A spectrometric analysis of variedly purified cinnabar in a siddha drug – linga chendhooram

Shivani Gopalakrishnan; Baskaran Sivaraj; Hariharan Pattabiraman

doi:10.1515/jcim-2024-0052

Article

A spectrometric analysis of variedly purified cinnabar in a siddha drug – linga chendhooram

Shivani Gopalakrishnan , Baskaran Sivaraj and Hariharan Pattabiraman

Published/Copyright: May 29, 2024

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From the journal Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine Volume 21 Issue 3

Abstract

Objectives

A siddha drug, linga chendhooram was prepared from cinnabar (lingam) and Citrullus colocynthis L. The transition of heavy metals concentration throughout the process were analysed to comprehend the significance of drug preparatory methods. In addition to that the main constituent cinnabar was purified from two different methods to comparatively analyse the significance of purification methods.

Methods

Atomic absorption spectrometric studies were employed to obtain the concentration of class I heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury) in all five samples – raw cinnabar (R), cinnabar purified (P1 and P2) from purification method 1 and 2, linga chendhooram (D1 and D2) prepared from P1 and P2.

Results

Based on the permissible limits given by The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, except cadmium the concentrations of all other three heavy metals were found to be above the limit in P1, P2, D1 and D2. According to the oral Permitted Daily Exposure values for elemental impurities given in ICH Q3D(R1) Guidelines, D1 was within the permissible limits for both single and double oral doses whereas D2 showed a slight increase in the concentration of lead in a single oral dose itself.

Conclusions

The drug preparatory method showed a reduction of the heavy metals concentration and comparative analysis of the purification methods revealed a substantial reduction of heavy metals concentration in the end drug D1 when compared with D2 showing that the methods of purification and drug preparation in siddha system plays a vital role in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals accordingly.

Keywords: siddha; cinnabar (lingam) ; linga chendhooram ; heavy metal analysis; atomic absorption spectrometry

Corresponding author: Shivani Gopalakrishnan, UG Siddha Scholar, BSMS (CRRI), Santhigiri Siddha Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695589, India, E-mail: shivaalai1008@gmail.com

Funding source: Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Award Identifier / Grant number: F. No.1-153/2021-22/CCRS/Tech./5SD Dated 03/01/2022

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India for sanctioning this mini research project and Santhigiri Siddha Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,India for their support throughout the study.

Research ethics: Not applicable.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved submission. 1. Shivani G: Methodology/ Study design, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition. 2. Baskaran S: Conceptualisation, Methodology/ Study design, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – reviewing and editing, supervision, Project Administration and Funding acquisition. 3. Hariharan P: Writing – reviewing and editing, supervision, Project Administration and Funding acquisition.
Competing interests: The authors state no conflicts of interest.
Research funding: This study is funded by Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in accordance with the Mini Project Research Grant for the observance of 5th Siddha day 2021 (F. No.1-153/2021-22/CCRS/Tech./5SD Dated 03/01/2022).
Data availability: Not applicable.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2024-0052).

Received: 2024-02-16

Accepted: 2024-05-12

Published Online: 2024-05-29

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Supplementary Material

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2024-0052

Keywords for this article

siddha; cinnabar (lingam); linga chendhooram; heavy metal analysis; atomic absorption spectrometry