Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women in Burkina Faso
-
Rosa Chillemi
Abstract
Background: Low levels of plasma homocysteine have been found in children and adult populations living in Burkina Faso in association with a low prevalence of coronary heart disease. Methods: Based on this finding, the levels of plasma homocysteine and other thiols (cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione) in postmenopausal women living in Burkina Faso were evaluated with the aim of investigating whether age and life conditions influence plasma homocysteine and other thiol levels. Results: It was found that in older postmenopausal women the mean level of homocysteine was higher (16.4±6.6 μmol/L) than in fertile women (6.8±1.2μmol/L) and that thisincrease was correlated with cysteine levels (166.6±44.6μmol/L). While the glutathione level in postmenopausal women was lower (3.6±2.3μmol/L) compared with fertile women (7.0±1.7μmol/L), cysteinylglycine levels were within the normal range (29.9±9.3μmol/L). No correlation was found between homocysteine levels and serum folate, vitamin B 12, vitamin B 6, cystatin C and serum creatinine levels. The older the women were, the higher were their plasma homocysteine levels: levels up to 20.2±9.1μmol/L were found in those >70years old. Conclusions: The elevated levels of homocysteine in the postmenopausal women of Burkina Faso must be viewed as a characteristic of older age and its metabolic consequences.
References
1. Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease, 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1995:1279–327. Suche in Google Scholar
2. Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Hcy and coronary atherosclerosis J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 517–27. 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00508-0Suche in Google Scholar
3. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1998; 49: 31–62. 10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.31Suche in Google Scholar
4. Neufeld EJ. Update on genetic risk factors for thrombosis and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1998; 12: 1193–209. 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70049-6Suche in Google Scholar
5. Prasad K. Homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol 1999; 8: 76–86. 10.1007/BF01616850Suche in Google Scholar
6. Van den Berg M, Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Jakobs C, Stehouwer CD, et al. Combined vitamin B 6 plus folic acid therapy in young patients with arteriosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20: 933–40. 10.1016/0741-5214(94)90230-5Suche in Google Scholar
7. Den Heijer M, Brouwer IA, Bos GM, Blom HJ, Van der Put NM, Spaans AP, et al. Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels: a controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 356–61. 10.1161/01.ATV.18.3.356Suche in Google Scholar
8. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Van der Merwe A, Becker PJ, Delport R, Potgieter HC. Vitamin requirements for treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1927–33. 10.1093/jn/124.10.1927Suche in Google Scholar
9. Malinow MR, Bostom AG, Krauss RM. Homocysteine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 1999; 99: 178–82. 10.1161/01.CIR.99.1.178Suche in Google Scholar
10. Simpore J, Pignatelli S, Barlati S, Malaguarnera M, Musumeci S. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a healthy population living in Burkina Faso. Curr Ther Res 2000; 61: 659–68. 10.1016/S0011-393X(00)88018-2Suche in Google Scholar
11. Bjorkegren K, Svardsudd K. Elevated serum levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in elderly people. A population-based intervention study. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 603–11. Suche in Google Scholar
12. Wouters MG, Moorrees MT, van der Mooren MJ, Blom HJ, Boers GH, Schellekens LA, et al. Plasma homo-cysteine and menopausal status. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25: 801–5. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01687.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Malaguarnera M, Pistone G, Motta M, Vinci E, Oreste G, Avellone G, et al. Elevated plasma total homocysteine in centenarians. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42: 307–10. 10.1515/CCLM.2004.056Suche in Google Scholar
14. Ligthart GJ, Corberand JX, Geertzen HG, Meinders AE, Knook DL, Hijmans W. Necessity of the assessment of health status in human immunogerontological studies: evaluation of the SENIEUR protocol. Mech Ageing Dev 1990; 55: 89–105. 10.1016/0047-6374(90)90108-RSuche in Google Scholar
15. Araki A, Sako Y. Determination of free and total homocysteine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 1987; 422: 43–52. 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80438-3Suche in Google Scholar
16. Simpore J, Pignatelli S, Meli C, Malaguarnera M, Chillemi R, Musumeci S. Nutritional and racial determinants of the increase in plasma homocysteine levels after methionine loading. Curr Ther Res 2002; 63: 459–73. 10.1016/S0011-393X(02)80051-0Suche in Google Scholar
17. Ubbink JB, Delport R, Vermaak WJ. Effective homocysteine metabolism may protect South African blacks against heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 62: 802–8. 10.1093/ajcn/62.4.802Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Ubbink JB, Delport R, Vermaak WJ. Plasma homocysteine concentration in a population with a low coronary heart disease prevalence. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1254S–7S. 10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1254SSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Giles WH, Croft JB, Greenlund KJ, Ford ES, Kittner SJ. Total homocysteine concentration and the likelihood of nonfatal stroke: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Stroke 1998; 29: 2473–7. 10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2473Suche in Google Scholar
20. Joosten E, van den Berg A, Riezler R, Naurath HJ, Lindenbaum J, Stabler SP, et al. Metabolic evidence that deficiencies of vitamin B 12 (cobalamin), folate, and vitamin B 6 occur commonly in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 468–76. 10.1093/ajcn/58.4.468Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 270: 2693–8. 10.1001/jama.1993.03510220049033Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
22. Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Hultberg B. Plasma homocysteine is a sensitive marker for tissue deficiency of both cobalamines and folates in a psychogeriatric population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 476–82. 10.1159/000017193Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Sadewa AH, Sunarti, Sutomo R, Hayashi C, Lee MJ, Ayaki H, et al. The C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene among the Indonesian Javanese population. Kobe J Med Sci 2002; 48: 137–44. Suche in Google Scholar
24. Botto LD, Yang Q. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 862–77. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010290Suche in Google Scholar
25. Amouzou EK, Chabi NW, Adjalla CE, Rodriguez-Gueant RM, Feillet F, Villaume C, et al. High prevalence of hyper-homocysteinemia related to folate deficiency and the 677C→T mutation of the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coastal West Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 619–24. 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.619Suche in Google Scholar
26. Shaw GM, Rosen R, Finnel RH, Wasserman CR, Lammer EJ. Maternal vitamin use, genetic variation of infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk for spina bifida. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 30–7. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009555Suche in Google Scholar
27. Pallaud C, Stranieri C, Sass C, Siest G, Pignatti F, Visvikis S. Candidate gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease: a comparative study of frequencies between a French and an Italian population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39: 146–54. 10.1515/CCLM.2001.025Suche in Google Scholar
28. Chillemi R, Zappacosta B, Simpore J, Persichilli S, Musumeci M, Musumeci S. Hyperhomocysteinemia in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an effect of host-parasite interaction. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 348: 113–20. 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.05.007Suche in Google Scholar
29. Ghandour H, Bagley PJ, Shemin D, Hsu N, Jacques PF, Dworkin L, et al. Distribution of plasma folate forms in hemodialysis patients receiving high daily doses of L-folinic or folic acid. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 2246–9. 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00666.xSuche in Google Scholar
30. Mizuno Y, Kawazu SI, Kano S, Watanabe N, Matsuura T, Ohtomo H. In-vitro uptake of vitamin A by Plasmodium falciparum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003; 97: 237–43. 10.1179/000349803235001723Suche in Google Scholar
31. Delmas-Beauvieux MC, Peuchant E, Dumon MF, Receveur MC, Le Bras M, Clerc M. Relationship between red blood cell antioxidant enzymatic system status and lipoperoxidation during the acute phase of malaria. Clin Biochem 1995; 28: 163–9. 10.1016/0009-9120(94)00071-3Suche in Google Scholar
32. Droge W. The plasma redox state and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2002; 1: 257–78. 10.1016/S1568-1637(01)00008-3Suche in Google Scholar
33. Erden-Inal M, Sunal E, Kanbak G. Age-related changes in the glutathione redox system. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20: 61–6. 10.1002/cbf.937Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
34. Schwenke DC. Aging, menopause, and free radicals. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1998; 16: 281–308. 10.1055/s-2007-1016288Suche in Google Scholar
35. Spotila LD, Jacques PF, Berger PB, Ballman KV, Ellison RC, Rozen R. Age dependence of the influence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype on plasma homocysteine level. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 871–7. 10.1093/aje/kwg234Suche in Google Scholar
36. Mager A, Lalezari S, Shohat T, Birnbaum Y, Adler Y, Magal N, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes and early-onset coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999; 100: 2406–10. 10.1161/01.CIR.100.24.2406Suche in Google Scholar
37. Sobczak A, Wardas W, Zielinska-Danch W, Pawlicki K. The influence of smoking on plasma homocysteine and cysteine levels in passive and active smokers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42: 408–14. 10.1515/CCLM.2004.072Suche in Google Scholar
38. Pisciotta L, Cantafora A, Piana A, Masturzo P, Cerone R, Minniti G, et al. Physical activity modulates effects of some genetic polymorphisms affecting cardiovascular risk in men aged over 40years. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 13: 202–10. 10.1016/S0939-4753(03)80012-1Suche in Google Scholar
39. Stehouwer CD, van Guldener C. Does homocysteine cause hypertension? Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41: 1408–11. 10.1515/CCLM.2003.216Suche in Google Scholar
40. Prigge ST, Chiang PK. S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. In: Carmel R, Jacobsen DW, editors. Homocysteine in health and disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001:79–91. Suche in Google Scholar
41. Riksen NP, Rongen GA, Blom HJ, Russel FG, Boers GH, Smits P. Potential role for adenosine in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of hyperhomocysteinemia. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 59: 271–6. 10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00462-0Suche in Google Scholar
42. Simorre B, Quere I, Berrut G, Chasse JF, Bellet H, Kamoun P, et al. Vascular complications of homocystinuria: a retrospective multicenter study. Rev Med Intern 2002; 23: 267–72. 10.1016/S0248-8663(01)00551-3Suche in Google Scholar
©2005 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Inter-individual variation of inflammatory markers of cardiovascular risks and diseases
- “Coelionomics”: towards understanding the molecular pathology of coeliac disease
- Gene expression profiling in human cardiovascular disease
- A common CYP1B1 polymorphism is associated with 2-OHE1/16-OHE1 urinary estrone ratio
- A quantitative RT-PCR method to determine topoisomerase I mRNA levels in human tissue samples
- Insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory hormones in hypothyroidism and during thyroid hormone replacement therapy
- Linearity and detection limit in the measurement of serum M-protein with the capillary zone electrophoresis system Capillarys ®
- Quantitative measurement of ketone bodies in urine using reflectometry
- Quantification of voriconazole in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Determination of the antioxidant capacity in blood
- High-workload endurance training may increase serum ischemia-modified albumin concentrations
- Advanced oxidation protein products in serum of patients with myotonic disease type I: association with serum γ-glutamyltransferase and disease severity
- Effectiveness of different methods for anti-Sm antibody identification. A multicentre study
- Quality control in neutrophil granulocyte (PMN) concentrates by flow cytometry
- Circadian variation of holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC) and related markers
- Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women in Burkina Faso
- Allergy testing on the IMMULITE 2000 Random-Access immunoanalyzer – a clinical evaluation study
- Evaluation of the ABX Pentra 400: a newly available clinical chemistry analyser
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Inter-individual variation of inflammatory markers of cardiovascular risks and diseases
- “Coelionomics”: towards understanding the molecular pathology of coeliac disease
- Gene expression profiling in human cardiovascular disease
- A common CYP1B1 polymorphism is associated with 2-OHE1/16-OHE1 urinary estrone ratio
- A quantitative RT-PCR method to determine topoisomerase I mRNA levels in human tissue samples
- Insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory hormones in hypothyroidism and during thyroid hormone replacement therapy
- Linearity and detection limit in the measurement of serum M-protein with the capillary zone electrophoresis system Capillarys ®
- Quantitative measurement of ketone bodies in urine using reflectometry
- Quantification of voriconazole in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Determination of the antioxidant capacity in blood
- High-workload endurance training may increase serum ischemia-modified albumin concentrations
- Advanced oxidation protein products in serum of patients with myotonic disease type I: association with serum γ-glutamyltransferase and disease severity
- Effectiveness of different methods for anti-Sm antibody identification. A multicentre study
- Quality control in neutrophil granulocyte (PMN) concentrates by flow cytometry
- Circadian variation of holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC) and related markers
- Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women in Burkina Faso
- Allergy testing on the IMMULITE 2000 Random-Access immunoanalyzer – a clinical evaluation study
- Evaluation of the ABX Pentra 400: a newly available clinical chemistry analyser
