetic separation were 79.62 and 47.77 kA·m−1. The chemical composition of the reduced iron is listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Chemical compositions of reduced iron (wt%)

Constituents MFe FeO P C SiO2 Al2O3
Content 84.34 10.19 1.74 0.19 2.12 1.19

As shown in Table 1, Fe existed in the form of metallic iron, apart from 10.19% FeO. The metallic iron content reached 84.34%. The P content of the reduced iron was 1.74%, and the other impurities included 2.12% SiO2, 1.19% Al2O3, and 0.19% C.

2.2 Dephosphorization experiments

The reduced iron dephosphorization experiments were performed at 1,873 K using a MXGL1700-80 vertical tube-type furnace. CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3 slag was used for dephosphorization, which was formed by impurities in the reduced iron and analytically pure CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and FeO reagents. The mass ratio of the added reagents and reduced iron was 0.2.

A total of 40 g of the reduced iron and 8 g of reagents according to the predetermined chemical composition of slag were placed in a corundum crucible with a diameter of 50 mm. The crucible was placed in a furnace tube when the temperature reached 1,873 K. The dephosphorization process started when the slag and the reduced iron were melted under the protection of nitrogen. After 120–1,800 s of dephosphorization, the crucible was removed from the furnace and cooled to room temperature under the protection of nitrogen. The final iron sample and slag were then obtained, and the P content of the final iron sample was determined by chemical analysis.

2.3 Kinetics analysis

The two-film theory and kinetic modeling were used to analyze the dephosphorization process of the reduced iron [23,24]. The dephosphorization reaction can be described by equation (1), namely (1) [P] in the iron phase and (FeO) in the slag phase diffuse to the slag–iron interface; (2) the chemical reaction occurs at the interface and produces (P2O5) and [Fe]; and (3) (P2O5) and [Fe] are transferred into the slag and iron phases, respectively.

(1) 2 [ P ] + 5 ( FeO ) = ( P 2 O 5 ) + 5 [ Fe ] .

2.3.1 Apparent dephosphorization rate constant

According to Fick’s first law, the mass transfer rates of P in the iron and slag phases are given by equations (2) and (3):

(2) J [P] = k M ( C [P] i − C [P] ) ,

(3) J (P) = k S ( C (P) i −   C (P) ) ,

where J [ P ] and J (P) (mol·(m2·s)−1) are the mass transfer rates of P in the iron and slag phases, respectively; k M and k S (m·s−1) are the mass transfer coefficients of P in the iron and slag phases, respectively; C [P] i and C (P) i (mol·m−3) are the molarities of P in the iron and slag sides of the reaction interface, respectively; and C [P] and K I S C (mol·m−3) are the molarities of P inner the iron and slag phases, respectively.

The molarities in equations (2) and (3) are then converted to mass concentrations. The mass transfer equations can be expressed as follows:

(4) d[% w P ] d t = − A W M ρ M k M {[% w P ] i − [% w P ]},

(5) d(% w P ) d t = − A W S ρ S k S {(% w P ) − (% w P ) i } ,

where [% w P ] and (% w P ) are the mass percentage concentrations of P in the iron and slag phases, respectively; [% w P ] i and (% w P ) i are the mass percentage concentrations of P in the iron and slag sides of the reaction interface, respectively; W M and W S are the masses of the iron phase and slag phases, respectively; ρ M and ρ S are the densities of the iron and slag phases, respectively.

If the decreased P content of the iron phase is transferred into the slag phase, the following relationships should exist:

(6) d(% w P ) dt W S = − d[% w P ] d t W M ,

(7) ρ S k S {(% w P ) − (% w P ) i } = ρ M k M {[% w P ] − [% w P ] i } .

The value of [% w P ] i can be calculated by submitting the equilibrium distribution ratio of P (equation (8)) in equation (7).

(8) L P = (% w P ) i [% w P ] i ,

(9) [% w P ] i = ρ M k M [% w P ] + ρ S k S (% w P ) ρ M k M + ρ S k S L P .

According to equations (9) and (4), the dephosphorization rate is given by equation (10):

(10) d[% w P ] d t = − A W M 1 1 ρ S k S + L P ρ M k M { L P [% w P ] − (% w P )} .

The apparent dephosphorization rate constant is defined as equation (11):

(11) k P = 1 1 ρ S k S + L P ρ M k M .

Therefore, equation (10) can be rewritten as follows:

(12) d[% w P ] d t = − A W M k P { L P [% w P ] − (% w P )} .

According to mass conservation, the content of P in the iron phase at a given time, t, can be expressed as equation (13):

(13) W M [% w P ] = W M [% w P ] 0 − W S (% w P ) ,

where [% w P ] 0 is the initial P content of the iron phase.

The kinetic model for the change in the P content in the iron phase as a function of time can be given by equation (14) after submitting equation (13) into equation (12):

(14) [% w P ] = [% w P ] 0 ⋅ L P L P + W M / W S e A W M k P ( L P + W M / W S ) t + [% w P ] 0 ⋅ W M / W S L P + W M / W S .

To facilitate the processing of experimental data, equation (14) can be expressed as follows:

(15) y = A 1 e − x / a + y 0 ,

(16) y 0 = [% w P ] 0 ⋅ W M W S L P + W M W S ,

(17) A 1 = [% w P ] 0 ⋅ L P L P + W M W S ,

(18) a = A W M k P ( L P + W M / W S ) − 1 .

2.3.2 Overall mass transfer coefficient

The overall mass transfer coefficient of the dephosphorization of the reduced iron is defined as equation (19):

(19) k O = 1 ρ M ρ S k S L P + 1 k M .

Combining equations (10), (11), (13), and (19), the overall mass transfer coefficient can be calculated as follows:

(20) A ρ M W M k O t = 1 1+ W M W S L P ln 1+ W M W S L P [% w P ] [% w P ] 0 − W M W S L P

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Apparent dephosphorization rate constant

The apparent dephosphorization rate constant, k P , is an important parameter of dephosphorization kinetics, and the reciprocal, 1 k P , represents the mass transfer resistance of the dephosphorization process. The k P value of the reduced iron can be determined by submitting the P content of the final iron sample into equations (15)–(18).

3.1.1 Effect of basicity

The FeO and Al2O3 contents of the slag were fixed at 55 and 6%, respectively. The effect of the slag basicity ( w CaO / w SiO 2 ) on the P content of the final iron sample and the fitting curves of the P content as a function of dephosphorization time are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with the basicity ranging from 3.0 to 4.5.
Figure 1

Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with the basicity ranging from 3.0 to 4.5.

As shown in Figure 1, the P content of the final iron sample decreased rapidly within 600 s and was almost constant after 600–1,800 s of dephosphorization. The basicity of the slag affected the P content of the final iron sample, L P , and k P , and the P content decreased to 0.20%. The value of L P was in the range of 12.24–23.11, and the value of k P ranged from 1.141 × 10−3 to 1.769 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1. The values of k P were affected by L P , which was also found in other dephosphorization studies [25]. The meanings of the relationship between k P and L P are discussed further in the Section 3.3. In addition, a basicity of 3.5 provided a better of dephosphorization effect compared with those of a basicity of 3.0 or 4.5. This can be attributed to the higher basicity of slag, which increased the content of CaO and improved the P2O5 storage capacity of the molten slag. However, an excessively high basicity resulted in the incomplete melting of CaO, which was not conducive to dephosphorization.

3.1.2 Effect of FeO content

The effect of the FeO content of the slag on the dephosphorization behavior was analyzed at a basicity of 3.5 and an Al2O3 content of 6%. The P content of the final iron sample and the fitting curves are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with the FeO content ranging from 45 to 60%.
Figure 2

Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with the FeO content ranging from 45 to 60%.

As shown in Figure 2, the FeO content of the slag also affected the P content of the final iron sample, and the lowest P content of the final iron sample was obtained at an FeO content of 55%. The values of L P and k P at FeO contents of 45, 55, and 60% were 8.15 × 10−3 and 2.363 × 10−3, 23.11 × 10−3 and 1.414 × 10−3, and 12.65 × 10−3 and 1.803 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1, respectively. The higher FeO content was favorable for the oxidation of P in iron phase, and then this molecule migrated into the slag phase, as described by equation (1). However, the polarization force of Fe2+ was stronger than that of Ca2+, which led to the polarization, deformation, and even destruction of PO 4  3 − . Phosphate generated in the slag phase became unstable in the presence of excess FeO.

3.1.3 Effect of Al2O3 content

The basicity and FeO content of the slag were 3.5 and 55%, respectively. The P content of the final iron sample as a function of dephosphorization time under different Al2O3 conditions is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with Al2O3 content ranging from 4 to 10%.
Figure 3

Fitting curves of the P content of the final iron sample as a function of time with Al2O3 content ranging from 4 to 10%.

Figure 3 shows that the P content of the final iron sample decreased to 0.2% when the Al2O3 content increased from 4 to 6%, although the P content increased as the Al2O3 content increased to 10%. The L P and k P values were, respectively, 23.11 × 10−3 and 1.414 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1 at a suitable slag composition, specifically a basicity of 3.5, an FeO content of 55%, and an Al2O3 content of 6%. This result occurred because Al2O3 reacted with other oxides and generated low melting point materials, which improved the rheological properties of the molten slag. The dephosphorization effect was then strengthened.

Overall, the fitting curves in Figures 1–3 exhibit good agreement with the test results. The k P determined in the present study ranged from 1.141 × 10−3 to 2.363 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1. A suitable initial slag resulted in a high value of k P , which represented a low mass transfer resistance during the dephosphorization process.

3.2 Overall mass transfer coefficient

The mass transfer of P in the iron or slag phases is difficult to distinguish during the dephosphorization process. To analyze the mass transfer behavior of P, some researchers assumed that the mass transfer process is completely controlled by one of the phases [26]. Furthermore, another method was proposed to regard the iron and slag phases as a liquid phase system, and the overall mass transfer coefficient, k O , was used to characterize the dephosphorization rate [24,27,28]. The k O value for the dephosphorization of the reduced iron was analyzed by submitting the P content and time values into equation (20).

3.2.1 Effect of basicity

Figure 4 shows the fitting curves of the P content as a function of time and the calculated k O at different basicities. Slag basicities of 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5 resulted in k O values of 2.91 × 10−3, 3.38 × 10−3, and 2.78 × 10−3 cm·s−1, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of basicity on k O was the same as its effect on the amount of P removed from the iron phase.

Figure 4 Variation of the P content as a function of time with the basicity ranging from 3.0 to 4.5.
Figure 4

Variation of the P content as a function of time with the basicity ranging from 3.0 to 4.5.

3.2.2 Effect of FeO content

The values of k O were calculated when the slag contained different amounts of FeO. The results are shown in Figure 5. As shown in the figure, the k O value increased from 2.47 × 10−3 to 3.38 × 10−3 cm·s−1 with an increase in the FeO content from 45 to 55% but this value decreased to 2.92 × 10−3 cm·s−1 with a further increase in the FeO content to 60%. The results further showed that an excess content of FeO was unfavorable for the stable existence of phosphate in the slag phase.

Figure 5 Variation of the P content as a function of time when the FeO content ranged from 45 to 60%.
Figure 5

Variation of the P content as a function of time when the FeO content ranged from 45 to 60%.

3.2.3 Effect of Al2O3 content

The effect of the Al2O3 content of the slag on the k O value is shown in Figure 6. The values of k O were 2.49 × 10−3 to 3.38 × 10−3 cm·s−1 when the Al2O3 content of the slag ranged from 4 to 10%. The slag with 6% Al2O3 gave the maximum value of k O , which further proved that a suitable content of Al2O3 improved the dephosphorization capability of the molten slag.

Figure 6 Variation of the P content as a function of time when the Al2O3 content ranged from 4 to 10%.
Figure 6

Variation of the P content as a function of time when the Al2O3 content ranged from 4 to 10%.

Overall, the values of k O for the dephosphorization process of the reduced iron ranged from 2.47 × 10−3 to 3.38 × 10−3 cm·s−1 at the present slag compositions. The effect of the slag composition on the k O was essentially the same as that of P removed from the iron phase. A suitable initial slag composition gave a higher value of k O , which also indicated a faster dephosphorization rate and better dephosphorization effect. Compared with the apparent dephosphorization rate constant, the overall mass transfer coefficient represents the mass transfer of P in the dephosphorization process more intuitively. In addition, the k O values in this study were slightly lower than those of the dephosphorization of iron containing 0.4% P [24]. This result was attributed to the P content of the reduced iron being as high as 1.74%, and the k O values of the investigation provided more reference for dephosphorization rate of the reduced iron with high P content.

3.3 Analysis of the rate-controlling step

Equation (11) can be transformed into the form of equation (21):

(21) 1 k P = 1 ρ S k S + L P ρ M k M .

As shown in equation (21), the mass transfer resistances of the dephosphorization process include the resistance of the slag phase, 1 ρ S k S , and iron phase, L P ρ M k M . If the dephosphorization process is restricted only by the mass transfer of P in the slag phase, L P does not affect k P . However, k P exhibits an inversely proportional relationship with L P when the dephosphorization process is restricted by the mass transfer of P in the iron phase.

Based on the values of k P and L P in Figures 1–3, the relationship between k P and L P is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Relationship between k P {k}_{\text{P}} and L P {L}_{\text{P}} .
Figure 7

Relationship between k P and L P .

A correlation between k P and L P is shown in Figure 7. The values of k P exhibited a decreasing trend as the values of L P increased, which indicated that the mass transfer of P in the iron phase affected the dephosphorization rate. However, the inversely proportional relationship between k P and L P was not strict, which meant that the mass transfer of P in the slag phase also affected the dephosphorization rate. Thus, the dephosphorization of the reduced iron was controlled by the mixed mass transfer of P between the slag and iron phases.

4 Conclusion

The dephosphorization kinetics of a high-P-containing reduced iron in the presence of CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3 slag were analyzed in detail. The apparent dephosphorization rate constant and overall mass transfer coefficient were determined for different slag compositions. The rate-controlling step of the dephosphorization process is also discussed. The following conclusions were drawn from the present study.

  1. The dephosphorization rate was rapid during the first 600 s, which was affected by the basicity, FeO content, and Al2O3 content of the slag. The apparent dephosphorization rate constant ranged from 1.141 × 10−3 to 2.363 × 10−3 g·(cm2·s)−1.

  2. The overall mass transfer coefficient was also affected by the slag composition, and the change rule of the overall mass transfer coefficient exhibited the same trend as that of P removed from the iron phase. The overall mass transfer coefficient was 3.38 × 10−3 cm·s−1 at suitable slag compositions.

  3. The rate-controlling step of the dephosphorization process was analyzed according to the relationship between the apparent dephosphorization rate constant and equilibrium distribution ratio. The dephosphorization process was restricted by mixed mass transfer in both the slag and iron phases.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51804123) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (No. E2018209089).

  1. Funding information: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51804123) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (No. E2018209089).

  2. Author contributions: Liwei Liu: writing the original draft, conducting the experiments; Guofeng Li: methodology and reviewing the document; Yanfeng Li: phase composition analysis of the high-P-containing slag; and Libing Zhao: project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All authors can confirm that all data used in this article can be published in High Temperature Materials and Processes.

References

[1] Tang, H. Q., Z. C. Guo, and Z. L. Zhao. Phosphorus removal of high phosphorus iron ore by gas-based reduction and melt separation. Journal of Iron and Steel Research (International), Vol. 17, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1–6.10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60133-1Search in Google Scholar

[2] Sun, Y. S., Y. X. Han, P. Gao, and D. Z. Ren. Distribution behavior of phosphorus in the coal-based reduction of high-phosphorus-content oolitic iron ore. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2014, pp. 331–338.10.1007/s12613-014-0913-xSearch in Google Scholar

[3] Wu, J., Z. J. Wen, and M. J. Cen. Development of technologies for high phosphorus oolitic hematite utilization. Steel Research International, Vol. 82, No. 5, 2011, pp. 494–500.10.1002/srin.201100040Search in Google Scholar

[4] Yu, K. P., Y. F. Yu, and X. Y. Xu. Separation behavior and mechanism of hematite and collophane in the presence of collector RFP-138. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2013, pp. 501–507.10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62491-7Search in Google Scholar

[5] Muhammed, M. and Y. Zhang. A hydrometallurgical process for the dephosphorization of iron ore. Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1989, pp. 277–292.10.1016/0304-386X(89)90002-9Search in Google Scholar

[6] Wang, J. C., S. B. Shen, J. H. Kang, H. X. Li, and Z. C. Guo. Effect of ore solid concentration on the bioleaching of phosphorus from high-phosphorus iron ores using indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from municipal wastewater. Process Biochemistry, Vol. 45, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1624–1631.10.1016/j.procbio.2010.06.013Search in Google Scholar

[7] Yu, Y. F. and C. Y. Qi. Magnetizing roasting mechanism and effective ore dressing process for oolitic hematite ore. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2011, pp. 177–182.10.1007/s11595-011-0192-6Search in Google Scholar

[8] Li, K. Q., W. Ni, M. Zhu, M. J. Zheng, and L. Yuan. Iron extraction from oolitic iron ore by a deep reduction process. Journal of Iron & Steel Research International, Vol. 18, No. 8, 2011, pp. 9–13.10.1016/S1006-706X(11)60096-4Search in Google Scholar

[9] Sun, Y. S., Y. X. Han, P. Gao, Z. H. Wang, and D. Z. Ren. Recovery of iron from high phosphorus oolitic iron ore using coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 20, No. No.5, 2013, pp. 411–419.10.1007/s12613-013-0744-1Search in Google Scholar

[10] Sun, Y. S., P. Gao, Y. X. Han, and D. Z. Ren. Reaction behavior of iron minerals and metallic iron particles growth in coal-based reduction of an oolitic iron ore. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2013, pp. 2323–2329.10.1021/ie303233kSearch in Google Scholar

[11] Sun, Y. S., Y. X. Han, X. C. Wei, and P. Gao. Non-isothermal reduction kinetics of oolitic iron ore in ore/coal mixture. Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry, Vol. 123, No. 1, 2016, pp. 703–715.10.1007/s10973-015-4863-ySearch in Google Scholar

[12] Li, Y. F., Y. X. Han, Y. S. Sun, P. Gao, Y. J. Li, and G. C. Gong. Growth behavior and size characterization of metallic iron particles in coal-based reduction of oolitic hematite–coal composite briquettes. Minerals, Vol. 8, No. 5, 2018, pp. 177–190.10.3390/min8050177Search in Google Scholar

[13] Li, Y. L., T. C. Sun, A. H. Zou, and C. Y. Xu. Effect of coal levels during direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite ore in a tunnel kiln. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2012, pp. 323–328.10.1016/j.ijmst.2012.04.007Search in Google Scholar

[14] Yu, W., T. C. Sun, Z. Z. Liu, J. Kou, and C. Y. Xu. Effects of particle sizes of iron ore and coal on the strength and reduction of high phosphorus oolitic hematite-coal composite briquettes. ISIJ International, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2014, pp. 56–62.10.2355/isijinternational.54.56Search in Google Scholar

[15] Rao, M. J., C. Z. Quyang, G. H. Li, S. H. Zhang, Y. B. Zhang, and T. Jiang. Behavior of phosphorus during the carbothermic reduction of phosphorus-rich oolitic hematite ore in the presence of Na2SO4. International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol. 143, 2015, pp. 72–79.10.1016/j.minpro.2015.09.002Search in Google Scholar

[16] Li, G. H., S. H. Zhang, M. J. Rao, Y. B. Zhang, and T. Jiang. Effects of sodium salts on reduction roasting and Fe-P separation of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore. International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol. 124, 2013, pp. 26–34.10.1016/j.minpro.2013.07.006Search in Google Scholar

[17] Yu, W., T. C. Sun, J. Kou, Y. X. Wei, C. Y. Xu, and Z. Z. Liu. The Function of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 as additive on the reduction of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite-coal mixed pellets. ISIJ International, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2013, pp. 427–433.10.2355/isijinternational.53.427Search in Google Scholar

[18] Li, G. F., Y. X. Han, P. Gao, and Y. S. Sun. Enrichment of phosphorus in reduced iron during coal-based reduction of high phosphorus-containing oolitic hematite ore. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2016, pp. 163–170.10.1179/1743281214Y.0000000262Search in Google Scholar

[19] Sun, Y. S., Q. Zhang, Y. X. Han, P. Gao, and G. F. Li. Comprehensive utilization of iron and phosphorus from high-phosphorus refractory iron ore. JOM, Vol. 70, No. 2, 2018, pp. 144–149.10.1007/s11837-017-2637-7Search in Google Scholar

[20] Han, Y. X., G. F. Li, P. Gao, and Y. S. Sun. Reduction behavior of apatite in oolitic haematite ore using coal as a reductant. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2017, pp. 287–293.10.1080/03019233.2016.1210750Search in Google Scholar

[21] Gao, P., G. F. Li, Y. X. Han, and Y. S. Sun. Reaction behavior of phosphorus in coal-based reduction of an oolitic hematite ore and pre-dephosphorization of reduced iron. Metals, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2016, pp. 82–93.10.3390/met6040082Search in Google Scholar

[22] Liu, L. W., G. F. Li, Y. F. Li, and L. B. Zhao. Dephosphorization behavior of reduced iron and the properties of high-P-containing slag. High Temperature Materials and Processes, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2021, pp. 337–344. 10.1515/htmp-2021-0033.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Ni, W. J. Experimental study on dephosphorization of niobium-bearing hot metal. Master’s Thesis. Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Diao, J., X. Liu, T. Zhang, and B. Xie. Mass transfer of phosphorus in high-phosphorus hot-metal refining. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2015, pp. 249–253.10.1007/s12613-015-1068-0Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ji, C. Q. Study on dephosphorization kinetics of high-phosphorus hot metal by CaO–SiO2–FetO–Na2O (Al2O3) slag. Master’s Thesis. Chongqing University, China, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Mori, K., S. Doi, T. Kaneko, and Y. Kawai. Rate transfer of phosphorus between metal and slag. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1978, pp. 261–268.10.2355/isijinternational1966.18.261Search in Google Scholar

[27] Wei, P., M. Sano, M. Hirasawa, and R. D. Morales. Kinetics of phosphorus transfer between iron oxide containing slag and molten iron of high carbon concentration under Ar-O2 atmosphere. ISIJ International, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1993, pp. 479–487.10.2355/isijinternational.33.479Search in Google Scholar

[28] Conejo, A. N., F. R. Lara, and M. Macias-Hernández. Kinetic model of steel refining in a ladle furnace. Steel Research International, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2007, pp. 141–150.10.1002/srin.200705871Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-10-12
Accepted: 2021-12-27
Published Online: 2022-02-25

© 2022 Liwei Liu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Numerical and experimental research on solidification of T2 copper alloy during the twin-roll casting
  3. Discrete probability model-based method for recognition of multicomponent combustible gas explosion hazard sources
  4. Dephosphorization kinetics of high-P-containing reduced iron produced from oolitic hematite ore
  5. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue studies on P92 steel with different hold time
  6. Effect of the weld parameter strategy on mechanical properties of double-sided laser-welded 2195 Al–Li alloy joints with filler wire
  7. The precipitation behavior of second phase in high titanium microalloyed steels and its effect on microstructure and properties of steel
  8. Development of a huge hybrid 3D-printer based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) incorporated with computer numerical control (CNC) machining for industrial applications
  9. Effect of different welding procedures on microstructure and mechanical property of TA15 titanium alloy joint
  10. Single-source-precursor synthesis and characterization of SiAlC(O) ceramics from a hyperbranched polyaluminocarbosilane
  11. Carbothermal reduction of red mud for iron extraction and sodium removal
  12. Reduction swelling mechanism of hematite fluxed briquettes
  13. Effect of in situ observation of cooling rates on acicular ferrite nucleation
  14. Corrosion behavior of WC–Co coating by plasma transferred arc on EH40 steel in low-temperature
  15. Study on the thermodynamic stability and evolution of inclusions in Al–Ti deoxidized steel
  16. Application on oxidation behavior of metallic copper in fire investigation
  17. Microstructural study of concrete performance after exposure to elevated temperatures via considering C–S–H nanostructure changes
  18. Prediction model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient changing with time and ingot diameter
  19. Design, fabrication, and testing of CVI-SiC/SiC turbine blisk under different load spectrums at elevated temperature
  20. Promoting of metallurgical bonding by ultrasonic insert process in steel–aluminum bimetallic castings
  21. Pre-reduction of carbon-containing pellets of high chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite at different temperatures
  22. Optimization of alkali metals discharge performance of blast furnace slag and its extreme value model
  23. Smelting high purity 55SiCr automobile suspension spring steel with different refractories
  24. Investigation into the thermal stability of a novel hot-work die steel 5CrNiMoVNb
  25. Residual stress relaxation considering microstructure evolution in heat treatment of metallic thin-walled part
  26. Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
  27. Effect of chloride ion concentration on stress corrosion cracking and electrochemical corrosion of high manganese steel
  28. Prediction of oxygen-blowing volume in BOF steelmaking process based on BP neural network and incremental learning
  29. Effect of annealing temperature on the structure and properties of FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy
  30. Study on physical properties of Al2O3-based slags used for the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) – metallurgy method
  31. Low-temperature corrosion behavior of laser cladding metal-based alloy coatings on EH40 high-strength steel for icebreaker
  32. Study on thermodynamics and dynamics of top slag modification in O5 automobile sheets
  33. Structure optimization of continuous casting tundish with channel-type induction heating using mathematical modeling
  34. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC–Ni cermets prepared by microwave sintering
  35. Spider-based FOPID controller design for temperature control in aluminium extrusion process
  36. Prediction model of BOF end-point P and O contents based on PCA–GA–BP neural network
  37. Study on hydrogen-induced stress corrosion of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy for railway vehicles
  38. Study on the effect of micro-shrinkage porosity on the ultra-low temperature toughness of ferritic ductile iron
  39. Characterization of surface decarburization and oxidation behavior of Cr–Mo cold heading steel
  40. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of SLM-316 L/rolled-316 L
  41. An investigation on as-cast microstructure and homogenization of nickel base superalloy René 65
  42. Effect of multiple laser re-melting on microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating
  43. Experimental study on the preparation of ferrophosphorus alloy using dephosphorization furnace slag by carbothermic reduction
  44. Research on aging behavior and safe storage life prediction of modified double base propellant
  45. Evaluation of the calorific value of exothermic sleeve material by the adiabatic calorimeter
  46. Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O system
  47. Effect of rare earth Y on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel during hot rolling and cold rolling processes
  48. Effect of ambient temperature on the jet characteristics of a swirl oxygen lance with mixed injection of CO2 + O2
  49. Research on the optimisation of the temperature field distribution of a multi microwave source agent system based on group consistency
  50. The dynamic softening identification and constitutive equation establishment of Ti–6.5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–1W–0.2Si alloy with initial lamellar microstructure
  51. Experimental investigation on microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of plasma arc welded Inconel 617 plates
  52. Numerical simulation and experimental research on cracking mechanism of twin-roll strip casting
  53. A novel method to control stress distribution and machining-induced deformation for thin-walled metallic parts
  54. Review Article
  55. A study on deep reinforcement learning-based crane scheduling model for uncertainty tasks
  56. Topical Issue on Science and Technology of Solar Energy
  57. Synthesis of alkaline-earth Zintl phosphides MZn2P2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) from Sn solutions
  58. Dynamics at crystal/melt interface during solidification of multicrystalline silicon
  59. Boron removal from silicon melt by gas blowing technique
  60. Removal of SiC and Si3N4 inclusions in solar cell Si scraps through slag refining
  61. Electrochemical production of silicon
  62. Electrical properties of zinc nitride and zinc tin nitride semiconductor thin films toward photovoltaic applications
  63. Special Issue on The 4th International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2022)
  64. Effect of microstructure on tribocorrosion of FH36 low-temperature steels
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0017
Keywords for this article
reduced iron; dephosphorization; apparent dephosphorization rate constant; mass transfer coefficient
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Numerical and experimental research on solidification of T2 copper alloy during the twin-roll casting
  3. Discrete probability model-based method for recognition of multicomponent combustible gas explosion hazard sources
  4. Dephosphorization kinetics of high-P-containing reduced iron produced from oolitic hematite ore
  5. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue studies on P92 steel with different hold time
  6. Effect of the weld parameter strategy on mechanical properties of double-sided laser-welded 2195 Al–Li alloy joints with filler wire
  7. The precipitation behavior of second phase in high titanium microalloyed steels and its effect on microstructure and properties of steel
  8. Development of a huge hybrid 3D-printer based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) incorporated with computer numerical control (CNC) machining for industrial applications
  9. Effect of different welding procedures on microstructure and mechanical property of TA15 titanium alloy joint
  10. Single-source-precursor synthesis and characterization of SiAlC(O) ceramics from a hyperbranched polyaluminocarbosilane
  11. Carbothermal reduction of red mud for iron extraction and sodium removal
  12. Reduction swelling mechanism of hematite fluxed briquettes
  13. Effect of in situ observation of cooling rates on acicular ferrite nucleation
  14. Corrosion behavior of WC–Co coating by plasma transferred arc on EH40 steel in low-temperature
  15. Study on the thermodynamic stability and evolution of inclusions in Al–Ti deoxidized steel
  16. Application on oxidation behavior of metallic copper in fire investigation
  17. Microstructural study of concrete performance after exposure to elevated temperatures via considering C–S–H nanostructure changes
  18. Prediction model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient changing with time and ingot diameter
  19. Design, fabrication, and testing of CVI-SiC/SiC turbine blisk under different load spectrums at elevated temperature
  20. Promoting of metallurgical bonding by ultrasonic insert process in steel–aluminum bimetallic castings
  21. Pre-reduction of carbon-containing pellets of high chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite at different temperatures
  22. Optimization of alkali metals discharge performance of blast furnace slag and its extreme value model
  23. Smelting high purity 55SiCr automobile suspension spring steel with different refractories
  24. Investigation into the thermal stability of a novel hot-work die steel 5CrNiMoVNb
  25. Residual stress relaxation considering microstructure evolution in heat treatment of metallic thin-walled part
  26. Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
  27. Effect of chloride ion concentration on stress corrosion cracking and electrochemical corrosion of high manganese steel
  28. Prediction of oxygen-blowing volume in BOF steelmaking process based on BP neural network and incremental learning
  29. Effect of annealing temperature on the structure and properties of FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy
  30. Study on physical properties of Al2O3-based slags used for the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) – metallurgy method
  31. Low-temperature corrosion behavior of laser cladding metal-based alloy coatings on EH40 high-strength steel for icebreaker
  32. Study on thermodynamics and dynamics of top slag modification in O5 automobile sheets
  33. Structure optimization of continuous casting tundish with channel-type induction heating using mathematical modeling
  34. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC–Ni cermets prepared by microwave sintering
  35. Spider-based FOPID controller design for temperature control in aluminium extrusion process
  36. Prediction model of BOF end-point P and O contents based on PCA–GA–BP neural network
  37. Study on hydrogen-induced stress corrosion of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy for railway vehicles
  38. Study on the effect of micro-shrinkage porosity on the ultra-low temperature toughness of ferritic ductile iron
  39. Characterization of surface decarburization and oxidation behavior of Cr–Mo cold heading steel
  40. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of SLM-316 L/rolled-316 L
  41. An investigation on as-cast microstructure and homogenization of nickel base superalloy René 65
  42. Effect of multiple laser re-melting on microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating
  43. Experimental study on the preparation of ferrophosphorus alloy using dephosphorization furnace slag by carbothermic reduction
  44. Research on aging behavior and safe storage life prediction of modified double base propellant
  45. Evaluation of the calorific value of exothermic sleeve material by the adiabatic calorimeter
  46. Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O system
  47. Effect of rare earth Y on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel during hot rolling and cold rolling processes
  48. Effect of ambient temperature on the jet characteristics of a swirl oxygen lance with mixed injection of CO2 + O2
  49. Research on the optimisation of the temperature field distribution of a multi microwave source agent system based on group consistency
  50. The dynamic softening identification and constitutive equation establishment of Ti–6.5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–1W–0.2Si alloy with initial lamellar microstructure
  51. Experimental investigation on microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of plasma arc welded Inconel 617 plates
  52. Numerical simulation and experimental research on cracking mechanism of twin-roll strip casting
  53. A novel method to control stress distribution and machining-induced deformation for thin-walled metallic parts
  54. Review Article
  55. A study on deep reinforcement learning-based crane scheduling model for uncertainty tasks
  56. Topical Issue on Science and Technology of Solar Energy
  57. Synthesis of alkaline-earth Zintl phosphides MZn2P2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) from Sn solutions
  58. Dynamics at crystal/melt interface during solidification of multicrystalline silicon
  59. Boron removal from silicon melt by gas blowing technique
  60. Removal of SiC and Si3N4 inclusions in solar cell Si scraps through slag refining
  61. Electrochemical production of silicon
  62. Electrical properties of zinc nitride and zinc tin nitride semiconductor thin films toward photovoltaic applications
  63. Special Issue on The 4th International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2022)
  64. Effect of microstructure on tribocorrosion of FH36 low-temperature steels
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 12.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2022-0017/html
Scroll to top button