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20. William Shakespeare, Richard II (1595)

  • Felix Sprang
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Handbook of English Renaissance Literature
This chapter is in the book Handbook of English Renaissance Literature

Abstract

Richard II is part of a tetralogy that dramatizes the historical events from the deposition of Richard II to the reign of Henry V. With this set of four plays, Shakespeare re-invented a genre, going back to Aeschylus’s The Persians (472 BCE), that we now refer to as the history play. Shakespeare’s play can be read as a dramatic exploration of two interlinked themes which were prevalent at the time: political theology and national identity. These two foci revolve around the question of whether a king anointed by God is accountable to his subjects, and whether a nation dominated by factions can act as a legitimizing ‘body politic.’ As the debate unfolds, the play’s two principal characters, Richard and Bolingbroke, tease out ideas of kingship that are situated between Plato’s ideal of the philosopher-king, medieval notions of a divine king, and the early modern concept of the amoral ruler as outlined by Machiavelli in his Il Principe (1513). Written entirely in verse, Richard II foregrounds poetic language and probes the limitations of words to render meaning, while also displaying the rhetorical power of speech. The play explores the power of language to construct the image of England as a ‘blessed isle’ and evokes a growing sense of nationalism. The final section of this contribution traces the play’s performance history from its first staging to the present and discusses how scholarship has shaped the reception and perception of the play.

Abstract

Richard II is part of a tetralogy that dramatizes the historical events from the deposition of Richard II to the reign of Henry V. With this set of four plays, Shakespeare re-invented a genre, going back to Aeschylus’s The Persians (472 BCE), that we now refer to as the history play. Shakespeare’s play can be read as a dramatic exploration of two interlinked themes which were prevalent at the time: political theology and national identity. These two foci revolve around the question of whether a king anointed by God is accountable to his subjects, and whether a nation dominated by factions can act as a legitimizing ‘body politic.’ As the debate unfolds, the play’s two principal characters, Richard and Bolingbroke, tease out ideas of kingship that are situated between Plato’s ideal of the philosopher-king, medieval notions of a divine king, and the early modern concept of the amoral ruler as outlined by Machiavelli in his Il Principe (1513). Written entirely in verse, Richard II foregrounds poetic language and probes the limitations of words to render meaning, while also displaying the rhetorical power of speech. The play explores the power of language to construct the image of England as a ‘blessed isle’ and evokes a growing sense of nationalism. The final section of this contribution traces the play’s performance history from its first staging to the present and discusses how scholarship has shaped the reception and perception of the play.

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Editors’ Preface V
  3. Contents VII
  4. Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Systematic Questions
  6. 1. Editing English Renaissance Texts 27
  7. 2. Forms of Translation 46
  8. 3. New Ways of Worldmaking: English Renaissance Literature as ‘Early Modern’ 66
  9. 4. Theatre and Drama 89
  10. 5. Life-Writing: Encountering Selves 108
  11. 6. England and its Others 136
  12. 7. Literature and Religion in Early Modern England 155
  13. 8. Renaissance Englishwomen as Writers, Readers, and Patrons 182
  14. 9. Rhetoric and Literary Theory 203
  15. Part II: Close Readings
  16. 10. John Skelton, The Bowge of Courte (1499?) 225
  17. 11. Thomas More, Utopia (1516/1551) 244
  18. 12. William Baldwin, Beware the Cat (1553/1570) 265
  19. 13. Richard Tottel, Songes and Sonettes (1557) 280
  20. 14. John Lyly, Euphues (1578/1580) 295
  21. 15. Philip Sidney, The Two Arcadias (1577–1584) 311
  22. 16. Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy (c. 1587) 331
  23. 17. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene (1590/1596) 352
  24. 18. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus (c. 1588–1592) 376
  25. 19. Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) 395
  26. 20. William Shakespeare, Richard II (1595) 411
  27. 21. Francis Bacon, Essays (1597–1625) 425
  28. 22. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1609) 444
  29. 23. Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610) 464
  30. 24. Aemilia Lanyer, “The Description of Cooke-ham” (1611) 478
  31. 25. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621–1651) 496
  32. 26. John Ford, ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore (c. 1632) 516
  33. 27. John Donne, Songs and Sonnets (1633) 537
  34. 28. Thomas Carew and Inigo Jones, Coelum Britannicum (1634) 557
  35. 29. Andrew Marvell, Upon Appleton House (1651) 573
  36. 30. Margaret Cavendish, Poems, and Fancies (1653) 594
  37. 31. William Davenant, The Siege of Rhodes (1656) 615
  38. 32. John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667/1674) 635
  39. Index of Names 661
  40. Index of Subjects 683
  41. List of Contributors 739
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110444889-021

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Editors’ Preface V
  3. Contents VII
  4. Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Systematic Questions
  6. 1. Editing English Renaissance Texts 27
  7. 2. Forms of Translation 46
  8. 3. New Ways of Worldmaking: English Renaissance Literature as ‘Early Modern’ 66
  9. 4. Theatre and Drama 89
  10. 5. Life-Writing: Encountering Selves 108
  11. 6. England and its Others 136
  12. 7. Literature and Religion in Early Modern England 155
  13. 8. Renaissance Englishwomen as Writers, Readers, and Patrons 182
  14. 9. Rhetoric and Literary Theory 203
  15. Part II: Close Readings
  16. 10. John Skelton, The Bowge of Courte (1499?) 225
  17. 11. Thomas More, Utopia (1516/1551) 244
  18. 12. William Baldwin, Beware the Cat (1553/1570) 265
  19. 13. Richard Tottel, Songes and Sonettes (1557) 280
  20. 14. John Lyly, Euphues (1578/1580) 295
  21. 15. Philip Sidney, The Two Arcadias (1577–1584) 311
  22. 16. Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy (c. 1587) 331
  23. 17. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene (1590/1596) 352
  24. 18. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus (c. 1588–1592) 376
  25. 19. Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) 395
  26. 20. William Shakespeare, Richard II (1595) 411
  27. 21. Francis Bacon, Essays (1597–1625) 425
  28. 22. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1609) 444
  29. 23. Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610) 464
  30. 24. Aemilia Lanyer, “The Description of Cooke-ham” (1611) 478
  31. 25. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621–1651) 496
  32. 26. John Ford, ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore (c. 1632) 516
  33. 27. John Donne, Songs and Sonnets (1633) 537
  34. 28. Thomas Carew and Inigo Jones, Coelum Britannicum (1634) 557
  35. 29. Andrew Marvell, Upon Appleton House (1651) 573
  36. 30. Margaret Cavendish, Poems, and Fancies (1653) 594
  37. 31. William Davenant, The Siege of Rhodes (1656) 615
  38. 32. John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667/1674) 635
  39. Index of Names 661
  40. Index of Subjects 683
  41. List of Contributors 739
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