Home General Interest Marco Polo: From Hangzhou to Quanzhou
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Marco Polo: From Hangzhou to Quanzhou

  • Stephen G. Haw EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 17, 2021
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

When Marco Polo left China, he passed through Hangzhou (Quinsai) and then travelled approximately southwestwards into what is today Fujian province, to the cities of Fuzhou and Quanzhou (Zaiton). There are still a number of disagreements regarding his route, however, which are discussed here. Consideration is also given to Marco’s use of “Facfur” to designate the last Emperor of the Song dynasty, and more generally to the issue of the use of Persian language in Yuan China. It is suggested that there is no clear evidence that Marco Polo learned Persian. An error regarding consumption of pepper in China during the thirteenth century is corrected. More evidence of the importation of very substantial quantities of pepper into China during the Song and Yuan periods is adduced. Identifications of all the places which Marco mentions in this section of his book are suggested, with the support of evidence.

Bibliography

Manuscripts and Editions of Marco Polo’s book

BNF MS fr. (1116): Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département de Manuscrits, français 1116, Livre qui est appelé le Divisiment dou monde, de Marc Pol (Manuscript F).Search in Google Scholar

BNF MS fr. (5631): Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département de Manuscrits, français 5631, Les voyages de Marco Polo (Manuscript FA1).Search in Google Scholar

MP/Baldelli Boni: Il Milione di Marco Polo, testo di lingua del secolo decimoterzo, ora per la prima volta pubblicato ed illustrato dal Conte Gio. Batt. Baldelli Boni, vol. 1 (1827). Firenze: Giuseppe Pagani (edn of Manuscript TA1).Search in Google Scholar

MP/Barbieri: Marco Polo (2008): Milione, Redazione Latina del manoscritto Z, Versione Italiana a fronte. Edited by A. Barbieri, 2nd edn. Parma: Fondazione Pietro Bembo/Ugo Guanda Editore.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Benedetto: Marco Polo (1932): Il libro di messer Marco Polo, cittadino di Venezia, detto Milione, dove si raccontano le meraviglie del mondo, ricostruito criticamente e per la prima volta integralmente tradotto in lingua italiana da Luigi Foscolo Benedetto. Milano/Roma: Trèves, Treccani, Tumminelli.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Cliff: Marco Polo (2015): The Travels, edited with an Introduction and Notes by Nigel Cliff. London: Penguin Books.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Eusebi-Burgio: Marco Polo (2018): Le devisement dou monde, testo, secondo la lezione del codice fr. 1116 della Bibliothèque Nationale de France, a cura di Mario Eusebi, glossario, a cura di Eugenio Burgio, 2 vols. Venezia: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.10.30687/978-88-6969-223-9Search in Google Scholar

MP/Gennari: Marco Polo (2009): «Milione», Redazione VB. Edizione Critica Commentata. Tesi di dottorato di Pamela Gennari. Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Kinoshita: Marco Polo (2016): The Description of the World, translated by Sharon Kinoshita. Indianapolis: Hackett.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Marsden: Marco Polo (1818): The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century, […] translated from the Italian, with notes, by W. Marsden, FRS, & c. London.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Moule-Pelliot: A. C. Moule/Paul Pelliot (1938): Marco Polo: The Description of the World, 2 vols. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Pauthier: G. Pauthier (1865): Le Livre de Marco Polo, citoyen de Venise, conseiller privé et commissaire impérial de Khoubilaï-Khaân; redigé en français sous sa dictée en 1298 par Rusticien de Pise […], 2 vols. Paris: Firmin Didot.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Pipino: Marka Pavlova z Benátek (1902): Milion, translated by J.V. Prášek. : Prague: Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy for Sciences, Literature and Arts.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Ramusio: Marco Polo (1559): L’Historia delle cose de Tartari, & diversi fatti de’loro Imperatori. In: Navigationi et Viaggi. Edited by G.-B. Ramusio, vol. 2. Venice: Giunti, 1–60.Search in Google Scholar

MP/Simion: Marco Polo (2019): Il Devisement dou monde nella redazione veneziana V (cod. Hamilton 424 della Staatsbibliothek di Berlino), Samuela Simion. Venezia: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.10.30687/978-88-6969-321-2Search in Google Scholar

MP/Yule-Cordier: The Book of Ser Marco Polo Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited, with notes, by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edn, revised by H. Cordier, 2 vols (1903). London: John Murray.Search in Google Scholar

Pre-modern Chinese sources

CFYG: Wang Qinruo, et al. 王欽若 (1013): Ce fu yuan gui, jiao ding ben 册府元龜, 校訂本. Edited by Zhou Xunchu 周勛初, 12 vols. Nanjing: Fenghuang chubanshe, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

CZXYZ: Li Zhichang 李志常 (c. 1228): Changchun zhenren xi you ji 長春真人西遊記. In: Qiu Chuji ji 丘處機集. Edited by Zhao Weidong 趙衛東. Ji’nan: Qilu shushe, 2005: 200–325.Search in Google Scholar

DNZ: Chen Dazhen 陳大震 (comp.) (c. 1305): Dade Nanhai Zhi 大德南海志. Edited by Li Yongxian 李勇先 (Song-Yuan zhenxi difangzhi congkan, jia bian, 宋元珍稀地方志叢刊, 甲編, vol. 8). Chengdu: Sichuan daxue chubanshe, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

FCXD: Yuan Jiong 袁褧 (c. 1105): Fengchuang xiaodu 楓窗小牘. In: Quan Song biji 全宋筆記, Collection 4, vol. 5 第四編, 五. Edited by Zhu Yian 朱易安 et al. Zhengzhou: Daxiang chubanshe, 2008: 209–247.Search in Google Scholar

FYSL: Zhu Mu 祝穆 (c. 1267): Fangyu shenglan 方輿勝覽. Edited by Zhu Zhu 祝洙, 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

HS: Ban Gu 班固 et al. (111): Han shu 漢書, 12 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962.Search in Google Scholar

MNAXZ: Su Jingtan 蘇鏡潭 (c. 1912): Minguo Nan’an xian zhi 民國南安縣志 (Zhongguo difang zhi jicheng 中國地方志集成, Fujian fuxian zhi ji 福建府縣志輯 28). Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

MSL (1962): Ming Taizu shilu 明太祖實錄, 4 vols. Taibei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.Search in Google Scholar

QDYY: Zhou Mi 周密 (c. 1290): Qi dong yeyu 齊東野語. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

QYL: Tao Gu 陶穀: Qing yi lu 清異錄 (c. 950). In: Quan Song biji 全宋筆記, Collection 1, vol. 2 第一編, 二. Edited by Zhu Yian 朱易安 et al. Zhengzhou: Daxiang chubanshe, 2003: 1–114.Search in Google Scholar

SHY: Xu Song 徐松 et al. (comp.) (1936): Song huiyao jigao 宋會要輯稿, 8 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1957.Search in Google Scholar

SSJZ: Qin Jiushao 秦九韶 (1247): Shu shu jiu zhang 數書九章. In: Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1935–1937.Search in Google Scholar

SXJZ: Qin Jiushao 秦九韶 (1247): Shu xue jiu zhang 數學九章. In: Qinding Siku quanshu 欽定四庫全書. Beijing, 1792.Search in Google Scholar

THJ: Yue Shi 樂史 (c. 990): Taiping huanyu ji 太平寰宇記, 9 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

XTS: Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修/Song Qi 宋祁: Xin Tang shu 新唐書, 20 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Search in Google Scholar

YDJS: Wang Xiangzhi 王象之 (c. 1230): Yu di ji sheng 輿地紀勝, 8 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1992.Search in Google Scholar

YJYZ: Wang Cun 王存 (1080): Yuanfeng jiu yu zhi 元豐九域志. Edited by Wang Wenchu 王文楚/Wei Songshan 魏嵩山, 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

YS: Song Lian 宋濂 et al. (eds.) (c. 1370): Yuan shi 元史, 15 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976.Search in Google Scholar

Other sources

Albert the Great (1987): Man and the Beasts: De Animalibus (Books 22–26), translated by James J. Scanlan. Binghampton: State University of New York.Search in Google Scholar

Albertus Magnus (1867): De Vegetabilibus Libri VII, Historiae Naturalis Pars XVIII, critical edition begun by Ernst Meyer and completed by Karl Jessen. Berlin: Georgius Reimerus.10.1515/9783112397626Search in Google Scholar

Albertus Magnus (1920): De Animalibus Libri XXVI, nach der Cölner Urschrift, herausgegeben von Hermann Stadler, vol. 2. Münster: Aschendorff.Search in Google Scholar

Al-Kašγarī, Maḥmūd (1982–1985): Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk), edited and translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly, 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing Office.Search in Google Scholar

Amar, Zohar, Lev, Efraim (2017): Arabian Drugs in Early Medieval Mediterranean Medicine. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697816.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Baber, Zahir-ed-din-Mohammed (1871): Mémoires, traduits pour la première fois sur le texte djagatai par A. Pavet de Courteille, vol. 2. Paris: Maisonneuve.Search in Google Scholar

Baber, Zehir-ed-din Muhammed (1826): Memoirs, written by himself, in the Djagatai Turki, and translated, partly by the late John Leyden, partly by William Erskine. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green.Search in Google Scholar

Babur (1996): The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bābur, Zahiru’d-dīn Muhammad (1922): The Bābur-nāma in English (Memoirs of Bābur), Translated from the original Turki text by Annette Susannah Beveridge, vol. 2. London: Luzac.Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, Laurie E. (2010): “Yuan Dynasty Ceramics”. In: Chinese Ceramics: From the Palaeolithic Period through the Qing Dynasty. Edited by Zhiyan Li, Virginia L. Bower, Li He. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 330–385.Search in Google Scholar

Beekes, Robert (2010): Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 2 vols. Leiden/Boston: Brill.Search in Google Scholar

Bing, Zhao (2001): Les imitations de porcelaines de Ding du Xe au XIVe siècle: le cas des officines de potiers de Jizhou au Jiangxi. Arts Asiatiques 56: 61–80.10.3406/arasi.2001.1464Search in Google Scholar

Bosworth, C. E. (1968): “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.d. 1000–1217)”. In: The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, the Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Edited by J.A. Boyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–202.Search in Google Scholar

Boyer, Marjorie Nice (1951): “A Day’s Journey in Mediaeval France”. Speculum 26.4: 597–608.10.2307/2853052Search in Google Scholar

Brook, Kevin Alan (2006): The Jews of Khazaria, 2nd edn. Lanham/Boulder/New York/Toronto/Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Matthew Y. (2004): “Changting Hakka Tone Sandhi: Analytical Challenges”. Language and Linguistics 5.4: 799–820.Search in Google Scholar

Ching, Julia (1997): “Son of Heaven: Sacral Kingship in Ancient China”. T’oung Pao 83: 3–41.10.1163/1568532972630968Search in Google Scholar

Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1976): “A Chinese Source Bearing on Marco Polo’s Departure from China and a Persian Source on his Arrival in Persia”. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 36: 181–203.10.2307/2718743Search in Google Scholar

Coblin, W. South (2007), A Handbook of ’Phags-pa Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cosmas Indicopleustes (1909): The Christian Topography, edited, with geographical notes, by E.O. Winstedt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cosmas Indicopleustes (1973): Topographie Chrétienne, introduction, texte critique, illustration, traduction et notes par Wanda Wolska-Conus, vol. 3 (Livres vi–xii. Index). Paris: Editions du Cerf.Search in Google Scholar

De la Vaissière, Étienne (2005): Sogdian Traders: A History, translated by James Ward. Leiden/Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789047406990Search in Google Scholar

De Rachewiltz, Igor (2006): The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century, 2 vols. Leiden/Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789047418399Search in Google Scholar

Della Valle, Pietro (1843): Viaggi, descritti da lui medesimo in lettere familiari all’erudito suo amico Mario Schipano. 2 vols. Brighton: G. Gancia.Search in Google Scholar

Ding Li 丁莉 et al. (eds.) (1990): Zhongguo Diming Cidian 中國地名詞典. Shanghai: Cishu chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar

Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975): Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. 4 vols. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.Search in Google Scholar

Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004): Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, vol. 3, part 1). Turnhout: Brepols.Search in Google Scholar

Dymock, William, Warden, C. J. H., Hooper, David. (1891): Pharmacographia Indica: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India, vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.10.5962/bhl.title.8696Search in Google Scholar

Farquhar, David M. (1990): The Government of China under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide. Stuttgart.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, R. 2007: A Linguistic History of Venice. Firenze.Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, Michael H. (2019): “Conflicted Meanings of Persianate Culture: An Intimate Example from Colonial India and Britain”. In: The Persianate World: The Frontiers of an Asian Lingua Franca. Edited by Nile Green. Oakland: 225–241.10.1525/luminos.64.jSearch in Google Scholar

Fortune, R. (1852): A Journey to the Tea Countries of China; Including Sung-lo and the Bohea Hills; with A Short Notice of the East India Company’s Tea Plantations in the Himalaya Mountains London.10.5962/bhl.title.96218Search in Google Scholar

Gauthiot, Robert (1911): Quelques Termes Techniques Bouddhiques et Manichéens. Journal Asiatique 10e série, 18: 49–67.Search in Google Scholar

Genaust, Helmut (1996): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen, 3rd edn. Basel/Boston/Berlin.10.1007/978-3-0348-9282-7Search in Google Scholar

Golden, Peter B. (1992): An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden.Search in Google Scholar

Gurney, J.D. (1986): “Pietro Della Valle: The Limits of Perception”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49.1: 103–116.10.1017/S0041977X0004252XSearch in Google Scholar

Hashimoto, Mantaro J. (1973): The Hakka Dialect: A Study of Its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon. Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (2006): Marco Polo’s China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan. London.10.4324/9780203606902Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (2014): “The Persian Language in Yuan Dynasty China: A Reappraisal”. East Asian History 39: 5–32.Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (2017): Tung Oil and Tong 桐 Trees. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 167.1: 215–236.10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0215Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (2019): “Śrīvijaya, Java, and the Sunda Strait during the Fifth to Tenth Centuries”. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 169.2: 409–435.10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0409Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (forthcoming a): “The Orthography of Marco Polo’s Toponyms”. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.171.2.0479Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (forthcoming b): “Some Problematic Animals in Marco Polo’s Description of the World”. Imago Temporis: Medium Aevum.10.21001/itma.2020.14.10Search in Google Scholar

Haw, Stephen G. (forthcoming c): “Marco Polo in ‘Mangi’: Kuizhou, Fuling, Houguan, and the Pontoon Bridge at Fuzhou”. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.170.2.0445Search in Google Scholar

Henning, W.B. (1948): “The Date of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 12.3/4: 601–615.10.1017/S0041977X00083178Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Pei (1990): New Light on the Origins of the Manchus. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50.1: 239–282.10.2307/2719229Search in Google Scholar

Hung, Hing Ming (2014): Ten States, Five Dynasties, One Great Emperor: How Emperor Taizu Unified China in the Song Dynasty. New York.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter (1990): The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253–1255, translated by Peter Jackson, introduction, notes and appendices by Peter Jackson with David Morgan. London.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter (1998): “Marco Polo and His ‘Travels’”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61.1: 82–101.10.1017/S0041977X00015779Search in Google Scholar

Kieffer, J.D., Bianchi, T. X. (1837): Dictionnaire Turc-Français, à l’usage des agents diplomatiques et consulaires, des Commerçants, des Navigateurs et Autres Voyageurs dans le Levant, vol. 2. Paris.Search in Google Scholar

King, Anya H. (2017): Scent from the Garden of Paradise: Musk and the Medieval Islamic World. Leiden/Boston.Search in Google Scholar

Laufer, Berthold (1917): The Beginnings of Porcelain in China (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 192). Chicago.10.5479/sil.848575.39088016133308Search in Google Scholar

Lev, Efraim, Amar, Zohar (2008): Practical Materia Medica of the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah. Leiden/Boston.10.1163/ej.9789004161207.i-621Search in Google Scholar

Li Rong 李榮/Li Rulong 李如龍/Pan Weishui 潘渭水 (eds.) (1998): Jian’ou Fangyan Cidian 建甌方言詞典. Nanjing.Search in Google Scholar

Libbrecht, Ulrich (1973): Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century: The Shu-shu Chiu-chang of Ch’in Chiu-shao. Cambridge, MA/London.Search in Google Scholar

Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1995): “From Parthian into Chinese: The Transmission of Manichaean Texts in Central Asia”. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 90.4: 357–370.10.1524/olzg.1995.90.4.357Search in Google Scholar

Lin Liantong 林連通 (ed.) (1993): Quanzhoushi Fangyan Zhi 泉州市方言志. Beijing.Search in Google Scholar

Marsden, William (1811): The History of Sumatra, Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of that Island, 3rd edn. London.10.5962/bhl.title.120034Search in Google Scholar

McCormick, Michael (2001): Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.d. 300–900. Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9781107050693Search in Google Scholar

Ménard, Philippe (2009): Les Mots Orientaux dans le Texte de Marco Polo. Romance Philology 63: 87–135.10.1484/J.RPH.3.19Search in Google Scholar

Moule, A. C. (1957): Quinsai, with Other Notes on Marco Polo. Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar

Müller, F. W. K. (1904): Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan. II Teil”. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 1–117.Search in Google Scholar

Odoric (2010): Le voyage en Asie d’Odoric de Pordenone, traduit par Jean Le Long OSB, Itineraire de la Peregrinacion et du voyaige (1351); Edition critique par Alvise Andreose et Philippe Ménard. Genève.Search in Google Scholar

Olschki, Leonardo (1960): Marco Polo’s Asia: An Introduction to His “Description of the World” Called “Il Milione”, translated by John A Scott and revised by the author. Berkeley/Los Angeles.10.1525/9780520318274Search in Google Scholar

Orsatti, Paola (2003): “«Turco» e «Persiano» nell’Europa del Rinascimento e la Questione della Lingua Franca in Asia”. In Turcica et Islamica: Studi in memoria di Aldo Gallotta. Edited by U. Marazzi, vol. 2. Napoli: 677–705.Search in Google Scholar

Ouyang Xiu (2004): Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, translated, with an introduction, by Richard L. Davis. New York.Search in Google Scholar

Pelliot, Paul (1912): Kao-Tch’ang, Qoco, Houo-Tcheou Et Qarâ-Khodja. Journal Asiatique 10.19: 579–603.Search in Google Scholar

Pelliot, Paul (1959–1973): Notes on Marco Polo: Ouvrage Posthume, 3 vols Paris.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, George (1890): “The Identity of Marco Polo’s Zaitun with Changchau”. T’oung Pao 1: 218–238.Search in Google Scholar

Platearius (1913): Le Livre des Simples Medecines, traduction française du Liber de simplici medicina dictus Circa instans, tirée d’un manuscrit du XIIIe siècle (Ms 3113 de la Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève de Paris) et publiée pour la première fois par le Docteur Paul Dorveaux. Paris.Search in Google Scholar

Playfair, G. M. H. (1910): The Cities and Towns of China: A Geographical Dictionary, 2nd edn. Shanghai.Search in Google Scholar

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991), Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver.Search in Google Scholar

Qin Qixiu (2014): “A Probe into the Negative Impact of Sichuan Dialect on English Phonetics Learning and Countermeasures”. Studies in Literature and Language 9.2: 16–19.Search in Google Scholar

Qiu Yihao, (2012): “Mongolian or Turkish? Note on a Political Term Used in Mongol Court”. In: Uluslararasi Türk-Iran Dil Ve Edebiyat Ilişkileri Sempozyumu, Istanbul Üniversitesi ve Allame Tabatabai Üniversitesi. Istanbul.Search in Google Scholar

Räsänen, Martti (1969): Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki.Search in Google Scholar

Redhouse, J. W. (1880): Redhouse’s Turkish Dictionary, in Two Parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English, 2nd edn, revised and enlarged by Charles Wells, vol. 1. London.Search in Google Scholar

Ridgway, Benjamin B. (2014): “Two Halls of Hangzhou: Local Gazetteeers and the Grading of Geography for a Song Dynasty City”. Frontiers of Literary Studies in China 8.2: 225–252.Search in Google Scholar

Sigerist, Henry E. (1923): Studien und Texte zur frühmittelalterlichen Rezeptliteratur. Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar

Tan Qixiang 譚其驤 (ed.) (1996): Zhongguo lishi ditu ji 中國歴史地圖集, vol. 7, Yuan, Ming shiqi 元, 明時期. Beijing.Search in Google Scholar

Thomsen, Vilhelm (1924): Altürkische Inschriften aus der Mongolei in Übersetzung und mit Einleitung. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 78: 121–175.Search in Google Scholar

Vogel, Hans Ulrich (2013): Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues. Leiden/Boston.10.1163/9789004236981Search in Google Scholar

Waley, Arthur (1931): The Travels of an Alchemist: The Journey of the Taoist Ch’ang-ch’un from China to the Hindukush at the Summons of Chingiz Khan. London.Search in Google Scholar

Xiong Zhenghui 熊正輝 et al. (eds.) (2012): Zhongguo yuyan ditu ji 中國語言地圖集: Language Atlas of China (2nd edn), Hanyu fangyan juan 漢語方言卷. Beijing.Search in Google Scholar

Yoshinobu, Shiba (1970): Commerce and Society in Sung China, translated by Mark Elvin. Ann Arbor.10.3998/mpub.19178Search in Google Scholar

Yule, Henry (1913–1916): Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, translated and Edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, new edn, revised by Henri Cordier, 4 vols. London.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng Yi 鄭弌 (2004): “tiunguy Ji ‘Fengzhou’ — Dui « Make ∙ Boluo Xing Ji » Zhong Yi Dimingde Kaozheng; Tiunguy 即 ‘豐州’ — 對 « 馬可 ∙ 波羅行記 » 中一地名的考證”. Lishi Jiaoxue 歷史教學 483: 38–45.Search in Google Scholar

Zhu Tiequan et al. (2012): “Study on the Provenance of Xicun Qingbai Wares from the Northern Song Dynasty of China”. Archaeometry 54.3: 475–488.10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00636.xSearch in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2021-03-17
Published in Print: 2021-03-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 8.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2020-0010/html
Scroll to top button