Startseite Chapter 12 Fly ash from municipal solid waste Incineration: from industrial residue to resource for zinc
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Chapter 12 Fly ash from municipal solid waste Incineration: from industrial residue to resource for zinc

  • Kai Tandon und Soraya Heuss-Aßbichler
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Industrial Waste
Ein Kapitel aus dem Buch Industrial Waste

Abstract

Since the beginning of human existence, waste has been constantly produced. With industrialization, waste generation has been steadily increased worldwide, and at an alarming rate. By 2050, waste generation is estimated to increase by about 50%. Originally, incineration of waste was used to tackle epidemics; today, it is a convenient strategy to manage the ever-growing amount of waste. Modern municipal waste is therefore classified as a substitute fuel due to its high calorific value (caused by the high proportion of plastics). The incineration process reduces mass and volume by 70 wt.-% and 90 vol.-%, respectively, and recovers the heat transported with the exhaust gases as energy. The main products of waste incineration are bottom ash (20-30 wt%), boiler ash (0,4 wt%) and residues of the flue gas treatment (FGT) including Fly ash (1-5 wt%) and air pollution control (APC) residues. FGT residues are considered hazardous waste due to the high content of (volatile) heavy metals, easily soluble salts and persistent organic pollutants and are disposed of in special landfills. Often, MSWI fly ash is treated and/or processed before disposal, e.g., through stabilization or solidification. Various methods have been developed to utilize fly ash: some approaches aim to use fly ash as a raw material substitute (e.g., as an additive in cement) in order to save landfill space. However, these methods are not effective, because the ash negatively affects the properties of the respective products; moreover, the metals in the fly ash dissipate and are thus lost as a resource. Fly ash is mainly enriched in Zn (3,000 up to 70,000 mg/kg Zn) and can reach the content of natural ore deposits. The variation of the Zn content depends on the flue gas treatment (FGT) procedure. The addition of Ca as milk of lime during the flue gas treatment reduces the content of all heavy metals contained in the fly ash by dilution effect. Only a few processes focus on the recovery of metals, especially Zn, as a resource. As a first step, metals are leached out of the fly ash. In acidic fly ash washing (FLUWA), the acidic scrub water from a wet flue gas treatment is combined with the fly ash resulting in a metal-enriched Cl-rich solution. In a second step, the novel FLUREC process is used to recover zinc as a metal with high purity from MSWI fly ash. However, the process with low environmental impact is rather complex and only economically feasible if the concentration of Zn is above 40.000 mg/kg Zn in MSWI fly ash. An alternative process under development, called SPOP, is based on chemical precipitation. It aims to enrich zinc in the residue while keeping the Cl concentration in the solid low, which is a prerequisite for recycling the precipitation residues.

Abstract

Since the beginning of human existence, waste has been constantly produced. With industrialization, waste generation has been steadily increased worldwide, and at an alarming rate. By 2050, waste generation is estimated to increase by about 50%. Originally, incineration of waste was used to tackle epidemics; today, it is a convenient strategy to manage the ever-growing amount of waste. Modern municipal waste is therefore classified as a substitute fuel due to its high calorific value (caused by the high proportion of plastics). The incineration process reduces mass and volume by 70 wt.-% and 90 vol.-%, respectively, and recovers the heat transported with the exhaust gases as energy. The main products of waste incineration are bottom ash (20-30 wt%), boiler ash (0,4 wt%) and residues of the flue gas treatment (FGT) including Fly ash (1-5 wt%) and air pollution control (APC) residues. FGT residues are considered hazardous waste due to the high content of (volatile) heavy metals, easily soluble salts and persistent organic pollutants and are disposed of in special landfills. Often, MSWI fly ash is treated and/or processed before disposal, e.g., through stabilization or solidification. Various methods have been developed to utilize fly ash: some approaches aim to use fly ash as a raw material substitute (e.g., as an additive in cement) in order to save landfill space. However, these methods are not effective, because the ash negatively affects the properties of the respective products; moreover, the metals in the fly ash dissipate and are thus lost as a resource. Fly ash is mainly enriched in Zn (3,000 up to 70,000 mg/kg Zn) and can reach the content of natural ore deposits. The variation of the Zn content depends on the flue gas treatment (FGT) procedure. The addition of Ca as milk of lime during the flue gas treatment reduces the content of all heavy metals contained in the fly ash by dilution effect. Only a few processes focus on the recovery of metals, especially Zn, as a resource. As a first step, metals are leached out of the fly ash. In acidic fly ash washing (FLUWA), the acidic scrub water from a wet flue gas treatment is combined with the fly ash resulting in a metal-enriched Cl-rich solution. In a second step, the novel FLUREC process is used to recover zinc as a metal with high purity from MSWI fly ash. However, the process with low environmental impact is rather complex and only economically feasible if the concentration of Zn is above 40.000 mg/kg Zn in MSWI fly ash. An alternative process under development, called SPOP, is based on chemical precipitation. It aims to enrich zinc in the residue while keeping the Cl concentration in the solid low, which is a prerequisite for recycling the precipitation residues.

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Contents V
  3. List of Authors IX
  4. Part 1: Measurement and properties
  5. Chapter 1 Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials and their quantification in cement blends by solid-state NMR 3
  6. Chapter 2 Mineralogical quantification of cements, wastes and supplementary cementitious materials 33
  7. Chapter 3 Microstructure analysis with quantitative phase mapping using SEM-EDS and Phase Recognition and Characterization (PARC) Software: applied to steelmaking slag 57
  8. Chapter 4 The use of μXRF in the characterization of industrial wastes and pozzolanes 97
  9. Part 2: Characterization of industrial residues
  10. Chapter 5 Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials: Brown coal fly ashes 165
  11. Chapter 6 Iron and steel slags: from wastes to by-products of high technical, economical and ecological advantages 203
  12. Chapter 7 Utilization of Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in Portland cement, alkali activated and ternary binders 253
  13. Chapter 8 Study of some physico chemical properties of plastic clays belonging to Girujan deposits from Chumoukedima Nagaland, India and their prospective industrial applications 297
  14. Part 3: Use and application of industrial residues
  15. Chapter 9 Conversion of CO2 into useful products 319
  16. Chapter 10 Mine tailings as precursors for alkali-activated materials and ettringite binders 345
  17. Chapter 11 Industrial waste as fuel and raw material in the cement industry 361
  18. Chapter 12 Fly ash from municipal solid waste Incineration: from industrial residue to resource for zinc 379
  19. Chapter 13 Residues of industrial wastewater treatment: Hazardous waste or anthropogenic resource? 403
  20. Chapter 14 Composites of some sustainable siliceous materials for the removal of fluoride from ground water and immobilization of the sludge generated 433
  21. Part 4: Residues from mining
  22. Chapter 15 Characterization and mineral processing options of “Kupferschiefer”-type low-grade black shale ore from mining dumps in Central Germany 455
  23. Chapter 16 Rare-earth elements in phosphogypsum and mineral processing residues from phosphate-rich weathered alkaline ultramafic rocks, Brazil 505
  24. Chapter 17 The Mn oxides tailing from Amazon Region as low-cost raw material to synthesis of shigaite-type phase 541
  25. Chapter 18 Eco-cements out of Belterra Clay: An extensive Brazilian bauxite overburden to produce low-CO2 eco-friendly calcium sulphoaluminate based cements 553
  26. Index 581
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110674941-012

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Contents V
  3. List of Authors IX
  4. Part 1: Measurement and properties
  5. Chapter 1 Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials and their quantification in cement blends by solid-state NMR 3
  6. Chapter 2 Mineralogical quantification of cements, wastes and supplementary cementitious materials 33
  7. Chapter 3 Microstructure analysis with quantitative phase mapping using SEM-EDS and Phase Recognition and Characterization (PARC) Software: applied to steelmaking slag 57
  8. Chapter 4 The use of μXRF in the characterization of industrial wastes and pozzolanes 97
  9. Part 2: Characterization of industrial residues
  10. Chapter 5 Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials: Brown coal fly ashes 165
  11. Chapter 6 Iron and steel slags: from wastes to by-products of high technical, economical and ecological advantages 203
  12. Chapter 7 Utilization of Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in Portland cement, alkali activated and ternary binders 253
  13. Chapter 8 Study of some physico chemical properties of plastic clays belonging to Girujan deposits from Chumoukedima Nagaland, India and their prospective industrial applications 297
  14. Part 3: Use and application of industrial residues
  15. Chapter 9 Conversion of CO2 into useful products 319
  16. Chapter 10 Mine tailings as precursors for alkali-activated materials and ettringite binders 345
  17. Chapter 11 Industrial waste as fuel and raw material in the cement industry 361
  18. Chapter 12 Fly ash from municipal solid waste Incineration: from industrial residue to resource for zinc 379
  19. Chapter 13 Residues of industrial wastewater treatment: Hazardous waste or anthropogenic resource? 403
  20. Chapter 14 Composites of some sustainable siliceous materials for the removal of fluoride from ground water and immobilization of the sludge generated 433
  21. Part 4: Residues from mining
  22. Chapter 15 Characterization and mineral processing options of “Kupferschiefer”-type low-grade black shale ore from mining dumps in Central Germany 455
  23. Chapter 16 Rare-earth elements in phosphogypsum and mineral processing residues from phosphate-rich weathered alkaline ultramafic rocks, Brazil 505
  24. Chapter 17 The Mn oxides tailing from Amazon Region as low-cost raw material to synthesis of shigaite-type phase 541
  25. Chapter 18 Eco-cements out of Belterra Clay: An extensive Brazilian bauxite overburden to produce low-CO2 eco-friendly calcium sulphoaluminate based cements 553
  26. Index 581
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Heruntergeladen am 21.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110674941-012/html
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