Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications

Ashish Singh; Mohammad Aneesh; Kamakshi; J. A. Ansari

doi:10.1515/eng-2017-0034

Artikel Open Access

Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications

Ashish Singh
Ashish Singh received his B.Tech degree in Applied Electronics and Instrumentation from the Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India, in 2007. He completed his M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees in Communication Technology from Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad in 2009 and 2015 respectively. He has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His are of interests are Patch Antenna, Millimeter waves, Optical communication and Bio-medical Instrumentation. He worked as an Assistant Professor in Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam. Presently, he is working at same designation in NMAMIT, Nitte India.
, Mohammad Aneesh
Mohamad Aneesh received his B.Tech. Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India in 2007 and completed his M. Tech degree in Advance Communications System form Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Allahabad, India in 2009 and completed his D.Phil. degree from Dept. of Electronics & Communication University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India in 2015. He has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His areas of interest are Patch antenna, Neural Network, and Optical communication. He worked as Assistant Professor in Dr. Rizivi College of Engineering, Kaushambi. Nowadays. he is working as Assistant Professor in Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, Kanpur, India-208024.
, Kamakshi
Kamakshi received her B.Tech. degree in Electronics Engineering from the Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology Allahabad, U.P., India in 2007. She completed her M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees in Communication Technology from Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad in 2009 and 2017 respectively. She has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. Her area of interests is Broadband antennas, and Millimeter waves. Nowadays, she is working as an Assistant Professor in IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India.
und J. A. Ansari
J. A. Ansari was born in 1966 in Gahmar, Ghazipur (U.P.), India. He received the B.Sc. and B.Tech. degrees in Electronics and Telecommunications from University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. The M.Tech. degree in Communication Systems from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India, in 1991 and the Ph.D. degree from Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishvavidyalaya, Chitrakoot (Satna), India, in 2000. He has published 100 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His current area of research is microstrip antenna, millimeter wave, and fiber optics. He is presently working as a Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.

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Abstract

In this paper, theoretical analysis of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator is presented. The proposed antenna shows that the dualband operation depends on gap between parasitic element, split-ring resonator, length and width of microstrip line. It is found that antenna resonates at two distinct resonating modes i.e., 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz for lower and upper resonance frequencies respectively. The antenna shows dual frequency nature with frequency ratio 2.0. The characteristics of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator antenna is compared with other prototype microstrip line fed antennas. Further, the theoretical results are compared with simulated and reported experimental results, they are in close agreement.

Keywords: Microstrip line fed; parasitic elements; split-ring resonator (SRR); Dual-band; Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA)

1 Introduction

Nowadays, microstrip patch antennas are important device in wireless communication systems. These antennas have been successfully utilized in many communication systems [1,2,3] such as satellite communication/links (vehicular GPS), cellular communication system (GSM/CDMA), wireless personal area (Bluetooth links), wireless local area network (Wi-Fi) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). There are different techniques by which these antennas can be designed for various wireless applications such as proximity coupling [4], aperture coupling [5,6], loading of notches [7], slots [8,9,10], parasitic elements [11], L-strip fed [12,13], microstrip line feeding [14,15,16,17,18,19]. One of the important techniques is inset feeding by which patch antenna can be excited to achieve dual-band and multi-band frequencies for wireless communications.

The various contributions of researchers and scientists on microstrip line feeding are reported such as, analysis and design of annular patch antenna with electromagnetically coupled microstrip feed line [14], crescent-shaped multiband planar monopole antenna for mobile wireless applications [15], microstrip antenna array formed by microstrip line fed tooth-like-slot patches [16], printed wide-slot antenna with a modified L-shaped microstrip line for wideband applications [17], microstrip line-fed printed wide-slot antenna with a parasitic center patch [18], broadband T-shaped microstrip-fed U-slot coupled patch antenna [19]. All the above reported papers are of microstrip line fed patch antennas which lack theoretical analysis, equivalent circuit diagram and has complicated antenna geometry.

In this view, the main objective of this paper is to present theoretical analysis, equivalent circuit diagram, total input impedance and radiating structures of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna with split-ring resonator (SRR)for wireless communications. Theoretical analysis of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator has been presented using circuit theory concept based on modal expansion cavity model. The proposed antenna structures have been realized with the proto-type radiating structures to obtain dualband characteristics. Variation of dimensions of the proposed antenna for the gap between parasitic element, split-ring resonator, length and width of microstrip line are discussed in next section.

2 Antenna designs

A rectangular patch with SRR and parasitic patch antenna along with similar proto-type microstrip line fed patch antennas are shown in Fig. 1. The Fig. 1(a) shows the side view of antennas. Antenna 1 is shown in Fig. 1(b), conventional microsrtip line fed patch antenna of dimensions L×W is excited by the 50 Ω microstrip line. Antenna 2 is shown in Fig. 1(c), it is similar to the Antenna1 except it has parasitic element of dimension L×W and gap between the fed patch and parasitic patch is G. Figure 1(d)-(e) is the proposed radiating structure with top and bottom view. The proposed radiating structure is Antenna 3 which has SRR on ground plane and parasitic patch is placed parallel to the fed patch on same plane at a distance G. A rectangular patch of dimension L×W is fed through microstrip line fed. The feeding is given at end of microstrip line via coaxial connector of diameter 0.72 mm. Design specification of the antennas are given in Table 1.

Figure 1

(a)Side view microstrip line fed patch antennas(b) Simple microstrip line fed patch (antenna 1), (c) microstrip line fed patch with parasitic element (antenna 2),(d) Top View and (e) Bottom View of proposed microstrip line fed patch antenna (antenna 3).

Table 1

Design specifications of microstrip line feed patch antennasare given as

Thickness of dielectric substrate (H)	1.5 mm
Permittivity of Substrate (ε_r)	2.65
Loss tangent of substrate (tanδ)	0.0015
Width of patch and parasitic patch (W)	23 mm
Length of patch and parasitic patch (L)	58 mm
Width of microstrip line (W_s)	4.0 mm
Gap between the feed patch and parasitic patch (G)	4.0 mm
Length of SRR’s (S_L)	25.6 mm
Width of SRR’s (S_w)	25.6 mm
Width of both SRR’s arm (S_a)	12.65 mm
Length of SRR’s arm (S_t)	0.5 mm
Gap between two SRR’s arms (g₁)	0.5 mm
Length of Microstrip line (L_s)	22.5 mm

Figure 2 shows the current distribution on radiating structure of the Antenna 3 at lower (0.9 GHz) and upper (1.8 GHz) resonance frequencies. From the figure, it has been observed that proposed radiating structure has two directions of currents flowing on the radiating patch. The first is normal to the patch and other current flows due to the coupling between the fed patch with parasitic patch and the radiating patch with SRR. These combine mechanism provide dual band operation.

Figure 2

Current distribution (a) Lower and (b) higher resonance frequency.

3 Theortical analysis and its equivalent circuits

A simple rectangular patch is considered as a parallel combination of resistance R₁, inductance L₁, and capacitance C₁ circuit and its input impedance is represented as Z_p. The equivalent circuit of the rectangular patch is shown in Fig. 3(a), where R₁, C₁ and L₁ can be defined as [20,21],

C1=LWε0εe2Hcos2(πX0L)(1)

R1=Qωr2C1(2)

L1=1C1ωr2(3)

Quality factor,

Q=cεe4fH

Where

L- Length of rectangular patch,

W- Width of rectangular patch,

H- Thickness of the substrate material,

X₀-x coordinates of feed point, i.e.,X₀ = L_s,

ε_e - effective permittivity of the medium.

Figure 3

Equivalent Circuits diagram of (a) Simple patch (Z_p) (b) parasitic patch (Z_pp )(c) Gap between two patch (Z_cc) (d) Microstrip line patch (Z_L)

The equivalent circuit of the parasitic patch is shown in Fig. 3(b), its input impedance is represented as Z_pp, where R₂, C₂ and L₂can be calculated as R₁, C₁ and L₁ with same equations, here X₀ is considered as 0. The equivalent circuit diagram of the gap between the fed patch and the parasitic patch Z_cc is shown in Fig. 3(c), which is represented as the combination of capacitances C_g and C_p1. The expression of gap capacitance C_g and plate capacitance C_p1 of the microstrip line can be calculated as [22,23,24]

Cg=0.5.H.Q1exp(−1.86(GH))[1+4.09{1−exp(0.75HW)}](4)

Cp1=CL(Q2+Q3Q2+1)(5)

Where,

Q1=0.04598{0.03+(WH)Q4}(0.272+εr0.07),

Q2=0.107[WH+9](GH)3.23+2.09(GH)1.05+[1.5+0.3(WH)1+0.6(WH)]

Q3=exp(−0.5978)−0.55

Q4=1.23

C_L is the terminal capacitance of the open circuited conductor is given as,

CL=Cllεeffz0c

where C_ll is the conductor extension length, ε_eff is effective dielectric constant.

Cll=0.412[(εe+0.3)(WH+0.264)(εe−0.258)(WH+0.8)]

Z₀is characteristic impedance of the patch, c is the velocity of light.

The microstrip line of the rectangular patch is considered as combination of L and C. The equivalent circuit of the microstrip line rectangular patch is shown in Fig. 3(d), where L_L and C_L are inductance and capacitance of strip [22, 23].

LL=100.H(4Ws/H−4.21)nH(6)

CL=Ws{(9.5εr+1.25)Ws/H+5.2εr+7.0}pF(7)

Resonance frequency of the microstrip line antenna is given as,

f=c/2Lesεre(8)

where

εre=1/2[(εr+1)+(εr−1)(1−12.H/Ws)−1/2],

L_es = L_S +ΔL_S,

ε_re- Effective dielectric constant,

L_es -Effective increase in length of strip,

ΔLs=H.0.412(εre+0.3)(Ws/H+0.264)(εre−0.258)(Ws/H+0.8),

ε_r -Dielectric constant,

The characteristic impedance of microstrip line [20,21,22],

ZL=jωLL+1jωCL+1jωLL(9)

Therefore, the total input impedance (Z_in) of antenna can be calculated by equivalent circuit diagram Fig. 4 as

Zin=ZL+111jωCc+1jωLc+1Zp+1Zpp+1Zcc(10)

where L_c and C_cis the inductance and capacitance of SRR’s can calculated as [24].

Figure 4

Equivalent circuit diagram of the antenna.

Now using equation (10) the total input impedance of the proposed antenna is calculated. Their various antenna parameters such as reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss are calculated as:

Reflection Coefficient

Γ=Z−ZinZ+Zin,

where

Z is the input impedance of the microstrip fed (50 Ω).

VSWR=1+Γ1−Γ,

and RL=20 log |r|

4 Discussion of results

The antennas 1, 2, and 3 have been simulated using software IE3D based on Method of Moments. Figure 5 presents the variations of reflection coefficients for different radiating structures. Antenna1 is resonating at 4.1 GHz below −10 dB offer a bandwidth of 139 MHz (3.94-4.12 GHz) which can be utilized for satellite communication. Antenna 2 is resonating at three distinct frequency modes 3.144 GHz, 3.252 GHz and 3.804 GHz. In theses frequency bands only 3.804 GHz frequency has efficient bandwidth of 441 MHz (3.696-3.864 GHz) that can be utilized for down link in satellite communication. Antenna 3 resonates at two distinct frequencies modes 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz below −10 dB and meets the requirement of mobile communication. It is observed that on incorporating parasitic elements and SRR resonating frequencies shift toward lower side. This is due to the increase radiation resistance of the proposed antenna. There is a dip at 1.5 GHz in proposed antenna, this is observed because gap between the parasitic patch and fed as well as gap between SRR arms.

Figure 5

Comparisons of proposed antenna 3 with antennas 1 and 2.

Figure 6 shows the variation of reflection coefficient with frequency for the proposed antenna. The simulated, theoretical and reported experimental results of the microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna with parasitic element and SRR are in close agreement. From figure it is observed that the antenna shows dual frequency behavior with frequency ratio 2.0 (Simulated) and 2.12 (theoretical). Theoretical results are based on circuit theory concept based on cavity model whereas simulated results are obtained using IE3D software that is based on Method of Moments. Further, analysis of the antenna 3 is shown in figures 7 to 10 which are based on circuit theory concept are described below.

Figure 6

Comparison between theoretical, experimental [25] and simulated [26] results.

From Figure 7, it is observed that on decreasing the substrate thickness (H=1.5 mm to 0.5 mm) frequency ratio decreases from 2.0 to 1.27 whereas on increasing the substrate thickness (H=1.5 mm to 2.5 mm) frequency ratio increases to 2.96. This happens because on increasing and decreasing the height of the substrate equations (1), (4) and (6) are effected which is responsible for variation in resonance frequency of the radiating patch.

Figure 7

Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on varying height of the substrate(H).

Figure 8 shows the variation of reflection coefficient with frequency on decreasing (W_s=4 mm to 2 mm) and increasing (W_s =4 mm to 6 mm) the width of microstrip line, there is no change in the frequency ratio of upper to lower resonance frequency whereas slight shifting is observed on both upper and lower resonance frequencies. This is due to the capacitance C_L which is directly proportion to width of microstrip line W_s, from equation (7).

Figure 8

Variation of reflection coefficient (dB) with frequency on varying width of microstrip (W_s).

From Figure 9, it is observed that on increasing the length of the microstrip line (L_s =21.6 mm to 29.6 mm), lower and higher resonance frequencies shift towards lower resonance side whereas there is no change in the frequency ratio of upper to lower resonance frequency. This affects the equation (8) as resonance frequency of the microstrip line f is inversely proportional to the length microstrip line L_s.

Figure 9

Variation of reflection coefficient (dB) with frequency on varying length of microstrip (L_s).

Figure 10 shows that on decreasing gap between the fed patch and parasitic patch (G=4 mm to 3 mm), the upper and lower resonance frequencies shift towards the lower side. Further, on increasing G=4 mm to 7 mm, upper and lower resonance frequencies shift towards higher side. This happens because the gap capacitance C_g is affected on increasing and decreasing the gap between fed patch and parasitic patch G i.e., from equation (4), C_g changes exponentially on variation of G. Thus, there is no huge variation on varying G.

Figure 10

Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on varying gap between fed patch and parasitic patch.

From Figure 11, shows the radiation pattern at lower (0.9 GHz) and higher (1.8 GHz) resonance frequency and antenna shows circular polarization. The 3 dB beam width at lower resonance frequency for E_theta, phi=0° is 130.33° and E_theta, phi=90° is 88.92° whereas at higher resonance frequency for E_theta, phi=0 is 165.83° and E_theta, phi=0 is 83.7°.

Figure 11

Radiation Pattern of antenna (a) Lower resonance frequency (b) Upper resonance frequency (E_theta, for phi=0 and phi=90 deg).

5 Conclusion

From the above analysis it is inferred that theoretical results are in close agreement with simulated and reported experimental results for inset fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split ring resonator. The frequency ratio of the proposed antenna depends on microstrip length and width, thickness of dielectric substrate and gap between parasitic patch. The proposed antenna has frequency ratio 2.0 and maximum gain 1.8 dBi. The proposed antennas can be utilized for wireless communications such as mobiles and down linking for satellite communications.

About the authors

Ashish Singh

Ashish Singh received his B.Tech degree in Applied Electronics and Instrumentation from the Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India, in 2007. He completed his M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees in Communication Technology from Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad in 2009 and 2015 respectively. He has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His are of interests are Patch Antenna, Millimeter waves, Optical communication and Bio-medical Instrumentation. He worked as an Assistant Professor in Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam. Presently, he is working at same designation in NMAMIT, Nitte India.

Mohammad Aneesh

Mohamad Aneesh received his B.Tech. Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India in 2007 and completed his M. Tech degree in Advance Communications System form Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Allahabad, India in 2009 and completed his D.Phil. degree from Dept. of Electronics & Communication University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India in 2015. He has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His areas of interest are Patch antenna, Neural Network, and Optical communication. He worked as Assistant Professor in Dr. Rizivi College of Engineering, Kaushambi. Nowadays. he is working as Assistant Professor in Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, Kanpur, India-208024.

Kamakshi

Kamakshi received her B.Tech. degree in Electronics Engineering from the Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology Allahabad, U.P., India in 2007. She completed her M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees in Communication Technology from Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad in 2009 and 2017 respectively. She has published more than 40 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. Her area of interests is Broadband antennas, and Millimeter waves. Nowadays, she is working as an Assistant Professor in IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India.

J. A. Ansari

J. A. Ansari was born in 1966 in Gahmar, Ghazipur (U.P.), India. He received the B.Sc. and B.Tech. degrees in Electronics and Telecommunications from University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. The M.Tech. degree in Communication Systems from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India, in 1991 and the Ph.D. degree from Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishvavidyalaya, Chitrakoot (Satna), India, in 2000. He has published 100 research papers in different national and international journals and conference proceedings. His current area of research is microstrip antenna, millimeter wave, and fiber optics. He is presently working as a Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.

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Received: 2016-8-29

Accepted: 2017-8-31

Published Online: 2017-11-10

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