Volume 75, Issue 2

The multijunction solar cells performances study is essential for the design of the high-concentration photovoltaic. These cells can operate over a wide range of the incident radiation flux and a large temperature range. These two parameters (concentration and temperature) degrade the cell and require a cooling system. In this article, we have studied numerically the cooling temperature of InGaP/lnGaAs/Ge subcells under the concentrated illumination. For this, we have presented the performance of each subcell as a function of the temperature and concentration sunlight. The different high concentrations ratios (1, 10, 100, and 1000 sun) have been conducted according to the dish-style concentration photovoltaic system for three temperature values T = 300, 500, and 800 K. The results show that under high concentrated light intensity conversion, the performances of these three subcells (efficiency, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor) were decreased with increasing the temperature. The main objective of this study is to find the limit temperature of each subcell in order to introduce the cooling system. Thus, we can avoid the degradation of the tandem solar cell under the concentrated illumination.

An investigation of nonlinear ion acoustic (IA) cnoidal waves in a magnetised quantum plasma is presented by using spin evolution quantum hydrodynamics model, in which inertial classical ions and degenerate inertialess electrons with both spin-up and spin-down states taken as separate species are considered. The Korteweg–de Vries equation is derived using the reductive perturbation method. Further, using the Sagdeev pseudopotential approach, the solution for IA cnoidal waves is derived with suitable boundary conditions. There is the formation of only positive potential cnoidal, and in the limiting case, positive solitary waves are observed. The effects of density polarisation and other plasma parameters on the characteristic features of cnoidal and solitary waves have been analysed numerically. It is seen that the spin density polarisation significantly affects the characteristics of cnoidal structures as we move from strongly spin-polarised ( μ = 1) to a zero spin-polarisation case ( μ = 0). The results obtained in the present investigation may be useful in comprehending various nonlinear excitations in dense astrophysical regions, such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, and so on.

Effects of Landau quantisation and exchange-correlation potential on Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI)/gravitational instability are investigated in inhomogeneous dense plasmas. Quantum hydrodynamic model is used for the electrons, while the ions are assumed to be cold and classical. RTI is modified with the inclusion of Landau quantisation related to plasma density, ambient magnetic field, exchange speed, and modified Fermi speed. Owing to the exchange-correlation effects, gravitational instability increases, whereas the Landau quantisation effects contribute in the opposite way for quantisation factor η < 1. Since the exchange-correlation potential is a function of density, by controlling the number density and magnetic field one can control RTI.

A system of hyperbolic differential equations outlining one-dimensional planar, cylindrical symmetric and spherical symmetric flow of a relaxing gas with dust particles is considered. Singular surface theory used to study different aspects of wave propagation and its culmination to the steepened form. The evolutionary behavior of the characteristic shock is studied. A particular solution of the governing system of equations is used to discuss the steepened wave form, characteristic shock and their interaction. The results of the interaction between the steepened wave front and the characteristic shock using the general theory of wave interaction are discussed. Also, the influence of relaxation and dust parameters on the steepened wave front, the formation of a characteristic shock, reflected and transmitted waves after interaction and a jump in shock acceleration are investigated.

The measurement problem and the absence of macroscopic superposition are two foundational problems of quantum mechanics today. One possible solution is to consider the Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber (GRW) model of spontaneous localisation. Here, we describe how spontaneous localisation modifies the path integral formulation of density matrix evolution in quantum mechanics. We provide two new pedagogical derivations of the GRW propagator. We then show how the von Neumann equation and the Liouville equation for the density matrix arise in the quantum and classical limit, respectively, from the GRW path integral.

We present a new, falsifiable quantum theory of gravity, which we name non-commutative matter-gravity. The commutative limit of the theory is classical general relativity. In the first two papers of this series, we have introduced the concept of an atom of space-time-matter (STM), which is described by the spectral action in non-commutative geometry, corresponding to a classical theory of gravity. We used the Connes time parameter, along with the spectral action, to incorporate gravity into trace dynamics. We then derived the spectral equation of motion for the gravity part of the STM atom, which turns out to be the Dirac equation on a non-commutative space. In the present work, we propose how to include the matter (fermionic) part and give a simple action principle for the STM atom. This leads to the equations for a quantum theory of gravity, and also to an explanation for the origin of spontaneous localisation from quantum gravity. We use spontaneous localisation to arrive at the action for classical general relativity (including matter source) from the action for STM atoms.

Different forms of linear and non-linear field equations, so-called ‘phase-field’ equations, are studied in relation to the de Broglie–Bohm double-solution program. This defines a framework in which elementary particles are described by localised non-linear wave solutions moving by the guidance of a pilot wave, defined by the solution of a Schrödinger-type equation. First, we consider the phase-field order parameter as the phase for the linear pilot wave, second as the pilot wave itself, and third as a moving soliton interpreted as a massive particle. In the last case, we introduce the equation for a superwave, the amplitude of which can be considered as a particle moving in accordance to the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Lax pairs for the coupled problems are constructed in order to discover possible non-linear equations that can describe the moving particle and to propose a framework for investigating coupled solutions. Finally, doublons in 1 + 1 dimensions are constructed as self-similar solutions of a non-linear phase-field equation forming a finite space object. Vacuum quantum oscillations within the doublon determine the evolution of the coupled system. Applying a conservation constraint and using general symmetry considerations, the doublons are arranged as a network in 1 + 1 + 2 dimensions, where nodes are interpreted as elementary particles. A canonical procedure is proposed to treat charge and electromagnetic exchange.

A new principle of electromotive force generation is proposed, based on the intermittent laser-induced reversible cluster formation due to the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles in a ferrofluid placed in the constant magnetic field. In such a configuration, according to Faraday law, in response to unsteady light-induced periodic motion of magnetized materials in an external magnetic field, an alternating current is induced in the coil wrapped around the ferrofluid tube.

The one-dimensional Ising model with various boundary conditions is considered. Exact expressions for the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of the model using different kinds of boundary conditions [Dirichlet (D), Neumann (N), and a combination of Neumann–Dirichlet (ND)] are presented in the absence (presence) of a magnetic field. The finite-size scaling functions for internal energy, heat capacity, entropy, magnetisation, and magnetic susceptibility are derived and analysed as function of the temperature and the field. We show that the properties of the one-dimensional Ising model is affected by the finite size of the system and the imposed boundary conditions. The thermodynamic limit in which the finite-size functions approach the bulk case is also discussed.