Home Technology Microstructure and properties of violin strings made of metastable austenitic steel
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Microstructure and properties of violin strings made of metastable austenitic steel

  • Rüdiger Haas , H. Peter Degischer , Peter Pongratz and Anke R. Pyzalla
Published/Copyright: June 11, 2013
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 100 Issue 11

Abstract

The strings of musical instruments are frequently made of stainless steel wires. Samples taken from consecutive steps of wire drawing showed the kinetics of deformation-induced martensite formation from metastable austenitic feedstock. Stacking fault and twin formation were described by transmission electron microscopy. The progress of martensitic transformation was accompanied by an increase in defect density and in micro-strains determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The initial fall in the Young's modulus determined by tensile tests was accompanied by a drastic reduction in domain size and in grain diameter. Texture and phase transformation at the wire surface were measured by X-ray diffraction. The deformation-induced martensite formation has been described in its nucleation, growth and saturation stages. These three stages were defined by the correlation of the evolution of the microstructural features in the course of the wire drawing process.

Keywords: Stainless steels; Martensitic phase transformation; Drawing; X-ray diffraction; Young's modulus
* Correspondence address, Prof. H. Peter Degischer Vienna University of Technology Institute of Materials Science and Technology Karlsplatz 13/E308, A-1040 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 0 158801 30811 Fax: +43 0 158801 30899 E-mail:

References

[1] http://www.thomastik-infeld.com/company/index.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

[2] N.C.Pickering: J. of the Catgut Acoustical Society44 (1985) 6–8.Search in Google Scholar

[3] N.C.Pickering: J. of the Violin Society of America, 10/2 (1989) 107–132.Search in Google Scholar

[4] R.Haas, H.P.Degischer, P.Pongratz, H.Knoblich: Prakt. Metallogr.41 (2004) 354–365.10.1515/pm-2004-410707Search in Google Scholar

[5] U.Hermeking-Göbel: PHD thesis, Vienna Univ. of Technol., Vienna (2005).Search in Google Scholar

[6] R.W.Cheary, Y.Ma-Sorrel: J. Mater. Sci.35 (2000) 1105–1113.10.1023/A:1004755514188Search in Google Scholar

[7] T.Angel: J. Iron and Steel Res., Int. (1954) 165–174.Search in Google Scholar

[8] E.Wirthl, R.Angerer, K.Hauzenberger: proc. 2000 Annual Convention AISE, Pittsburgh/Pa (2000).Search in Google Scholar

[9] I.MészároszM.Káldor, B.Hidashi, A.Vértes, I.Czakó-Nagy: J. Mat. Eng. and Performance5/4 (1996) 538.10.1007/BF02648852Search in Google Scholar

[10] U.Hermeking-Göbel: Rep. Labor f. kristallograph. Analytik Dr. Göbel, Munich (2005).Search in Google Scholar

[11] R.L.Snyder, J.Fiala, H.J.Bunge: Oxford sci. publ. (1999).Search in Google Scholar

[12] H.J.Bunge: Z. Metallkd.70 (1979) 411–418.Search in Google Scholar

[13] http://www.ing.unitn.it/~maud/Search in Google Scholar

[14] L.Lutterotti, P.Scardi: J. Appl. Cryst.23 (1990) 246–252.10.1107/S0021889890002382Search in Google Scholar

[15] P.Sahu, M.De, S.Kajiwara: J. Alloys Compd.246 (2002) 158–169.10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00495-4Search in Google Scholar

[16] T.Inamura, K.Takashima, Y.Higo: Phil. mag.83 (2003) 935–954.10.1080/0141861031000065338Search in Google Scholar

[17] R.Haas: PHD thesis, Vienna Univ. of Technology, Vienna (2005).Search in Google Scholar

[18] N.Inakazu, H.Yamamoto, in: C.M. Brakman, P. Jongenburger, EJ. Mittenseijer (Eds.), proc. 7th int. conf. on textures of materials, ICOTOM-7, (1984) 327–332.Search in Google Scholar

[19] H.J.Bunge: Programm System ODF-Analysis, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen (1993).Search in Google Scholar

[20] K.Salmutter, F.Stangler: Z. Metallkd.51 (1960) 544–548.Search in Google Scholar

[21] J.Nunes, A.Martin: J. Mater. Sci.10 (1975) 641–646.10.1007/BF00566572Search in Google Scholar

[22] X.Wang, J.Wang, P.Wu, H.Zhang: Mater. Sci. Eng. A370 (2004) 158–162.10.1016/j.msea.2003.02.002Search in Google Scholar

[23] X.Ren, N.Miura, J.Zhang, K.Otsuka, K.Tanaka, M.Koiwa, T.Suzuki, I.Chumlyakov, M.Asai: Mater. Sci. Eng. A312 (2001) 196–206.10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01876-1Search in Google Scholar

[24] G.B.Olson, M.Cohen: Met. Trans. A7 (1976) 1897.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2008-8-1
Accepted: 2009-8-31
Published Online: 2013-06-11
Published in Print: 2009-11-01

© 2009, Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Editorial
  4. Multiscale materials simulation: the maturing of a scientific concept
  5. Feature
  6. Atomistic modelling of materials with bond-order potentials
  7. Interstitial impurities at grain boundaries in metals: insight from atomistic calculations
  8. Multiscale modeling of polymers at interfaces
  9. Coupling atomistic accuracy with continuum effectivity for predictive simulations in materials research – the Quasicontinuum Method
  10. Basic
  11. Relative effects of Mo and B on ferrite and bainite kinetics in strong steels
  12. Experimental study of phase relations in the ZrO2–La2O3–Y2O3 system
  13. Surface tension of liquid Al–Cu binary alloys
  14. Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition
  15. A mesoscopic grain boundary sliding controlled flow model for superplasticity in intermetallics
  16. Molten salt synthesis and phase evolution of Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3
  17. Applied
  18. Microstructure and properties of violin strings made of metastable austenitic steel
  19. Transformation of reverted austenite in a maraging steel under external loading: an in-situ X-ray diffraction study using high-energy synchrotron radiation
  20. Effect of heat treatment on the strain hardening behaviour of an Al–Zn–Mg alloy
  21. Ball milling as a possible means to produce zinc based coatings
  22. Size difference effects on the bulk, and surface properties of Bi–Zn, Cu–Pb, K–Pb and K–Tl liquid alloys
  23. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr(Mo)–Hf/Ho near-eutectic alloy prepared by suction casting
  24. Investigation of fatigue fracture of generator-rotor fan blades
  25. Notifications
  26. Personal
https://doi.org/10.3139/146.110215
Keywords for this article
Stainless steels; Martensitic phase transformation; Drawing; X-ray diffraction; Young's modulus

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Editorial
  4. Multiscale materials simulation: the maturing of a scientific concept
  5. Feature
  6. Atomistic modelling of materials with bond-order potentials
  7. Interstitial impurities at grain boundaries in metals: insight from atomistic calculations
  8. Multiscale modeling of polymers at interfaces
  9. Coupling atomistic accuracy with continuum effectivity for predictive simulations in materials research – the Quasicontinuum Method
  10. Basic
  11. Relative effects of Mo and B on ferrite and bainite kinetics in strong steels
  12. Experimental study of phase relations in the ZrO2–La2O3–Y2O3 system
  13. Surface tension of liquid Al–Cu binary alloys
  14. Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition
  15. A mesoscopic grain boundary sliding controlled flow model for superplasticity in intermetallics
  16. Molten salt synthesis and phase evolution of Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3
  17. Applied
  18. Microstructure and properties of violin strings made of metastable austenitic steel
  19. Transformation of reverted austenite in a maraging steel under external loading: an in-situ X-ray diffraction study using high-energy synchrotron radiation
  20. Effect of heat treatment on the strain hardening behaviour of an Al–Zn–Mg alloy
  21. Ball milling as a possible means to produce zinc based coatings
  22. Size difference effects on the bulk, and surface properties of Bi–Zn, Cu–Pb, K–Pb and K–Tl liquid alloys
  23. Microstructure and mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr(Mo)–Hf/Ho near-eutectic alloy prepared by suction casting
  24. Investigation of fatigue fracture of generator-rotor fan blades
  25. Notifications
  26. Personal
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 1.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/146.110215/html
Scroll to top button