10 Syntax within the clause
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George Aaron Broadwell
Abstract
Sentences are created by putting words together to make larger units, which linguists call phrases. Every language has a set of principles for how words must be put together to form phrases and sentences, and syntax is the part of linguistics which studies these principles. This chapter focuses on two parts of the syntax of North American languages: (1) phrases that contain possessives and (2) simple transitive and intransitive verbs. First, how are words like ‘woman’ and ‘house’ combined to make a phrase like ‘the woman’s house’? What order must the words come in? What kind of morphology appears on either the word ‘man’ or the word ‘house’? Second, how are verbs like ‘visit’ or ‘sing’ combined with nominal phrases like ‘the woman’s house’ or ‘My brother’ to make sentences like ‘My brother is singing’ or ‘My brother visited the woman’s house’? What order must the words come in? What kinds of morphology appear on the nouns, the phrases, or the verbs? Finally, what challenges do revitalization programs face in trying to help language learners understand and use word order and morphology that is very different from English? What are best practices in teaching the grammar of Native American languages?
Abstract
Sentences are created by putting words together to make larger units, which linguists call phrases. Every language has a set of principles for how words must be put together to form phrases and sentences, and syntax is the part of linguistics which studies these principles. This chapter focuses on two parts of the syntax of North American languages: (1) phrases that contain possessives and (2) simple transitive and intransitive verbs. First, how are words like ‘woman’ and ‘house’ combined to make a phrase like ‘the woman’s house’? What order must the words come in? What kind of morphology appears on either the word ‘man’ or the word ‘house’? Second, how are verbs like ‘visit’ or ‘sing’ combined with nominal phrases like ‘the woman’s house’ or ‘My brother’ to make sentences like ‘My brother is singing’ or ‘My brother visited the woman’s house’? What order must the words come in? What kinds of morphology appear on the nouns, the phrases, or the verbs? Finally, what challenges do revitalization programs face in trying to help language learners understand and use word order and morphology that is very different from English? What are best practices in teaching the grammar of Native American languages?
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Preface V
- Table of contents VII
- List of North American families, languages, and dialects XIII
- Maps XLI
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I Sounds and sound structure
- 1 Acoustic phonetics 1
- 2 Articulatory phonetics 39
- 3 Tone 63
- 4 Segmental phonology 89
- 5 Prosodic morphology 109
- 6 Word prosody 135
- 7 Prosody beyond the word 155
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II Words
- 8 What is a word? 183
- 9 Word classes 205
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III Sentences
- 10 Syntax within the clause 247
- 11 Negatives 267
- 12 Questions and requests in North American languages 283
- 13 Information structure 305
- 14 Clause-combining: Relative clauses 323
- 15 Clause combining: Syntax of subordination and complementation 345
- 16 Switch-reference and event cohesion 363
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IV Discourse
- 17 Verbal art 385
- 18 Conversation structure 421
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V Meaning
- 19 Lexicalization and lexical meaning 453
- 20 Lexicography 479
- 21 Evidentiality 497
- 22 Pluractionality and distributivity 511
- 23 Mass and count nouns 527
- 24 Sense of place: Space, landscape, and orientation 547
- 25 A sense of time and world 577
- 26 Pragmatics 599
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VI Languages over space and time
- 27 Languages as dynamic systems: How grammar can emerge 619
- 28 Language contact and linguistic areas 647
- 29 Language classification 669
- 30 Archival-based sociolinguistic variation 689
- 31 Community-based sociolinguistic variation 701
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Preface V
- Table of contents VII
- List of North American families, languages, and dialects XIII
- Maps XLI
-
I Sounds and sound structure
- 1 Acoustic phonetics 1
- 2 Articulatory phonetics 39
- 3 Tone 63
- 4 Segmental phonology 89
- 5 Prosodic morphology 109
- 6 Word prosody 135
- 7 Prosody beyond the word 155
-
II Words
- 8 What is a word? 183
- 9 Word classes 205
-
III Sentences
- 10 Syntax within the clause 247
- 11 Negatives 267
- 12 Questions and requests in North American languages 283
- 13 Information structure 305
- 14 Clause-combining: Relative clauses 323
- 15 Clause combining: Syntax of subordination and complementation 345
- 16 Switch-reference and event cohesion 363
-
IV Discourse
- 17 Verbal art 385
- 18 Conversation structure 421
-
V Meaning
- 19 Lexicalization and lexical meaning 453
- 20 Lexicography 479
- 21 Evidentiality 497
- 22 Pluractionality and distributivity 511
- 23 Mass and count nouns 527
- 24 Sense of place: Space, landscape, and orientation 547
- 25 A sense of time and world 577
- 26 Pragmatics 599
-
VI Languages over space and time
- 27 Languages as dynamic systems: How grammar can emerge 619
- 28 Language contact and linguistic areas 647
- 29 Language classification 669
- 30 Archival-based sociolinguistic variation 689
- 31 Community-based sociolinguistic variation 701
