Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – discussed under the light of Unani medicine
-
Mohd Riyazuddin
und
Arisha Shahid
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the diseases that have evolved lately into a major challenge for gastroenterologists. Although, the term NAFLD has not been familiar to the medical world since long, other conditions resembling the presentation of NAFLD have been there since primitive times. It is a reversible condition of the liver, wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulates in liver cells via the process of steatosis, despite any evidence of excessive alcohol consumption. In the developed countries NAFLD is reported to be the most common liver disorder, with a worldwide prevalence of 6–35%, in India its prevalence has been increasing gradually. Unani physicians have described liver as one of the principal organs of the body. It is the primary source of natural faculties, where the functions of digestion, concoction, absorption and excretion are performed, normally temperament of liver is hot and moist which can get converted to cold due to mutable dietary habits, consumption of fatty and cold food in abundance etc. In Unani System of Medicine, NAFLD has not been described as such, but it can be studied under Su’-i-Mizāj Kabid Bārid due to correlation of most of the symptoms. Its management mainly consists of elimination of morbid matter which is accumulated in the liver and correction of Su’-i-Mizāj Kabid Bārid by using drugs having opposite temperament (Ilaj bil zid).
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
References
1. Reddy, JK, Rao, MS. Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;290:G852–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00521.2005.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Benedict, M, Zhang, X. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an expanded review. World J Hepatol 2017;9:715–32. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v9.i16.715.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. Nassir, F, Rector, RS, Hammoud, GM, Ibdah, JA. Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatic steatosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;11:167–75.Suche in Google Scholar
4. Tomic, D, Kemp, WW, Roberts, SK. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current concepts, epidemiology and management strategies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;30:1103–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000001235.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
5. Fabbrini, E, Sullivan, S, Klein, S. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications. Hepatology 2010;51:679–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23280.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Ibn Rushd, AM. Kitabul Kulliyat, 2nd ed. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1987:26, 35, 46, 49–50 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
7. Arzani, HA. Tib e Akbar. (Urdu translation by Hakim Mohammad Hussain). Deoband: Faisal Publications; YNM, vol 2:439–42 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
8. IbnZuhr, AM. Kitab al Taiseer, 1st ed. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1986:114 p.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Tabri, AM. Moalajate Buqratiya. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1997, vol 3:202–17 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
10. Jurjani, AH. Zakheera KhwarzamShahi. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2010, vol 6:371-374, 377-381 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Khan, HA. Ikseer e Azam. Urdu translation by Hakim Mohammad Kabeeruddin. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2011:481–98 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
12. Sina, IBN. Al Qanoon Fil Tib. Part 1. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; YNM, vol 3:849-852, 854-864 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
13. Shah, MH. The general principles of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine. Part 1. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2007, vol 1:30 p.Suche in Google Scholar
14. Al Razi, ABMBZ. Kitab-al Hawi Fit-Tib. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2000:47–51 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
15. Khan, HA. Rumuz-e-Azam. New Delhi: CCRUM;YNM, vol 2:3–7 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Al Maseehi, ASIBY. Kitabul Mi’aah. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2008, vol 1:56 p.Suche in Google Scholar
17. Zillurrahman, HS. Kitab Fil Mizaj (Jalinoos). Aligarh: IbnSina Academy; 2008:101,102,137, 126–141 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
18. de Vries, M, Westerink, J, Kaasjager, KH, de Valk, HW. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:3842–53. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa575.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Younossi, ZM, Marchesini, G, Pinto-Cortez, H, Petta, S. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: implications for liver transplantation. Transplantation 2019;103:22–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002484.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Mitra, S, De, A, Chowdhury, A. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:16. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh.2019.09.08.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. Carr, RM, Oranu, A, Khungar, V. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiology and management. GastroenterolClin North Am 2016;45:639–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2016.07.003.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
22. Adams, LA, Angulo, P, Lindor, KD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CMAJ 2005;172:899–905. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.045232.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Caldwell, SH, Argo, CK. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and nutrition. In: Dooley, JS, Lok, ASF, Burroughs, AK, Heathcote, EJ, editors. Sherlock’s diseases of the liver and biliary system, 12th ed. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publication; 2011:546–61 pp.10.1002/9781444341294.ch28Suche in Google Scholar
24. Stengel, JZ, Harrison, SA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;2:440–9.Suche in Google Scholar
25. Cobbina, E, Akhlaghi, F. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - pathogenesis, classification, and effect on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Drug Metab Rev 2017;49:197–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2017.1293683.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
26. Kirpich, IA, Marsano, LS, McClain, CJ. Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Biochem 2015;48:923–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.023.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
27. Persico, M, Capasso, M, Persico, E, Svelto, M, Russo, R, Spano, D, et al.. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression and hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis: insulin resistance and response to antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2007;46:1009–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21782.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
28. Baghdadi, ABH. Mukhtarat Fil Tib. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2004, vol 3:268–73 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
29. Chalasani, N, Younossi, Z, Lavine, JE, Charlton, M, Cusi, K, Rinella, M, et al.. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American association for the study of liver diseases, American college of gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology 2012;55:2005–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.25762.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Musso, G, Gambino, R, Cassader, M, Pagano, G. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med 2011;43:617–49. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2010.518623.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Singh, D, Das, CJ, Baruah, MP. Imaging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a road less travelled. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17:990–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.122606.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
32. Adam, A, Dixon, AK, Grainger, RG, Allison, DJ. Grainger & Allison’s diagnostic radiology, 5th ed. China: Elsevier Publication; 2008, vol 1:731–2 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
33. Subbarao, K, Banerjee, S, Aggarwal, SK, Bhargava, SK. Diagnostic radiology and imaging, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2003, vol 1:495–6 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
34. Firdaus, HHAK. Majmaul Behrain. Lucknow: Munshi Naval Kishor;YNM:411–3 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
35. Ali, SA. Tarjuma Zakheera Sabit Ibn Qurrah. Aligarh: Lithocolour Printers; 1987:239–40 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
36. Al Tabri, ABSR. Firdausal Hikmat. New Delhi: IdaraKitab us Shifa; 2010:207–208, 209 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
37. Khare, CP. Indian medicinal plants- an illustrated dictionary. New Delhi: Rajkamal Electric Press; 2007:63, 178, 191, 271, 284, 586, 694 pp.10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2Suche in Google Scholar
38. Abdul Hakim, HM. Bustanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2002:66, 73, 95, 118, 316, 400, 516 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2021-0296).
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Does acupuncture improve sexual dysfunction? A systematic review
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – discussed under the light of Unani medicine
- Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Celastrus paniculatus Wild.: a nootropic drug
- Low back pain patients’ perceived effectiveness of utilizing complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review of qualitative studies
- Efficacy and tolerability of Lavandula angustifolia in treating patients with the diagnosis of depression: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
- Research Articles
- Psychobiotic interventions attenuate chronic alcohol use-mediated exacerbation of posttraumatic stress disorder in rats: the role of gut-liver axis response
- Evaluation of the toxicity of crude aqueous Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer extract in mice
- Effects of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom-induce toxicity in Wistar rats
- Integrative medicine approaches to chronic depression: case studies of the recovery process with a three-step path to recovery and significant cure
- Antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm properties of goji berry (Lycium barbarum) against periodontal bacteria: potential benefits for periodontal diseases
- Method development and validation for quantification of six bioactive compounds (andrographolide, columbin, piperine, gallic, paracoumaric and oleanolic acids) by HPTLC
- Gallic acid a flavonoid isolated from Euphorbia hirta antagonizes gamma radiation induced radiotoxicity in lymphocytes in vitro
- Naturopathic knowledge and approaches to managing endometriosis: a cross-sectional survey of naturopaths with experience in endometriosis care
- Halimeda gracilis (Kadarpassi chooranam) Phytochemical analysis and biological significance – a novel Siddha drug
- Trends in the St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) research literature: a bibliometric analysis
- Use and perception of complementary and alternative medicine among Iranian psychologists
- Innovative histological and histochemical characterization of tongue biopsies from patients with burning mouth syndrome
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to evaluate the effect of EstroSense® on 2-hydroxyestrone:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal women
- Comparing the influence of foot reflexology and fasting mimicking diet on quality of life and sleep quality in obesity hypoventilation syndrome
- The effects of Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae family) and Dolichos biflorus (Fabaceae family) extracts on decreasing size and excretion of kidney and urinary tract stones: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
- Role of Bifidobacterium spp. intake in improving depressive mood and well-being and its link to kynurenine blood level: an interventional study
- A randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate safety and efficacy of a Unani formulation in the management of Kalaf (Melasma)
- Impact of yoga and physical exercise on psychological wellbeing among substance abusers: a randomized controlled trial
- A non-inferiority randomized controlled clinical trial comparing Unani formulations and PUVAsol in non-segmental vitiligo
- Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial
- A comparative study of chemical constituents and safety of Thai herbal medicated oil formula and traditional medicated oil
- Efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment protocol in gouty arthritis – a clinical study
- Knowledge, attitude and perception of complementary and alternative system of medicine in Tamilnadu and Pudhucherry, South India
- Discussion Forum
- Time to say good-bye? Homeopathy, skeptics and thoughts on how to proceed
- Congress Abstracts
- 2022 INCAM Research Symposium
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Does acupuncture improve sexual dysfunction? A systematic review
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – discussed under the light of Unani medicine
- Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Celastrus paniculatus Wild.: a nootropic drug
- Low back pain patients’ perceived effectiveness of utilizing complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review of qualitative studies
- Efficacy and tolerability of Lavandula angustifolia in treating patients with the diagnosis of depression: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
- Research Articles
- Psychobiotic interventions attenuate chronic alcohol use-mediated exacerbation of posttraumatic stress disorder in rats: the role of gut-liver axis response
- Evaluation of the toxicity of crude aqueous Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer extract in mice
- Effects of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom-induce toxicity in Wistar rats
- Integrative medicine approaches to chronic depression: case studies of the recovery process with a three-step path to recovery and significant cure
- Antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm properties of goji berry (Lycium barbarum) against periodontal bacteria: potential benefits for periodontal diseases
- Method development and validation for quantification of six bioactive compounds (andrographolide, columbin, piperine, gallic, paracoumaric and oleanolic acids) by HPTLC
- Gallic acid a flavonoid isolated from Euphorbia hirta antagonizes gamma radiation induced radiotoxicity in lymphocytes in vitro
- Naturopathic knowledge and approaches to managing endometriosis: a cross-sectional survey of naturopaths with experience in endometriosis care
- Halimeda gracilis (Kadarpassi chooranam) Phytochemical analysis and biological significance – a novel Siddha drug
- Trends in the St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) research literature: a bibliometric analysis
- Use and perception of complementary and alternative medicine among Iranian psychologists
- Innovative histological and histochemical characterization of tongue biopsies from patients with burning mouth syndrome
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to evaluate the effect of EstroSense® on 2-hydroxyestrone:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal women
- Comparing the influence of foot reflexology and fasting mimicking diet on quality of life and sleep quality in obesity hypoventilation syndrome
- The effects of Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae family) and Dolichos biflorus (Fabaceae family) extracts on decreasing size and excretion of kidney and urinary tract stones: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
- Role of Bifidobacterium spp. intake in improving depressive mood and well-being and its link to kynurenine blood level: an interventional study
- A randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate safety and efficacy of a Unani formulation in the management of Kalaf (Melasma)
- Impact of yoga and physical exercise on psychological wellbeing among substance abusers: a randomized controlled trial
- A non-inferiority randomized controlled clinical trial comparing Unani formulations and PUVAsol in non-segmental vitiligo
- Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial
- A comparative study of chemical constituents and safety of Thai herbal medicated oil formula and traditional medicated oil
- Efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment protocol in gouty arthritis – a clinical study
- Knowledge, attitude and perception of complementary and alternative system of medicine in Tamilnadu and Pudhucherry, South India
- Discussion Forum
- Time to say good-bye? Homeopathy, skeptics and thoughts on how to proceed
- Congress Abstracts
- 2022 INCAM Research Symposium
