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2 Antebellum Literary Culture: The Institutions of Romanticism

  • David O. Dowling
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Handbook of American Romanticism
This chapter is in the book Handbook of American Romanticism

Abstract

Antebellum literary culture developed amid dramatic increases in production, distribution, and consumption of books and periodicals. Romantic literature’s signal works at the time that drew legions of authors into this expanding industry included Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature. Irving reconciled the transformation of the old patronage system into a competitive free-market scramble by embracing “the romance of trade,” especially in his highly idealized self-portrait as sojourner traveler and independent agent. Emerson openly assailed crass materialism and exhorted the younger generations to rebel against conventional vocations. Intellectual networks were instrumental in shaping the American Romantic period beginning with the New York circles of Irving’s Knickerbockers and extending into Emerson’s Concord Transcendentalists. This chapter examines how those networks helped promote and market authors to the wider public. Critiques of capitalism at the heart of antebellum literary culture regarded the commodification of literature anathema to the romantic notions of authorship as a solitary pursuit driven by intuitive epiphanies and inspirations. Some authors saw publication as a dehumanizing and debasing commercialization of knowledge, while others associated with American Romanticism surprisingly found inspiration in the free market economy’s profit motive. Yet that position was seldom emphasized in the imaginative writings of the major intellectual networks of antebellum America. Instead, a distinctly Romantic fervor prevailed in opposition to the increasingly specialized systems of mechanized labor that threatened to diminish the significance of the human spirit and the power of individual intuition.

Abstract

Antebellum literary culture developed amid dramatic increases in production, distribution, and consumption of books and periodicals. Romantic literature’s signal works at the time that drew legions of authors into this expanding industry included Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature. Irving reconciled the transformation of the old patronage system into a competitive free-market scramble by embracing “the romance of trade,” especially in his highly idealized self-portrait as sojourner traveler and independent agent. Emerson openly assailed crass materialism and exhorted the younger generations to rebel against conventional vocations. Intellectual networks were instrumental in shaping the American Romantic period beginning with the New York circles of Irving’s Knickerbockers and extending into Emerson’s Concord Transcendentalists. This chapter examines how those networks helped promote and market authors to the wider public. Critiques of capitalism at the heart of antebellum literary culture regarded the commodification of literature anathema to the romantic notions of authorship as a solitary pursuit driven by intuitive epiphanies and inspirations. Some authors saw publication as a dehumanizing and debasing commercialization of knowledge, while others associated with American Romanticism surprisingly found inspiration in the free market economy’s profit motive. Yet that position was seldom emphasized in the imaginative writings of the major intellectual networks of antebellum America. Instead, a distinctly Romantic fervor prevailed in opposition to the increasingly specialized systems of mechanized labor that threatened to diminish the significance of the human spirit and the power of individual intuition.

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. The Editors’ Preface V
  3. Contents VII
  4. 0 Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Definitions, Backgrounds, Contexts
  6. 1 Antebellum Period and Romanticism: Definitions and Demarcations 9
  7. 2 Antebellum Literary Culture: The Institutions of Romanticism 33
  8. 3 Transnational Dimensions of Romanticism 55
  9. 4 American Romanticism and Religion 81
  10. 5 Romanticism and European Philosophy, or “Idealism As It Appears in 1842” 119
  11. Part II: Intellectual, Spiritual, and Political Debates
  12. 6 Romanticism and Democracy 143
  13. 7 Romanticism and Social Reform 163
  14. 8 American Romanticism and Esotericism 185
  15. 9 America as Interior Space: Artificial Landscapes and the Modernization of Literature in Edgar Allan Poe’s Short Fiction 207
  16. Part III: Contestations of Authorship and Genre
  17. 10 Authorship as Profession and the Uses of Genre in Antebellum America 229
  18. 11 Poet-Prophets and Seers: American Romanticism, Authorship, and Literary Institutions 249
  19. 12 Life Writing and Romantic Expressivism 269
  20. 13 The Fireside and Sentimental Poets 293
  21. Part IV: Close Readings
  22. 14 Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature (1836): American Romantic “Manifesto” 313
  23. 15 Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845): Romanticism and (Proto)Feminism 335
  24. 16 The Continuous Creation of Walden 355
  25. 17 Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick (1851) 375
  26. 18 Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) and the Historical Imagination in American Romanticism 389
  27. 19 Romanticism and History: Göttingen and George Bancroft’s History of the United States (1834) 415
  28. 20 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) and the Politics of Sentimentalism 435
  29. 21 Myth and Mythmaking in the Douglass Circle 453
  30. 22 “The Soul Selects Her Own Society”: Emily Dickinson’s Poetry and the Creation of the Self 477
  31. 23 The Great Psalm of the Republic: Walt Whitman’s Democratic Poetics 495
  32. Part V: Reception Histories
  33. 24 Transcendentalist Legacies in American Philosophy 517
  34. 25 Rethinking Gender in Antebellum American Literature 537
  35. 26 “In the Woods We Return to Reason and Faith”: American Romanticism, Environmentalism, and Seeker Spirituality 561
  36. Index of Names 579
  37. Index of Subjects 589
  38. List of Contributors 599
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110592238-003

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. The Editors’ Preface V
  3. Contents VII
  4. 0 Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Definitions, Backgrounds, Contexts
  6. 1 Antebellum Period and Romanticism: Definitions and Demarcations 9
  7. 2 Antebellum Literary Culture: The Institutions of Romanticism 33
  8. 3 Transnational Dimensions of Romanticism 55
  9. 4 American Romanticism and Religion 81
  10. 5 Romanticism and European Philosophy, or “Idealism As It Appears in 1842” 119
  11. Part II: Intellectual, Spiritual, and Political Debates
  12. 6 Romanticism and Democracy 143
  13. 7 Romanticism and Social Reform 163
  14. 8 American Romanticism and Esotericism 185
  15. 9 America as Interior Space: Artificial Landscapes and the Modernization of Literature in Edgar Allan Poe’s Short Fiction 207
  16. Part III: Contestations of Authorship and Genre
  17. 10 Authorship as Profession and the Uses of Genre in Antebellum America 229
  18. 11 Poet-Prophets and Seers: American Romanticism, Authorship, and Literary Institutions 249
  19. 12 Life Writing and Romantic Expressivism 269
  20. 13 The Fireside and Sentimental Poets 293
  21. Part IV: Close Readings
  22. 14 Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature (1836): American Romantic “Manifesto” 313
  23. 15 Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845): Romanticism and (Proto)Feminism 335
  24. 16 The Continuous Creation of Walden 355
  25. 17 Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick (1851) 375
  26. 18 Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) and the Historical Imagination in American Romanticism 389
  27. 19 Romanticism and History: Göttingen and George Bancroft’s History of the United States (1834) 415
  28. 20 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) and the Politics of Sentimentalism 435
  29. 21 Myth and Mythmaking in the Douglass Circle 453
  30. 22 “The Soul Selects Her Own Society”: Emily Dickinson’s Poetry and the Creation of the Self 477
  31. 23 The Great Psalm of the Republic: Walt Whitman’s Democratic Poetics 495
  32. Part V: Reception Histories
  33. 24 Transcendentalist Legacies in American Philosophy 517
  34. 25 Rethinking Gender in Antebellum American Literature 537
  35. 26 “In the Woods We Return to Reason and Faith”: American Romanticism, Environmentalism, and Seeker Spirituality 561
  36. Index of Names 579
  37. Index of Subjects 589
  38. List of Contributors 599
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