Tourism, commodification of Dongba script and perceptions of the Naxi minority in the linguistic landscape of Lijiang: a diachronic perspective

References

Backhaus, Peter. 2007. Linguistic landscapes: A comparative study of urban multilingualism in Tokyo. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599484Search in Google Scholar

Baker, Colin. 2006. Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, 4th edn. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, Elana Shohamy, Muhammad Hasan Amara & Nira Trumper-Hecht. 2004. Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism 3(1). 7–30.10.1080/14790710608668383Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Rafael, Eliezer & Miriam Ben-Rafael. 2015. Linguistic landscapes in an era of multiple globalizations. Linguistic Landscape: An International Journal (LL) 1(1–2). 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.02ben.Search in Google Scholar

Bruyèl-Olmedo, Antonio & Maria Juan-Garau. 2015a. Minority languages in the linguistic landscape of tourism: The case of Catalan in Mallorca. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36(6). 598–619.10.1080/01434632.2014.979832Search in Google Scholar

Bruyèl-Olmedo, Antonio & Maria Juan-Garau. 2015b. Shaping tourist LL: Language display and the sociolinguistic background of an international multilingual readership. International Journal of Multilingualism 12(1). 51–67.10.1080/14790718.2013.827688Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Likun. 2015. Commoditization of ethnic tourism community landscapes under urbanization: A case study of Xishuangbanna inner suburban Dai vernacular houses. Tourism Tribune 30(11). 51–62. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Coupland, Bethan & Nikolas Coupland. 2014. The authenticating discourses of mining heritage tourism in Cornwall and Wales. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(4). 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12081.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Lijun & Fanzhu Hu. 2010. Language resource: A tourism resource urging development. Tourism Science 24(6). 22–27. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Coupland, Nikolas. 2012. Bilingualism on display: The framing of Welsh and English in Welsh public spaces. Language in Society 41(1). 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404511000893.Search in Google Scholar

Duchêne, Alexandre & Monica Heller. 2011. Pride and profit: Language in late capitalism. Oxford: Routledge.10.4324/9780203155868Search in Google Scholar

Fang, Guoyu & Zhiwu He. 2005. Naxi pictograph genealogy. Kunming: Yunnan People’s Publishing House. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Favero, Paolo. 2007. ‘What a wonderful world!’: On the ‘touristic ways of seeing’, the knowledge and the politics the ‘culture industries of otherness’. Tourist Studies 7(1). 51–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797607079804.Search in Google Scholar

Feng, Anwei & Bob Adamson. 2018. Language policies and sociolinguistic domains in the context of minority groups in China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39(2). 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1340478.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, Jenanne & Lena Sidorova. 2018. What language advertises: Ethnographic branding in the linguistic landscape of Yakutsk. Language Policy 17(1). 23–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-016-9420-4.Search in Google Scholar

Gorter, Durk, Heiko F. Marten & Luk Van Mensel. 2012. Studying minority languages in the linguistic landscape. In Durk Gorter, Heiko F. Marten & Luk Van Mensel (eds.), Minority languages in the linguistic landscape, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230360235Search in Google Scholar

Grey, Alexandra. 2021. Tourist tongues: High-speed rail carries linguistic and cultural urbanisation beyond the city limits in Guangxi, China. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0099.Search in Google Scholar

He, Pinzheng. 2004. Dongba pictograph. Kunming: Yunnan Art Press. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

He, Zhiwu. 1989. Naxi Dongba culture. Changchun: Jilin Education Press. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2010. The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology 39. 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104951.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica, Adam Jaworski & Crispin Thurlow. 2014a. Introduction: Sociolinguistics and tourism – mobilities, markets, multilingualism. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(4). 425–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12091.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica, Joan Pujolar & Alexandre Duchêne. 2014b. Linguistic commodification in tourism. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(4). 539–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12082.Search in Google Scholar

Higgins, Christina & Maiko Ikeda. 2021. The materialization of language in tourism networks. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0100.Search in Google Scholar

Hiramoto, Mie & Lionel Wee. 2019. Kawaii in the semiotic landscape. Sociolinguistic Studies 13(1). 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.36212.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, Jiazhen. 2018. The study of linguistic landscape in Yuanjing Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou City. Guangzhou: Jinan University Master’s degree dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, Diya. 2013. Endangered culture and education: Pedagogic analysis of inheritance and transformation of Dongba culture. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities 24(5). 58–62. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Jaworski, Adam. 2014. Welcome: Synthetic personalization and commodification of sociability in the linguistic landscape of global tourism. In Bernard Spolsky, Ofra Inbar-Lourie & Michal Tannenbaum (eds.), Challenges for language education and policy: Making space for people, 214–232. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Jaworski, Adam. 2021. Tourism tensions and sociolinguistic change. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0105.Search in Google Scholar

Jaworski, Adam & Crispin Thurlow. 2015. Tourism discourse. In Karen Tracy, Cornelia Ilie & Todd Sandel (eds.), The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction, 1520–1524. Wiley Blackwell. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1002%2F9781118611463.wbielsi112 (accessed 30 October 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Kallen, Jeffrey. 2009. Tourism and representation in the Irish linguistic landscape. In Elana Shohamy & Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, 270–284. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Kelly-Holmes, Helen & Sari Pietikäinen. 2014. Commodifying Sámi culture in an indigenous tourism site. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(4). 518–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12092.Search in Google Scholar

Lamb, Gavin. 2021. Spectacular sea turtles: Circuits of a wildlife ecotourism discourse in Hawai‘i. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 93–121. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0104.Search in Google Scholar

Lamb, Gavin & Bal Krishna Sharma. 2021. Introduction: Tourism spaces at the nexus of language and materiality. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0103.Search in Google Scholar

Landry, Rodrigue & Richard Y. Bourhis. 1997. Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16(1). 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x970161002.Search in Google Scholar

Leeman, Jennifer & Gabriella Modan. 2009. Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualized approach to linguistic landscape. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3). 332–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00409.x.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Lisheng & Na Xia. 2017. The linguistic landscape in a multiethnic region: The case of Lijiang’s Old Town. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning 2(2). 35–42. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Li, Wenyong & Hanpeng Zhang. 2012. A study of stagelization of ethnic minority cultural symbols from the perspective of authenticity. Human Geography 27(3). 34–38. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Lijiang Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Statistical bulletin of national economic and social development of Lijiang City 2019. http://www.lijiang.gov.cn/html/2020/tongjigongbao_1120/283.html (accessed 18 August 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Lijiang Old Town Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Main data bulletin of the seventh national population census. http://www.ljgucheng.gov.cn/ljgc/c100025/202106/de5e142dc85b4f1089be5146e2e6f4bb.shtml (accessed 16 August 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Song, Guanghui Li & Ming Xu. 2020. The linguistic landscape in rural destinations: A case study of Hongcun Village in China. Tourism Management 77. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104005.Search in Google Scholar

Ma, Xiaojing. 2002. Commoditization of ethnic tourism culture and the development of ethnic traditional culture. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences) 22(6). 104–107. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Malinowski, David. 2009. Authorship in the linguistic landscape: A multimodal-performative view. In Elana Shohamy & Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, 107–125. New York; London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Melià Garí, Joan. 2005. Tourism and the external projection of the Catalan language. Revista De Llengua I Dret 44. 207–227. (In Catalan).Search in Google Scholar

Meng, Jie. 2010. The consumed ethnic minority culture: The case of Lijiang ethnic minority tourism. Business China 3(11). 149–150. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Mensel, Luk Van & Jeroen Darquennes. 2012. All is quiet on the eastern front? Language contact along the French-German language border in Belgium. In Durk Gorter, Heiko F. Marten & Luk Van Mensel (eds.), Minority languages in the linguistic landscape, 164–182. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230360235_10Search in Google Scholar

Moriarty, Máiréad. 2012. Language ideological debates in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town. In Durk Gorter, Heiko F. Marten & Luk Van Mensel (eds.), Minority languages in the linguistic landscape, 74–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230360235_5Search in Google Scholar

Moriarty, Máiréad. 2014. Contesting language ideologies in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town. International Journal of Bilingualism 18(5). 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484209.Search in Google Scholar

Mu, Lichun. 1995. Secrets of the Dongba culture. Kunming: Yunnan People’s Publishing House. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Muth, Sebastian & Alfonso Del Percio. 2018. Policing for commodification: Turning communicative resources into commodities. Language Policy 17(2). 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9441-7.Search in Google Scholar

Nie, Peng & Munai Reha. 2017. An investigation of the linguistic landscape of Yi characters in Xichang City. Applied Linguistics 26(1). 70–79. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Nie, Peng, Jiazhou Yao & Namgyal Tashi. 2021. Mapping the linguistic landscape from a multi-factor perspective: The case of a multi-ethnolinguistic city in China. International Journal of Multilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1898620.Search in Google Scholar

Park, Joseph Sung-Yul & Lionel Wee. 2012. Markets of English: Linguistic capital and language policy in a globalizing world. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 2009. Linguistic landscapes and the transgressive semiotics of graffiti. In Elana Shohamy & Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, 302–312. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

People’s Government of Lijiang City, Yunnan Province. 2008. The tentative measures for tourism management in Lijiang. http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=267776 (accessed 25 June 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Salo, Hanni. 2012. Using linguistic landscape to examine the visibility of Sámi languages in the North Calotte. In Durk Gorter, Heiko F. Marten & Luk Van Mensel (eds.), Minority languages in the linguistic landscape, 243–259. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230360235_14Search in Google Scholar

Scollon, Ron & Suzie Wong Scollon. 2003. Discourses in place: Language in the material world. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203422724Search in Google Scholar

Shan, Feifei & Chengyu Liu. 2016. An investigation of linguistic landscape in the ethnic tourist village: From the perspective of social semiotics and cultural capital theory. Guangxi Ethnic Studies 32(6). 153–161. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Shang, Guowen. 2018. Tourism linguistic landscape study: A macro sociolinguistic perspective. Journal of Zhejiang International Studies University 18(3). 46–56. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Shang, Guowen & Shouhui Zhao. 2014. Linguistic landscape studies: Analytical dimensions and theoretical construction. Journal of Foreign Languages 37(6). 81–89. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, Bal Krishna. 2021. The scarf, language, and other semiotic assemblages in the formation of a new Chinatown. Applied Linguistics Review 12(1). 65–91. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0097.Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, Bal Krishna & Prem Phyak. 2017. Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethnolinguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society 46(2). 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000045.Search in Google Scholar

Shen, Qi & Xuesong Gao. 2019. Multilingualism and policy making in Greater China: Ideological and implementational spaces. Language Policy 18(1). 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9473-7.Search in Google Scholar

Shohamy, Elana & Durk Gorter. 2009. Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Shohamy, Elana & Shoshi Waksman. 2009. Linguistic landscape as an ecological arena: Modalities, meanings, negotiations, education. In Elana Shohamy & Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, 313–331. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203930960Search in Google Scholar

Stroud, Christopher & Sibonile Mpendukana. 2009. Towards a material ethnography of linguistic landscape: Multilingualism, mobility and space in a South African township. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3). 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00410.x.Search in Google Scholar

Sun, Jiuxia & Meiling Wu. 2017. On cultural identity of inner subjects of ethnic groups from perspective of commercialization: A case study of Dongba paper by Naxi People in Lijiang, Yunnan. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences) 37(3). 67–73. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Trumper-Hecht, Nira. 2010. Linguistic landscape in mixed cities in Israel from the perspective of “walkers”: The case of Arabic. In Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael & Monica Barni (eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city, 235–251. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847692993-015Search in Google Scholar

Urry, John. 2002. The tourist gaze, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Valdez, Paolo Nino M., Ruanni Tupas & Neslie Carol Tan. 2017. “It’s more fun in the Philippines”: Resemiotizing and commodifying the local in tourism discourse. Discourse, Context & Media 20. 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2017.09.002.Search in Google Scholar

Wall, Geoffrey & Philip Feifan Xie. 2005. Authenticating ethnic tourism: Li Dancers’ perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 10(1). 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1094166042000330191.Search in Google Scholar

Wu, Wenjia, Jia Xie & Jiuxia Sun. 2019. The commercialization of minority ethnic traditional festivals: Actors and their micro–power practice. Economic Geography 39(5). 217–225. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, Rong & Carmen Lee. 2022. English in the linguistic landscape of the Palace Museum: A field-based sociolinguistic approach. Social Semiotics 32(1). 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2019.1697542.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Honggang & Yan Ren. 2015. Tourism impact on the Naxi Dongba language in linguistic landscape. Tourism Tribune 30(1). 102–111. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Yihua. 2018. Translation and annotation on an Dongba characters human account book in Jiabo Village, Yiji of Muli County. The Study of Chinese Characters 20(1). 187–194. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Yao, Xiaofang. 2023. Commodification or shared ownership? A case study of Chinese communities in the linguistic landscape of Bendigo. Applied Linguistics Review 14(3). 447–472. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0045.Search in Google Scholar

Yao, Jiazhou, Marianne Turner & Gary Bonar. 2022. Ethnic minority language policies and practices in China: Revisiting Ruiz’s language orientation theory through a critical biliteracy lens. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2050915.Search in Google Scholar

Zamblera, Stefano. 2018. A Dongba pictographs dictionary with iconographic index plates. https://osf.io/b3zwz/ (accessed 16 September 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Minmin & Xinhong Fu. 2020. Research on the impact of ethnic tourism development on rural identity. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (Humanities and Social Science) 41(1). 31–38. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Shihong & Pinzheng He. 2006. Dongba art. Kunming: Yunnan People’ Publishing House. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Zong, Xiaolian. 2006. Tourism development and cultural changes: A case study of Lijiang county Naxi culture. Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press. (In Chinese).Search in Google Scholar