Startseite Allgemein Two keys to Pyongyang’s past and future – moral center and Korean War
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Two keys to Pyongyang’s past and future – moral center and Korean War

  • Mee Kyung Jung ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 15. April 2021
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Pyongyang has been described as a center of evil that threatens the world with nuclear weapons. The city is perceived as both aggressive and controlled. This study explains those particularities of Pyongyang utilizing Wagner, Rudolf (2000) (“The moral center and the engine of change. A tale of two Chinese cities”. In: Peking Shanghai Shenzhen. Städte des 21. Jahrhunderts. Beijing Shanghai Shenzhen. Cities of the 21st Century. Vöckler, K and Luckow, D (eds.). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, Edition Bauhaus, vol. 7, 452–459) theory of the Northeast Asian city as a moral center under the ongoing Korean War (although a ceasefire has been called, the war has not officially ended). This study starts by drawing similarities between Pyongyang and Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon Dynasty, which was established as a moral center according to the Rites of the Zhou Dynasty. I also look at the influence that the Korean War had on Pyongyang and find that Pyongyang was constructed to express the North Koreans socialist Juche ideology (self-reliance, subjecthood), while Hanyang expressed Confucian ideology. Pyongyang is more than just a moral center; it is “the Holy Land of Revolution” according to the “Administration Act of the Capital City Pyongyang”, where the war still takes place to defend the Juche Ideology and its supreme leader. The Korean War justifies the control in North Korea. The country utilizes the five-family control system inherited from the Joseon Dynasty. Its origin is legalism during the Warring States period (770−221 BC) in China. Control in Pyongyang has been strengthened because of the need for military operations in the unfinished Korean War, compared to Hanyang. Having relaxed political tensions in 2019, North Korea offers a vision for the future of Pyongyang as a “socialist fairyland” (seongyeong 仙境), which is related to Korea’s own Taoism (sinseon sasang 神仙思想). Developing Pyongyang with the Juche ideology from a Confucian tradition in the war, the city now reveals a unique means of cultural entanglement.


Corresponding author: Mee Kyung Jung, Eonomics, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, 31116 Cheonan, Republic of Korea, E-mail:

References

Academy of Korean Studies (2010): “Ogajagtong (Organising five families to a unit)”. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0038068 (07/11/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Asan Institute for Policy Studies (2018): “Illiberal international order”. ASAN International Outlook 2018, Issue Brief no. 2017-31. https://www.asaninst.org (01/20/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Bae, Hyunmi (1995): “Joseonhugiui bog-wondo jagseong-eul tonghan seouldosiui wonhyeong jaebalgyeon-e gwanhan yeongu (A Study on rediscovering the archetype of Seoul city through making a restoration map at the late Chosun dynasty)”. Journal of Seoul Studies 5: 279–329.Suche in Google Scholar

Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1990): “The consequences of the end of the cold war for international security”. Adelphi Papers 32.265. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/05679329108449071 (01/04/2020).10.1080/05679329108449071Suche in Google Scholar

Byman, Daniel / Lind, Jennifer (2010): “Pyongyang’s survival strategy: Tools of authoritarian control in North Korea”. International Security 35.1: 44–74.10.1162/ISEC_a_00002Suche in Google Scholar

Chang, Se Hoon (2005): “The Korean War and urbanization of Seoul and Pyongyang: Focusing on after-war urban reconstruction”. Society and History 67: 207–259.Suche in Google Scholar

Choi, Jinwook (2009): “Policy forum 09-062: Why is North Korea so aggressive? Kim Jong-Il’s illness and North Korea’s changing governing style”, NAPSNet Policy Forum, 30 July 2009. https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/why-is-north-korea-so-aggressive-kim-jong-ils-illness-and-north-koreas-changing-governing-style/ (01/04/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Cohen, Stanley / Scull, Andrew (1983): “Introduction: Social control in history and sociology”. In: Social Control and State. Cohen, Stanley and Scull, Andrew (eds.). New York: St. Martin’s Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Deane, Hugh (1999): The Korean War 1945–1953. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals.Suche in Google Scholar

Friendland, Paul (2002): Political Actors. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.10.7591/9781501724237Suche in Google Scholar

Fujitani, Takashi (1996): Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520920989Suche in Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford (1980): Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400843381Suche in Google Scholar

Gellner, David (1983): “Review article: Negara: the theatre state in nineteenth- century Bali”. South Asia Research 3.2: 135–140.10.1177/026272808300300207Suche in Google Scholar

Glennon, John P. (ed.) (1984): Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Korea, Volume XV, Part 1. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.Suche in Google Scholar

Halliday, Jon / Cumings, Bruce (1988): Korea: The Unknown War. London: Viking Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Hong, Jehwan (2017): “Kim Jong-Un jeong-gwon 5nyeon-ui bughangyeongje: gyeongjejeongchaeg-eul jungsim-eulo (North Korean economy in the Kim Jong-Un regime)”. In: Kim Jong-Un Jong-gwon 5Nyeon Tongchijeonlyaggwa Jeongchaeg Siltae (Kim Jong-Un’s 5 Year Government Strategy and Policy Status). Korea Institute for National Unification (ed.). KINU yeonguchongseo17-18 (KINU Research Series 17-18), Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.Suche in Google Scholar

Hong, Yongpyo (2000): Bughan-ui jeonlyagmunhwawa anbojeongchaeg (North Korea’s Strategic Culture and Security Policy). Yeonguchongseo 2000-34 (Research Series 2000-34). Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.Suche in Google Scholar

Huh, Moonyoung (1994): “Bughan oegyojeongchaeg byeoncheonsa (Changes in North Korean foreign policy).” Hangugjeongchioegyosanonchong (Journal of Korean Political and Diplomatic History) 10: 481–530.Suche in Google Scholar

Hwang, Jaejun (2001): “Bughan-ui hyeonjijido-kkeutnaji anh-eun gunjungnoseon-ui isang (Field supervise in North Korea – An unfinished ideal of mass policy)”. Gyeongjewa Sahoe (Economy and Society) 49: 41–71.Suche in Google Scholar

Inglis, Fred (2000): Clifford Geertz: Culture, Custom and Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Jang, Yonghun (2017): “Haegmulyeog wanseong’ jujang bug daeum susuneun … gugmyeonjeonhwan? chugadobal? (North Korea claims ‘completion nuclear armed forces’. What is the next … Red herring? More provocations?)”. 29 November 2017, Yunhap News. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20171129138700014 (12/18/2019).Suche in Google Scholar

Jeon, Young Sun (2002): “The socio - political and literary - artistic meanings of North Korea’s Arirang Festival”. Jungsoyeongu (China-Russia Studies) 26.2: 131–158.Suche in Google Scholar

Jeong, Ilyoung (2015): Kim Jong-Un Sidaeui Gugtogeonseoljeonlyage daehan Yeongu: ‘Dosimihwa’ Saeobgwa Yuhuiolagsiseol Geonseoleul Jungsimeulo (A Study on the Strategy of National land Construction in the Kim Jong-Un era: Focusing on the ‘Urban beautification’ Project and Entertainment Facilities). Ministry of Unification. https://www.ndsl.kr/ndsl/search/detail/report/reportSearchResultDetail.do?cn=TRKO201600015840 (10/10/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Jo, Sangje (2005): “Jeonjaeng-ui gwahaggwa sul-gyehoegsulibgwa jihwi mich tongje-ui jungsim (Science and tactic of war – Focusing on planning, command and control)”. Journal of Military History Studies 121: 362–384.Suche in Google Scholar

Jun, Sang-In / Kim, Mee-Young / Cho, Eun-Hee (2015): “Power and space: The capital planning in North Korea”. Journal of Korea Planning Association 50.1: 21–40.10.17208/jkpa.2015.01.50.1.21Suche in Google Scholar

Kang, David C. / Cha, Victor D. (2009): “Think again: The Korea crisis”. 2 November 2009, Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/02/think-again-the-korea-crisis/ (01/03/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

KBS (2017): “[Keullojeueob bughan] 6.25 jeonjaeng 67 junyeon … Bughan-ui 6.25neun?” ([Close-up North Korea] 67th Anniversary of the Korean War … What is the Korean War for North Korea?, Nambug-ui Chang (North-south Window), 24 06 2017, KBS NEWS. https://mn.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=3504076 (01/05/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Byung-Yeon (2010): “Markets, bribery, and regime stability in North Korea”. EAI Asia Security Initiative Working Paper 4, East Asia Institute. https://eai.or.kr/data/bbs/eng_report/2010040811122565.pdf (01/08/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Heung-soon (2007): “How were socialist cities built?: The debate over urbanism vs. disurbanism in the early years of Soviet Russia”. Gugtogyehoeg (Journal of Korea Planning Association) 42.6: 25–48.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Hyunsu (2004): Seoulgwa Pyeong-yang-ui Dosigyehoeg-Inyeom mich Gong-gangujo Bigyoyeongu (A Comparative Study of Urban Planning Philosophy and Spatial Structure between Seoul and Pyongyang), Seoul: Seoul Development Institute.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Il-Sung (1980): Jeonhu pyongyangsi boggugeonseolchong-gyehoegdoleul jagseonghalde daehayeo (Drawing the reconstruction plan of Pyongyang after the War). (Kim Il Sung Jeojagjib;6 (Kim Il Sung Works; 6)). Pyongyang: Workers’ Party of Korea.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Il-Sung (1981): Geonseolui jileul nopigi wihayeo (For the improving the quality of construction). (Kim Il Sung Jeojagjib; 12 (Kim IL Sung Works; 12)). Pyongyang: Workers’ Party Korea.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Jong-Il (1992): Geonchug-yesullon (Theory of Architecture). Pyongyang: Workers’ Party of Korea.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Jong-Il (1995): Hyeogmyeongui sudo pyongyangeul deoug ungjang hwalyeohan inminui dosilo geonseolhaja (Let’s build Pyongyang, the capital of revolution, into a more grand and colorful people’s city). (Kim Jong Il Seonjib;5 (Kim Jong Il Works; 5). Pyongyang: Workers’ Party of Korea.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Jong-Un (2012): “Sahoejuui gangseong-guggageonseolui yogue majge gugtogwanlisaeobeseo hyeogmyeongjeog jeonhwaneul gajyeoolde daehayeo (Towards a revolutionary transition in the management of national territory project to meet the demands of construction of strong socialist country)”. 9 May 2012, Nodongsinmun (Rodong Newspaper): 1–4.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Jong-Un (2013): “On nalaleul seongunmunhwaga guhyeondoen sahoejuui seongyeongeulo jeonbyeonsikija (Let’s transform the whole country into a socialistic fairyland that embodies the North’s military first culture)”. 8 April 2013, Nodongsinmun (Rodong Newspaper): 1.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Kyunghee (2014): “Hangug sinseonjeongsinui naeyonggwa seonggyeog (Korea’s Sin-seon spirit context and property)”. Korean Association of National Thought 8.1: 45–80.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Min-A / Jung, In-Ha (2013): “The transformation of Pyongyang’s urban morphology after the late Joseon period - Through the comparison of Pyongyangseongdo and land register map of 1914”. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning and Design 29.11: 217–226.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Sangbum (2017): “Hangugjeonjaenggi bughanui minjuseonjeonsile gwanhan yeongu (A Study on the activities of education and mobilization of North Korea’s propaganda office during the period of the Korean War)”. Military History 103: 63–113.10.29212/mh.2017..103.1Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Sunghun (1997): Bughan-ui Nong-eob (North Korean Agriculture). Seoul: Bibong Publishing House.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Taewoo (2013): Poggyeog: Migonggunui Gongjungpoggyeog Gilogeulo Ilgneun Hangugjeonjaeng (Bombing: the Korean War Understanding with the Documents of Air Bombardment of the USA). Paju: Changbi.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Ungeun (1994): Estimation of 1993 Grain Production in North Korea. KREI Report, M 37, Korea Rural Economic Institute. https://repository.krei.re.kr/handle/2018.oak/13843?mode=simple (01/10/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Ungeun (1997): “Bughan-ui siglyangsajeong mich dangijeonmang (North Korea’s food situation and short-term outlook)”. Nongchongyeongje (Journal of Rural Development) 20.2: 111–126.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Ungeun / Seong, Myunghwan (1996): An Estimation of 1996 Food Grains in North Korea. KREI Report, P19, Korea Rural Economic Institute. https://repository.krei.re.kr/handle/2018.oak/13974 (01/11/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Yoon-Jeong / Seo, Chi-Sang (2009): “A study on the construction of Poongkyung-Palace at Pyongyang in 6th Year of Kwangmu”. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design 25.9: 177–186.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, Youngran (2017): “6.25 mijebandae tujaeng-ui nal, pyeong-yangsigunjungdaehoe (6.25 Campaign against US imperialism, hold mass rally in Pyongyang)”. 26 June 2017, Jajusibo (Independent Time). https://www.jajusibo.com/34247 (01/05/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Ko, Dong-hwan (2005): “The Hanyang’s establishment and urban structure in early Chosun Dynasty”. Journal of Local History and Culture 8.1: 67–103.10.17068/lhc.2005.05.8.1.67Suche in Google Scholar

Ko, Dong-hwan (2011): “The characteristics of Joseon Dynasty’s capital city of Hanyang”. Korean Historical Review 209: 35–61.Suche in Google Scholar

Kwon, Heonik / Chung, Byung-Ho (2012a): North Korea: Beyond Charismatic Politics, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.10.5771/9781442215771Suche in Google Scholar

Kwon, Heonik / Chung, Byung-Ho (2012b): “North Korea’s partisan family state”. The Asia-Pacific Journal 10.28: 1–13.10.1017/S1557466012032809Suche in Google Scholar

Kwon, Yongtae (2009): “Pyongyangsi gwanlibeob – hyeogmyeong-guggaui seongji (The Pyongyang City Management Act – The Holy Land of the Revolutionary State)”. 16 December 2009, Tongilnyuseu (Unification News). https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=87883 (10/10/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Hanggu (1996): “Ohodamdangje (Five families’ supervision system)”. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0038618 (11/10/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Hwasun (1989): Joseongeonchugsa 1 (The History of Joseon Architecture 1). Pyongyang: Publishing House of Comprehensive Science Encyclopedia.Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Hwasun (1993): Joseongeonchugsa 2 (The History of Joseon Architecture 2). Seoul: Balun.Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Sun (2018): Punglyuui Lyugyeong, Gong-wonui Pyongyang (Ryu Kyoung of Appreciation for the Arts, Park of Pyongyang). Seoul: Hyo-Hyung Publishing House.Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Yeong Mi (2003): “A Study on the literature as a propaganda medium for the political system of North Korea during the liberation period”. Journal of Korean Fiction Research 19: 263–289.Suche in Google Scholar

Mack, Andrew (1993): “The nuclear crisis on the Korean peninsula”. Asian Survey 33.4. 339–359.10.2307/2645102Suche in Google Scholar

Marx, Karl / Engels, Friedrich (1884): “Proletarier und Kommunisten”. Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/marx-engels/1848/manifest/2-prolkomm.htm (01/07/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Miller, Aaron David / Sokolsky, Richard (2017). “The ‘axis of evil’ is back”. 26 April 2017, CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/26/opinions/axis-of-evil-is-back-miller-sokolsky/index.html (01/03/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Ministry of Unification (2007): Bughan-Ihae 2007 (Understanding North Korea 2007), no. 11-1250054-000025-01. https://www.unikorea.go.kr/books/understand/understand/ebook/under_NK_2007/index.html (01/02/2020).10.1142/S1793966607000042Suche in Google Scholar

Ministry of Unification (2009): Bughan-Ihae 2009 (Understanding North Korea 2009), no. 11-1250054-000004-10. https://www.unikorea.go.kr/books/understand/understand/ebook/under_NK_2009/index.html (01/02/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

Ministry of Unification (2014): “Idong geojuui jayu jehan (Restriction of freedom of movement and residence)”. Bughan ingwonpoteol (North Korea Human Rights Portal). https://www.unikorea.go.kr/nkhr/info/invasion/residence/?boardId=bbs_0000000000000073&mode=view&cntId=51455&category=&pageIdx= (11/10/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Ministry of Unification (2018a): “Jumin tongje (Control of residents)”. Bughanjeongbopoteol (North Korea Information Portal). https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/overview/nkOverview_m.do?sumryMenuId=SO304 (01.01.2019).Suche in Google Scholar

Ministry of Unification (2018b): “Kim Jong-Un dang wiwonjang, saehae sinnyeonsa yugseong balpyo (Party chairman Kim Jong-Un, Announcement of new Year’s message)”. Juganbughandonghyang (Weekly North Korea Trend), no. 1394. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/trend/viewTrend.do (01/09/2019).Suche in Google Scholar

Moon, Kyungyon et al.. (2015): “The causes of North Korean famine: A review of FAD and FED approach”. Ataeyeongu (Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies) 22.1: 77–109.10.18107/japs.2015.22.1.003Suche in Google Scholar

Nam, Sungwook (2003): Hyeondaebughan-ui siglyangnangwa hyeobdongnongjang-gaehyeog (Modern North Korea’s Food Shortage and Cooperative Farm Reform). Seoul: Hanul Publisher.Suche in Google Scholar

National Institute of Korean History (2006): “The combat intelligence report of Chosun from the general military advisor of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army to the deputy chief of staff of the Soviet Army”, no. 1/00737, 20 October 1952. In: The Korean War, Documents and Resources, 1950-53. National Institute of Korean History (ed.), 603–610.Suche in Google Scholar

Nye, Joseph S. (1992): “What new world order?”. Foreign Affairs 71.2: 83–96.10.2307/20045126Suche in Google Scholar

Oh, Jongrok (2007): “Wae Lee seong-gyeneun han-yang-eulo cheondohaessna? (Why did Lee Seong-Gye go to Hanyang?)”. Naeileul yeoneun yeogsa (History to open tomorrow) 27: 162–170.Suche in Google Scholar

Ok, Sungdeuk (2018): “‘Joseonui yelusallem pyongyang’ damlonui silsang” (The reality of the discourse of ‘Joseon’s Jerusalem Pyongyang’)”. Gidoggyosasang (Christian Thought) 717: 9–18.Suche in Google Scholar

Pang, Samuel Y. / Kang, Chulmin (2015): “The 70 years of division of Korea and new direction of Christian missions toward the North Korea”. Theology of Mission 38: 201–236.10.14493/ksoms.2015.1.201Suche in Google Scholar

Park, Sehun et al.. (2016): Bughanui Dosigyehoeg mich Dosigaebal Siltaebunseoggwa Jeongchaeggwaje (Analysis of Actual Situation and Policy Task of Urban Planning and Urban Development in North Korea). Research Report no. 16-21, Sejoung: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements.Suche in Google Scholar

Park, Young Min (2010): “Analysis of patterns of Kim Jong-Il’s field supervise after death march: From 2000 to 2009”. Dongbug-ayeongu (The Journal of Northeast Asia Research) 25.1: 77–96.10.18013/jnar.2010.25.1.004Suche in Google Scholar

Seo, Jaejin (2001): “Juchesasangui hyeongseonggwa byeonhwae daehan saeloun bunseog (A new analysis on the formation and change of Juche Idea)”. Research Series, 01-13, Korea Institute for National Unification. https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/583/1/0000596584.pdf (11/11/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Seoul Institute (2013): “Jidolo bon Seoul (Geographical atlas of Seoul)”. Research Report. https://www.si.re.kr/node/53240 (11/12/2018).Suche in Google Scholar

Seoul Metropolitan Government (2014): Doseongui yeogsa, Hanyangdoseongdogam (History of city, atlas of the capital city Hanyang), viewed 5 February 2018, https://seoulcitywall.seoul.go.kr/front/kor/sub05/sub0501.do.Suche in Google Scholar

Standing Committee of the Supreme People’s Assembly (1998): Joseonminjujuuiinmingonghwagug sudo pyeong-yangsigwanlibeob (the ‘Administration Act of the capital city Pyongyang of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), Government Ordinance, no. 286. In: the Code of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 2004, Pyongyang: Beoblyulchulpansa (Law Publisher), 529–537.Suche in Google Scholar

Voice of America (2009): “Pyongyang hails N. Korean ‘prosperity’ with propaganda spectacle”. 28 October 2009, Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/archive/pyongyang-hails-n-korean-prosperity-propaganda-spectacle (01/10/2020).Suche in Google Scholar

von Clausewitz, Carl (1981): On War. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Suche in Google Scholar

Wagner, Rudolf (2000): “The moral center and the engine of change. A tale of two Chinese cities”. In: Peking Shanghai Shenzhen. Städte des 21. Jahrhunderts. Beijing Shanghai Shenzhen. Cities of the 21st Century. Vöckler, K and Luckow, D (eds.). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, Edition Bauhaus, vol. 7, 452–459.Suche in Google Scholar

Weathersby, Kathryn (1993): “New findings on the Korean War”. Cold War International History Project Bulletin 3: 1–80.Suche in Google Scholar

Wheatley, Paul (1975): “The ancient Chinese city as a cosmological symbol”. Ekistics 39.232: 147–158.Suche in Google Scholar

Yang, Jeong-Sim / Kim, Eun-Kyung (2016): “North Korean documentary films and propaganda after liberation”. Journal of Historical Studies 31: 135–167.Suche in Google Scholar

Yang, Moonsoo (2015): “Bughan-ui gyeongjebaljeonjeonlyag 70 nyeon-ui hoegowa hyanghu jeonmang (Retrospect and future prospects of 70 years of economic development strategy in North Korea)”. Tongil Jeongchaeg Yeongu (Korean Unification Studies) 24.2: 33–66.Suche in Google Scholar

Yang, Moonsoo (2014): “Gimjeong-eun cheje chulbeom ihu ‘ulisig gyeongje gwanlibangbeob’ui mosaeg: hyeonhwang-gwa pyeong-ga (Seek after Kim Jong-un system launched ‘Our Economic Management Method’: Current Status and Evaluation)”. KDI Review of the North Korean Economy 16.3: 3–24.Suche in Google Scholar

Yang, Taekgyu (2005): Gyeongboggunge Daehae alaya hal Modeun Geos (Everything You Need to Know about Gyeongbok Palce). Seoul: Chaeggwahamkke.Suche in Google Scholar

Yim, Dongwoo (2011): Pyeong-yang geuligo Pyeong-yang Ihu (Pyongyang and after Pyongyang). Seoul: Hyoyeong Publishing House.Suche in Google Scholar

Yook, Young-Soo (2006): “The ‘civilizing process’ of popular theaters in modern France, 1750∼1799 – A historical sketch”. History Journal (KRFH) 14: 39–54.Suche in Google Scholar

Yook, Young-Soo (2013): “A study of the North Korea’s ‘Political Culture’ as expressed by propaganda posters, 1990-2000”. History & the Boundaries 86: 131–158.Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-05-06
Accepted: 2020-06-12
Published Online: 2021-04-15
Published in Print: 2021-03-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 8.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2020-0005/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen