Contributions of morphological awareness and lexical inferencing ability to L2 vocabulary knowledge among Chinese EFL learners: a structural equation modeling analysis

Appendix A: Morpheme recognition test

请判断前后两个单词是否有关系。比如 teach teacher 这个两个词就是有关系的，但是 pen penny 就是没关系的，一个是钢笔，一个是一分钱。

Appendix B: Morpheme discrimination test

选出一个与同组其他词共同部分意思不一样的单词，请打一个圈比如: mushroom, bedroom, classroom 应该选 mushroom，因为后两者 room 都是房间的意思。

Appendix C: Lexical inferencing ability

Test instructions

1. This test measures how well you can guess unfamiliar English words.

2. There are three sections.

3. Each section has 20 items.

4. You must not go back and change your answers.

5. You must choose an answer that is most likely to be correct if you don’t know it.

6. There are no penalties for wrong answers.

Section 1 Grammar clues

1. In this section, you must choose the part of speech of the bold, underlined words.

2. The words are nonsense words but have real word parts (e.g., -s, -ed, and -ing).

3. Here are examples of the four parts of speech.

   1. Noun: house (My house is old.); water (They drink water.)

   2. Verb: know (I know her.); talk (They talk a lot.)

   3. Adjective: young (He is young.); new (This is a new book.)

   4. Adverb: too (She likes it too.); often (He often plays football.)

4. Circle one item that applies best.

Here is an example.

1. The fact that birds vanink means that the woods are a good place to discover various kinds of birds.

1. It is natural to feel better if you feel you look good; even in nature, cats climp themselves too.

1. Athelstan ate only a little bit of the food on the crannel in front of him.

1. “Six or seven hours, I would say, but I’ll not be able to be more accurate until the sparbon ; for example, I need to know what she ate before she died.

1. Thompson said, “Will that be enough, or do you require a complete sharrel ?”

1. I did a gorel so that she could see it from various points of view.

1. There is very debin evidence that this could happen.

1. He watched her now as she famped the chicken over the fire.

1. Sometimes he falls into a kind of tarint where he won’t speak or even realize that anyone is there.

1. It is likely that the published works themselves are nogable : they might now look different.

1. “I’m sorry, but I am terribly hungry,” she said, and ate it jameloutly.

1. The famous trees blonounded because of the terrible heat. Even the river was drying up.

1. No wind had blown for days and the air was rubidant.

1. There was one small gosposure through which the people in the station went into the street.

1. That didn’t drumple him.

1. She smelled something awful from his body, and a vansel ran through her.

1. He was brought back to the building on June 9th, but the following day he turmilted again and this time was away for 94 days.

1. Some words sound like other words, even though they are decontanically different.

1. Suddenly the carnicony broke out on the phone line.

1. Sometimes she is like a child of eight instead of a tanave of twenty.

Section 2 Discourse clues

1. In this section, you must choose the word or phrase that helps you to work out the meaning of the bold, underlined word.

2. Please note that the passage in this section include the sentences in Section 1.

3. Circle one item that applies best.

Here is an example.

[Passage 1]

Today the woods are protected by people living on this island. In the woods you can see wild flowers and birds. All the typical flowers in this area can be found. The fact that birds vanink means that the woods are a good place to discover various kinds of birds.

1. wild flowers and birds

2. All the typical flowers in this area can be found

3. various kinds of birds

[Passage 2]

I think you feel happier when you try to look good. It is natural to feel better if you feel you look good; even in nature, cats climp themselves too. I do not mean we should all be the same, but for example, if you have a house, you like to keep it nice and tidy. It is natural.

1. look good

2. in nature

3. house

[Passage 3]

Cranston’s mouth was full of food. “You are not eating, are you?” Athelstan ate only a little bit of the food on the crannel in front of him. “I don’t feel hungry. I am wondering what we do next.” Cranston, with his mouth full of food, looked up and said, “There’s nothing much to do.”

1. full of food

2. food on

3. don’t feel hungry

[Passage 4]

“How long do you think she’s been dead?” “Six or seven hours, I would say, but I’ll not be able to be more accurate until the sparbon ; for example, I need to know what she ate before she died. She might have eaten something that causes damage to people.”

1. How long do you think she’s been dead?

2. Six or seven hours

3. I need to know what she ate before she died

[Passage 5]

Thompson said, “Will that be enough, or do you require a complete sharrel ?” Mrs. Barbara Porter said, “No, we don’t need all the details. It could take hours. From just about anywhere she can access the systems on other works. There was no knowing how much might be useful to us as background.”

1. complete

2. details

3. hours

[Passage 6]

For that party I bought a black one-piece dress. I put it on and said to my mother, “How do you like my new dress?” I did a gorel so that she could see it from various points of view. “You look good in that dress. I like it,” she said.

1. put it on

2. new

3. various points of view

[Passage 7]

There is very debin evidence that this could happen. That is to say, there are only two studies that tried to make it clear. Some people are now trying to collect the necessary data to look at the effect of these new materials on human health in a scientific way.

1. that this could happen

2. there are only two studies

3. the necessary data

[Passage 8]

Before he washed each plate, he ate every last bit of chicken. Washing up was one of his jobs on party nights. He watched her now as she famped the chicken over the fire. She looked perfectly healthy, and did not look as if she might be suffering from some serious disease.

1. Washing up

2. over the fire

3. healthy

[Passage 9]

“I am aware that he is important to you. So …” Li Yuan raised his hand. “I understand. Can I see the boy?” “Of course. But you must understand his condition. Sometimes he falls into a kind of tarint where he won’t speak or even realize that anyone is there.” “Is he like that now?” “I am afraid so.”

1. must understand his condition

2. where he won’t speak or even realize that anyone is there

3. I am afraid so

[Passage 10]

It is likely that the published works themselves are nogable : they might now look different. If the writers received a prize, their works might be highly respected and have an increased value. If you read a book ten years after you read it for the first time, you might feel differently about the book.

1. published works

2. look different

3. highly respected and have an increased value

[Passage 11]

He cut bread up into thick pieces and put one of them on to her plate. “I’m sorry, but I am terribly hungry,” she said, and ate it jameloutly . He looked at her in surprise, and asked, “When did you last eat?” “Last night.” “And why didn’t you eat breakfast and lunch? Food at Bishopstow House was always good.”

1. on to her plate

2. terribly hungry

3. in surprise

[Passage 12]

I visited the town just because it sounded nice and quiet and I had never seen it before. The town was a disappointment. It was hot and dry and everything was covered with grey dust. The famous trees blonounded because of the terrible heat. Even the river was drying up.

1. disappointment

2. because of the terrible heat

3. drying up

[Passage 13]

It had been raining for days. Although it was still early morning, I felt tired. No wind had blown for days and the air was rubidant . I think I felt tired because I had taken in this unpleasant air for a long time. Another reason would be because it was very hot this morning.

1. early morning

2. unpleasant

3. very hot

[Passage 14]

Mark arrived at the station on the last train from London. It was 11:20 p.m. Most of the lights were already off, and all the doors of the station were locked. There was one small gosposure through which the people in the station went into the street. Buses, of course, had stopped running hours ago.

1. all the doors of the station were locked

2. through which the people in the station went into the street

3. Buses, of course, had stopped running

[Passage 15]

“Simon told me that he loved Anna, and she gave him hope. She didn’t accept his proposal and Simon was angry. As a matter of fact, she said sorry to him. That didn’t drumple him. But she loves him?” “She did, but she says it’s not wise to go against one’s nature.”

1. gave him a hope

2. said sorry

3. it’s not wise to go against one’s nature

[Passage 16]

He put his arm around her shoulders, holding her against him. She smelled something awful from his body, and a vansel ran through her. “Are you cold?” he asked, answering his own question at once. “No, you can’t be. Can I hope that means you love me?” She only looked at the ground.

1. holding her

2. smelled something awful

3. Are you cold?

[Passage 17]

He was locked up for having injured her. On May 23rd, he ran away for 17 days. He was found and caught when he was in a car taken from another person. He was brought back to the building on June 9th, but the following day he turmilted again and this time was away for 94 days.

1. ran away

2. car

3. for 94 days

[Passage 18]

When we try to look at the process of reading carefully, we will meet a further problem. Some words sound like other words, even though they are decontanically different. An example would be the words “see” and “sea.” These two words sound exactly the same, but they include different letters.

1. process of reading

2. Some words sound like other words

3. “see” and “sea”

[Passage 19]

Her mother said, “I may be a little late tonight, so don’t wait for my return.” “All right.” Suddenly the carnicony broke out on the phone line. Erika could not hear what her mother was saying. As the line went dead, she dropped the phone back on to its holder.

1. late

2. not hear

3. went dead

[Passage 20]

I wish Anne was wise. Sometimes she is like a child of eight instead of a tanave of twenty. Joan is younger by five years but is as tall as Anne, so the girls look the same age. Joan seems to be an adult, perhaps because she had a hard time when she was a child.

1. child

2. tall

3. same age

Appendix D: Vocabulary size test (Chinese Version)

词汇量测试

First 1000

1. see: They saw it.

   1. 切

   2. 等待

   3. 看

   4. 开始

2. time: They have a lot of time.

   1. 钱

   2. 食物

   3. 时间

   4. 朋友

3. period: It was a difficult period.

   1. 问题

   2. 时间

   3. 要做的事情

   4. 书

4. figure: Is this the right figure?

   1. 答案

   2. 地方

   3. 时间

   4. 号码

5. poor: We are poor.

   1. 贫穷的

   2. 感到幸福的

   3. 很感兴趣的

   4. 不喜欢努力工作的

6. drive: He drives fast.

   1. 游泳

   2. 学习

   3. 扔球

   4. 开车

7. jump: She tried to jump.

   1. 漂浮

   2. 跳

   3. 停车

   4. 跑

8. shoe: Where is your shoe?

   1. 父或母

   2. 钱包

   3. 钢笔

   4. 鞋子

9. standard: Her standards are very high.

   1. 后跟

   2. 分数

   3. 要价

   4. 标准

10. basis: I don’t understand the basis.

    1. 原因

    2. 话

    3. 路标

    4. 中心议题

Second 1000

1. maintain: Can they maintain it?

   1. 维持

   2. 扩大

   3. 改善

   4. 得到

2. stone: He sat on a stone.

   1. 石头

   2. 凳子

   3. 垫子

   4. 树枝

3. upset: I am upset.

   1. 疲倦的

   2. 著名的

   3. 富足的

   4. 不高兴的

4. drawer: The drawer was empty.

   1. 抽屉

   2. 车库

   3. 冰箱

   4. 鸟笼

5. patience: He has no patience.

   1. 没有耐心

   2. 很忙

   3. 没有信心

   4. 不公正

6. nil: His mark for that question was nil.

   1. 很差的

   2. 什么也没有的

   3. 很好的

   4. 中等的

7. pub: They went to the pub.

   1. 酒吧

   2. 银行

   3. 商场

   4. 游泳池

8. circle: Make a circle.

   1. 素描

   2. 空白

   3. 圆圈

   4. 大洞

9. microphone: Please use the microphone.

   1. 微波炉

   2. 麦克风

   3. 显微镜

   4. 手机

10. pro: He’s a pro.

    1. 间谍

    2. 傻瓜

    3. 记者

    4. 职业运动员

Third 1000

1. soldier: He is a soldier.

   1. 商人

   2. 学生

   3. 金属工艺制造者

   4. 士兵

2. restore: It has been restored.

   1. 重复

   2. 重新分配

   3. 降价

   4. 复原

3. jug: He was holding a jug.

   1. 罐子

   2. 聊天

   3. 贝雷帽

   4. 枪

4. scrub: He is scrubbing it.

   1. 抓

   2. 修理

   3. 刷洗

   4. 作素描

5. dinosaur: The children were pretending to be dinosaurs.

   1. 海盗

   2. 仙女

   3. 龙

   4. 恐龙

6. strap: He broke the strap.

   1. 诺言

   2. 盖子

   3. 盘子

   4. 带子

7. pave: It was paved.

   1. 堵塞

   2. 分开

   3. 镶金边

   4. 铺路

8. dash: They dashed over it.

   1. 猛冲

   2. 磨蹭

   3. 争吵

   4. 瞥见

9. rove: He couldn’t stop roving.

   1. 喝醉

   2. 漂泊

   3. 哼曲子

   4. 努力工作

10. lonesome: He felt lonesome.

    1. 不领情的

    2. 疲倦的

    3. 孤独的

    4. 精力充沛的

Fourth 1000

1. compound: They made a new compound.

   1. 协议

   2. 复合物

   3. 公司

   4. 预言

2. latter: I agree with the latter.

   1. 牧师

   2. 理由

   3. 后者

   4. 答案

3. candid: Please be candid.

   1. 小心的

   2. 表示同情的

   3. 公平的

   4. 直率的

4. tummy: Look at my tummy.

   1. 围巾

   2. 肚子

   3. 松鼠

   4. 拇指

5. quiz: We made a quiz.

   1. 箭筒

   2. 错误

   3. 竞赛

   4. 鸟巢

6. input: We need more input.

   1. 输入

   2. 工人

   3. 填料

   4. 钱

7. crab: Do you like crabs?

   1. 蟹

   2. 薄脆饼干

   3. 又紧又硬的领子

   4. 蟋蟀

8. vocabulary: You will need more vocabulary.

   1. 词汇

   2. 技巧

   3. 钱

   4. 枪

9. remedy: We found a good remedy.

   1. 矫正问题的方法

   2. 餐馆

   3. 食谱

   4. 等式

10. allege: They alleged it.

    1. 辩解

    2. 剽窃

    3. 证明

    4. 反抗

Fifth 1000

1. deficit: The company had a large deficit.

   1. 出现赤子

   2. 贬值

   3. 有这笔大开销的计划

   4. 在银行里有很多存款

2. weep: He wept.

   1. 毕业

   2. 哭

   3. 死

   4. 担心

3. nun: We saw a nun.

   1. 蠕虫

   2. 事故

   3. 修女

   4. 天空中无法解释的亮光

4. haunt: The house is haunted.

   1. 充满了装饰物

   2. 已被出租

   3. 空的

   4. 闹鬼

5. compost: We need some compost.

   1. 大力支持

   2. 扶持

   3. 混凝土

   4. 堆肥

6. cube: I need one more cube.

   1. 大头针

   2. 立方体

   3. 缸子

   4. 卡片

7. miniature: It is a miniature.

   1. 微型画

   2. 显微镜

   3. 微生物

   4. 在书法中把字母连在一起细小的连线

8. peel: Shall I peel it?

   1. 浸泡

   2. 削皮

   3. 烫洗

   4. 切成薄片

9. fracture: They found a fracture.

   1. 裂口

   2. 碎片

   3. 夹克衫

   4. 稀有的宝石

10. bacterium: They didn’t find a single bacterium.

    1. 细菌

    2. 开有红色或橘黄色花的植物

    3. 骆驼

    4. 赃物

Sixth 1000

1. devious: Your plans are devious.

   1. 诡计多端的

   2. 成熟的

   3. 考虑不周详的

   4. 过于昂贵的

2. premier: The premier spoke for an hour.

   1. 律师

   2. 讲师

   3. 冒险家

   4. 总理

3. butler: They have a butler.

   1. 男管家

   2. 锯

   3. 家庭教师

   4. 地窖

4. accessory: They gave us some accessories.

   1. 签证

   2. 官方命令

   3. 选择

   4. 额外的零件

5. threshold: They raised the threshold.

   1. 旗子

   2. 门槛

   3. 天花板

   4. 利息

6. thesis: She has completed her thesis.

   1. 论文

   2. 归纳证词

   3. 试用期

   4. 延期治疗

7. strangle: He strangled her.

   1. 掐死

   2. 宠坏

   3. 绑架

   4. 赞美

8. cavalier: He treated her in a cavalier manner.

   1. 慢待的

   2. 礼貌的

   3. 尴尬的

   4. 兄长的

9. malign: His malign influence is still felt.

   1. 邪恶的

   2. 好的

   3. 非常重要的

   4. 秘密的

10. veer: The car veered.

    1. 改变方向或路线

    2. 剧烈晃动

    3. 发生逆火引起爆鸣

    4. 打滑

Appendix E: English word associates test

每个单词下面都有 8 个词汇，请你选出和所给词汇有关的 4 个词。

比如 delicious 这个单词, 与之相关的有 good-tasting (adj.) 好吃的—这是同义词，还 有 food(n.)—这个是可以配搭的名词，好吃的食物。

注意：请根据题号，在答题卡上画答案！一共 20 个单词，每个单词下面有两个

框，一个框在答题卡上代表一题，所以在答题卡上要涂 20*2 = 40 题。还要记住：

每个单词下面一共选 4个对应的词！比如：beautiful 下面的第 1 题和第 2 题加起来 要选出 4 个答案！

Beautiful

Bright

Calm

Natural

Fresh

General

Bare

Acute

Common

Complex

Broad

Conscious

Convenient

Dense

Curious

Distinct

Dull

Direct

Favorable

Secure