Volume 24, Issue 12

Kinetische Untersuchungen zur homogenen katalytischen Hydrierung von Maleinsäuredimethylester (M) zu Bernsteinsäuredimethylester (MH 2 ) mit dem Katalysator IrCl(CO) [P (C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 2 ≡ (IrL 2 ) führten zu dem Ergebnis, daß nicht der Hydridkomplex IrL 2 H 2 , sondern der intermediär nach dem folgenden Reaktionsschema gebildete Komplex IrLM im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt den Wasserstoff aufnimmt und auf das Substrat M überträgt. Die Konstanten K 3 und k 4 wurden berechnet.

Die IR- und (z. T.) die Raman - Spektren der Heteropolysäuren und ihrer Ätherate vom Typ 12-W-1-X (mit X = B, Si, Ge, P) und 12-Mo-1-X (mit X = Si, Ge, P) werden mitgeteilt. Die Ergebnisse stehen in Einklang mit der Vorstellung tetraedrischer XO 4 -Zentren und oktaedrischer Umgebung von Molybdän und Wolfram. In den Ätheraten fixieren die Äthermolekeln die Protonen, nicht das gleichfalls anwesende Wasser.

The unknown infrared and electronic spectra of MnO 3 F, MnO 3 Cl, ReO 3 F and Cro 3 Cl ⊖ have been measured and assigned. The band contour of the A 1 type vibrations of gaseous MnO 3 F were carefully measured and compared with the calculated ones: Δ (Ρ — R): calc: 21,0 cm -1 — obs: 21,8 and 22,0 cm -1 .

The dispersion states of copper (II) soaps in non-aqueous solutions have been investigated by the determinations of the magnetic susceptibilities and magnetic moments of copper ions in copper soaps in non-aqueous solvents. The binuclear structure of copper soaps persists in hydrocarbons and in alcohols. The values of magnetic moments of copper ions in copper soaps are higher in hydrocarbons as compared with those in alcohols. The magnetic moments of copper ions in alcohols are independent of the chain length of the soap and of the soap concentration.

Copper (II), nickel (II), and palladium (II) complexes of amidinourea are reinvestigated in order to verify their structure. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements have been obtained on the solid complexes. Electronic spectral results indicate the donor strength of amidinourea is comparable to strong field ligands like biuret, biguanide, and I-amidino-O-alkylurea. Infra-red spectral results suggest that the carbonyl group of amidinourea is not involved in coordination and the donor atoms in amidinourea are amide nitrogens. The effect of solvents on the absorption bands is also discussed. The solution absorption spectra of bis (amidinourea) copper (II) chloride in different solvents indicate the following order of decreasing tetragonality: DMSO > methanol > ethyleneglycol > water.

Synthesis, chemical and spectroscopic characterization of trans,trans-1.4-dichloro-buta-1.3-dieneirontricarbonyl are reported.

The polarographic behaviour of 3-mercapto-1, 2-propanediol (TSH) at the d.m.e. has been investigated in presence of 0.1 M NaClO 4 and 0.001% Triton X-100 with respect to the effects of changes in pH. concentration of TSH, drop time and temperature on the wave characteristics. A single well defined irreversible anodic wave was obtained over the entire pH range (1.84 — 12.3) which was found to shift towards the more negative potential with the increase in pH. The E ½ values obtained at different pH were used to evaluate the dissociation constant of sulphydryl group; the pK value has been found to be 9.25. The linearity of id with TSH concentration provides a rapid and precise method for the determination of TSH to 0.1 mmole. The values of Kinetic parameters-formal rate constant (K°b,h) and transfer coefficient (a) have been evaluated by applying Koutecky’s theoretical treatment as extended by Meites and Israel and were found to be 1.738 × 10 -4 cm/sec and 0.277 respectively.

Cell walls of six strains of Lactobacillus bifidus (recently classified as Bifidobacterium globosum) isolated from the rumen of sheep were isolated by lysing the cells with glass beads followed by tryptic digestion. No teichoic acid could be found. The polysaccharide consists of galactose, rhamnose and glucosamine. The murein (peptidoglycan) contains MurNAc, GlcNH 2 NAc, Glu, Ala, and diamino acids in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:5:1. Both diamino acids, lysine and ornithine are present. In two strains they occur in about equal amounts, while in the other four strains ornithine is predominant. The lysis of the cell walls by lysozyme resulted in a mixture of two types of muropeptides: One contains lysine, the other ornithine. The amino acid sequence was determined by analysing the oligopeptides arising during acid partial hydrolysis. It was shown, that the tetrapeptides attached to the muramic acid are equal to those of other mureins: L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys (L-Orn) -D-Ala. Glutamic acid is probably amidated, since the total hydrolysate contained slightly more than one mole of NH 3 per mole of glutamic acid. The cross-liking peptide is a tri-alanine, which is bound to the ω-aminogroup of the diamino acid of one tetrapeptid and to the C-terminal D-alanine of another. Since about 2 —4% of the alanine is N-terminal in the cell wall, 10 to 20% of the interpeptide bridges are probably not cross linked. In addition 2 — 3% of the diamino acids are ω-N-terminal and therefore not substituted by a trialanine. A small percentage of D-alanine and of the diamino acids is C-terminal. The latter indicates, that some of the peptide subunits are incomplete i.e.. the terminal D-alanine is missing.

Neben dem männlichen Sexualhormon Testosteron (28 μg) konnten auch die weiblichen Sexualhormone Östron (2 μg) und 17β-Östradiol (19 μg) im Prothorakalwehrsekret des Schlammschwimmers I. fenestratus nachgewiesen werden.

Normal or adrenalectomized mice were wohle-body X-irradiated with 690 —4000 R either after hydrocortisone administration or during a 24 h fasting period, and PEP carboxykinase activity measured after the appropriate time. The results show that the induction of PEP carboxykinase is not affected by the irradiation, neither in hormone treated nor in fasting normal or adrenalectomized mice as compared to the controls. These findings support the assumption that the protein synthesizing system in the living cell is very resistant to ionizing radiation.

Evidence has been presented that α amanitin. the potent bicyclic polypeptide toxin of the toadstool amanita phalloides inhibits transcription by purified RNA polymerase from rat liver nuclei. This inhibition is highly specific for the mammalian enzyme, since it does not impede the same reaction catalyzed by the enzyme from E. coli thus rendering an interaction between the template and inhibitor very unlikely. α Amantitin is a very potent inhibitor and calculations show an approximate stoichiometry of 1 : 1 between enzyme and inhibitor. In addition, evidence is formarded suggesting that the inhibitor allows chain initiation to occur, but abruptly inhibits elongation of RNA chains.

Differential derepression of the genome of potato tuber cells causes the onset of a vigorous metabolic activity, which is initiated by rapid synthesis of different RNA species, various proteins and phospholipids. Consequently enhanced respiration and the build up of cell compartments such as ribosomes and mitochondria as well as the performance of cell divisions and suberization of new-formed cell walls occur. Although there is an activation of metabolism in general with a concomitant rise in concentration of most glycolytic metabolites — as was proved for fructose-1.6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehade-3-phosphate, phosphoenolepyruvate and pyruvate — the activities of the corresponding enzymes do not reflect these uniform metabolic changes. Aldolase and in a pronounced manner enolase and glutamate — pyruvate — transaminase lower their activities suddenly after derepression. The activity of triosephosphateisomerase remains constant. In contrast phosphoglyceromutase, pyruvate kinase and to a lower extent malic enzyme enhance their action during the same time. Without doubt, differential lowering and enhancing the activity of glycolytic chain constituents at the same time is an important regulatory mechanism of the cell. The activation represents de novo synthesis of the protein concerned whereas the inactivation depends largely on protein synthesis. This is clearly shown by experiments with inhibitors of protein synthesis. It is proposed that this differential synthesis and degradation represent a “long-time-regulation” of enzymatic activity of the cell in contrast to the known “short-time-regulation” by feedback or competition.

24 Stdn. bis 6 Wochen nach 3-mal im Abstand von 24 Stdn. wiederholter i.v. Injektion von Polyvinylsulfat (PVS), Pentosanpolysulfoester (SP 54 ®) und Mucoitinpolysulfat (Heparin Novo®) in Dosen von 25,0 mg, 62,5 mg bzw. 12500 IE/kg K.-Gew. sowie 24 Stdn. nach 5-mal im Abstand von 1 Tag wiederholter i.v. Injektion von hoch- und niedrigmolekularer DNS in Dosen von 12,5 — 100 mg/kg wurde das Verhalten von Frischgewicht, DNS, Protein, DNase I und DNase II in Lunge, Thymus, Leber, Milz und Nieren der Maus untersucht. Die wesentlichsten Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen : 1. In Abhängigkeit von Polyanion und Dosis reagierte die Thymusdrüse hypo- oder hyperplastisch. Zu proliferativen Veränderungen kam es in Milz, Lunge, Leber und Niere. 2. Nach Heparinoidbehandlung blieb der Proteinbestand von Leber und Niere hinter dem gleichzeitig erfolgenden Zuwachs von Organgewicht und DNS-Gehalt zurück. 3. Unter dem Einfluß von PVS und SP 54 ® verminderte sich die DNase I-Aktivität von Leber und Niere mindestens 4 Wochen lang um durchschnittlich 30 — 40 Prozent. Zu Aktivitätszuwachs kam es im Verlauf der DNS-Behandlung. 4. PVS und DNS führten in allen untersuchten Organen zu einem maximal 200-proz. Aktivitätszuwachs der sauren DNase. 5. Den Untersuchungen zufolge kommen Elemente des lymphoreticulären Gewebes als gemeinsamer Angriffspunkt von anionischen Makromolekülen in Betracht. Darüber hinaus lassen sich auch in vivo Wirkungen auf den Proteinstoffwechsel nicht ausschließen.

Experiments aimed at increasing the efficiency of transduction by the virulent group A streptococcal phage A 25 were carried out using temperature-sensitive phage mutants. Lysates of phages carrying ts mutations proved to transduce more efficiently than wild type lysates, the order of increasing effectiveness being ts + < tsl ~ ts2 < tsl — 2. Differential survival of the recipient, K 56, appeared to be the principal reason for the improvement of transduction when cells decapsulated by hyaluronidase were transduced at the restrictive temperature. In transduction of encapsulated recipient cells, in which the superiority of ts lysates was less pronounced, the possibility was considered that mutant lysates might contain higher fractions of transducing particles than wild type lysates produced under parallel conditions. The transducing activity of wild type lysates depended strongly on the temperature at which the phage had multiplied on the donor strain, the frequency of transduction increasing with decreasing temperature. Since the minimal latent period of the phage varied roughly in the same way with temperature, a connection is suggested between the time required for phage multiplication and the proportion of transducing particles formed.

Die analytische Gelelektrophorese an Agarose-Polyacrylamidgelen gestattet eine Auftrennung der poliovirus-spezifischen RNS-Strukturen: Einzelstrang-RNS, doppelsträngige replikative Form (RF) und replikative Intermediatform (RI). Unter den verwendeten Bedingungen werden die RNS-Arten nach ihrer Molekülgröße getrennt. Auch in dieser Trennmethode zeigt sich die Inhomogenität der mehrsträngigen RI-Struktur.

The action of hydrogen atoms — generated in an electrodeless high frequency gas discharge — on calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution was investigated. The loss of priming activity was compared with the appearance of single strand breaks in native and denatured DNA, double strand breaks, denatured zones, base damage and rupture of hydrogen bonds. The primary lesions after exposure to H atoms and gamma radiation, respectively, are single strand breaks and base damage. Double strand breaks originating from accumulation of single breaks, and rupture of hydrogen bonds caused by single breaks and base damage, were identified as secondary lesions. In relation to strand breaks arising from radical attack on the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule, base damage is about 12.5 times more frequent after Η-exposure than after γ-irradiation. It is concluded from this observation, that single strand breaks are the predominant critical lesions responsible for the loss of the functional activity of DNA.

The properties of the ferredoxin-catalysed cyclic photophosphorylation in lyophilised and lysozyme treated Anacystis nidulans with rates up to 80 μmoles ATP/h/mg chlorophyll are described. The concentration of ferredoxin needed for the saturation of the ferredoxin-catalysed cyclic photophosphorylation is about 6 — 8 times higher than for NADP-reduction. In contrast to the ferredoxin-catalysed cyclic photophosphorylation in spinach chloroplasts the reaction in Anacystis is relatively intensive to the “poising“ of the system and is not affected by antimycin A. Whilst under aerobic conditions in broken chloroplasts ferredoxin catalyses a pseudocyclic photophosphorylation in which H 2 O 2 is a component, in Anacystis on addition of ferredoxin ATP is only formed on the cyclic pathway even in air. In chloroplasts as well as in Anacystis disulfo-disalicylidenpropandiamin (DSPD) inhibits only the ferredoxin-catalysed cyclic photophosphorylations and the NADP-reductions, but not the ferredoxin stimulated ATP-formations under aerobic conditions. Evidence is presented once more that ferredoxin is the cofactor of cyclic photophosphorylation in vivo.

Beweis, daß die Funktion des Chlorophylls bei der Photosynthese nicht nur die Absorption des Lichts ist, sondern auch die Umwandlung der Lichtenergie in chemische Energie. Chlorophyll ist also auch der chemische Katalysator der Photosynthese. Der Beweis wurde erbracht durch Messung des verbundenen und des freien Chlorophylls während der Photosynthese sowie der O 2 -Entwicklung aus dem verbundenen Chlorophyll, deren Quantenausbeute = 1 ist und aus dem freien Chlorophyll, deren Quantenausbeute = 0 ist.

I. The function of plastoquinone PQ in photosynthesis has been measured by absorption changes in the UV at 265 nm. These measurements have been refined by the application of the very sensitive repetitive pulse technique. The reduction and oxidation of plastoquinone in chloroplasts have been measured 1. in short flashes, 2. in long flashes and 3. in double flashes. The results can be described by the empirical equations 1 — 13. II. A molecular mechanism for these reactions of plastoquinone is presented. Two electron chains are arranged parallel to each other in such a way that two chlorophyll-a II are in contact with a twin of PQ-PQ (see fig. 12). Firstly, plastoquinone is reduced by chlorophyll-a II into PQ - — —PQ - . Secondly, the semiquinone PQ - — PQ - dimutates in a first-order reaction into PQ = and PQ. Thirdly, the free diffusion within the plastoquinone pool results at light reaction I in a conmutation of PQ = +PQ into two single PQ - molecules. These are oxidized via intermediates (cytochrome-f etc.) by chlorophyll-a1 + . The conmutation is the rate limiting step of the overall reaction. III. The theoretical treatment of the postulated molecular mechanism in II results in equations 14 — 31. These equations agree quantitatively with the experimental equations 1 — 13. The postulated semiquinone twin PQ - — PQ - has been attributed to the as yet chemically unknown substance X-320 with absorption changes in the UV at 320 nm. The reaction mechanism of PQ regulates the kinetics and reaction patterns of the whole electron transfer system from H 2 O to the endstanding electron acceptor. The rate of reduction of the electron acceptor ferricyanide and the rate of O 2 -production from H 2 O have been calculated from the PQ-mechanism. These rates are in quantitative accordance with the measured rates of ferricyanide reduction and O 2 -production.

Das Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra maculosa wirkt wachstumshemmend auf Gram-positive und Gram-negative Bakterien sowie auf Endomyceten. Die Ursache dafür, daß Pilzsporen auf der feuchten Salamanderhaut nicht auskeimen, ist offenbar in der alkalischen Reaktion des Drüsensekrets zu suchen; im Gegensatz zu der bakteriziden Wirkung des Sekrets wurde eine spezifisch fungizide Aktivität nicht beobachtet.

Starting with a polyauxotrophic mutant 62-1 of Aerobacter aerogenes, which accumulates chorismic acid, a p-aminobenzoic acid deficient mutant was obtained by treatment with 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant was found to produce an intermediate of p-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis not observed hitherto. This compound feeds one of two p-aminobenzoic acid deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. It becomes converted to p-aminobenzoic acid by heat treatment in aqueous solution.

Die Markierungssynthese des 32 P-markierten Dimefox [Bis- (dimethylamino) -phosphorylfluorid] ausgehend von rotem Phosphor-32 wird beschrieben. Es wird über den hydrolytischen Abbau bei saurer sowie bei alkalischer Reaktion berichtet. Über die Aufnahme des Wirkstoffes nach Blatt- bzw. Wurzelbehandlung an Hopfenpflanzen in Hydrokulturen und unter Freilandbedingungen wird berichtet sowie Betrachtungen über das Verhalten des Wirkstoffes in der Pflanze werden dargelegt. Die Dauer der Wirksamkeit des Insektizides in der Pflanze wird verfolgt.

Die Wirksamkeit der Krebs-Mehrschritt-Therapie bei der Metastasenbekämpfung wird in erster Linie von der in vivo in Metastasen bzw. Mikrometastasen (Krebszellzahl N Z ≧ 10 6 ) erzielbaren Übersäuerung bestimmt. Die Erkundung dieser Kenngröße gelang durch direkte Messung mit Mikro-pH-Glaselektroden in Mikrometastasen von 0,05 bis 2 mm 3 Volumen nach einjährigen Bemühungen. Die Schwierigkeiten des Weges ließen eine Darstellung der Mikro-Glaselektroden-Ent-wicklung, ihrer Bauweise und ihrer Daten notwendig erscheinen (freie pH-sensitive Glasspitze von 80 μm Länge und 10 -2 mm 2 Meßfläche. Innerer Widerstand 3 ·10 9 bis 1.5 ·10 10 Ω. Potentialdifferenz 40 bis 50 mV pro pH-Einheit. I ebensdauer ≈10 bis 14 Tage). Nach Beschreibung der diffizilen Technik zur in-vivo-pH-Messung in optimiert übersäuerten Mikrometastasen sowie der zur Ge winnung bequem erreichbarer Metastasen angewendeten Verfahrensweise wird über pH-Messungen in Mikrometastasen verschiedener Art und Größe sowie mit und ohne Abwartung stationärer Glucose-Milchsäure-Konzentrationen berichtet. Nach Erhöhung der Blutglucose-Konzentration auf 4 ·10 -3 g ml -1 und Abwartung stationärer Verhältnisse wurden in Mikrometastasen Werte pH = 6,3 bis 5,9 gefunden. Das sind etwa die gleichen Werte, die von uns bei gleicher Programmierung der i.v.-Glucose-Dauerinfusion in großen Primärtumoren gemessen worden sind. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse ist zu erwarten, daß die Doppelattacke Optimierte Tumorübersäurerung+Hyperthermie des Krebs-Mehrschritt-Therapie-Konzeptes auch unter den in Mikrometastasen herrschenden Bedingungen mit nahezu voller Stärke uirksam bleibt.

A histochemical study of the epidermal gland secretions in earth worm Megascolex mauritii has been made. The secretions of the aluminous gland is a glyco or mucoprotein and that of the mucous gland cells is an acid mucopolysaccharide. Two types of mucous glands are present in the epidermis, the small and large mucous glands, secreting hyaluronic acid and highly acidic sulphated mucopolysaccharide, respectively. The functions of the secretions from these glands are investigated. The albuminous and small gland cells secrete mucin under normal conditions and this mucin keeps the body surface moist and serves as lubricant during locomotion. The large mucous gland secretes only after irritation and its secretion may be an alarm pheromone.

Actinomycin in low concentration (0,2 μg/ml — 0,5 μg/ml) prolongs the average duration of the cell cycle of Tetrahymena considerably, but does not inhibit cell division completely. Some parameters of the growing cell have been tested in cell cycles extended in this way and compared to those of normally growing cells. The RNA synthesis of treated cells is reduced to such an extent that the RNA content per cell decreases during the prolonged cell cycle. Nevertheless cell growth, protein synthesis and DNA replication proceed at almost the same rate as in untreated cells. These findings indicate that the presence of actinomycin does not interfere with RNA fractions necessary for growth but reduce the synthesis of RNA fractions which are essential for cell division. Therefore a longer period is needed for their accumulation.

The nature and composition of the outer layer of the cuticle of Acanthosentis oligospinus n.sp., were investigated. The outermost layer is formed of lipids and the one internal to it is constituted of lipoprotein. In staining reactions, in possession of resistant properties, and in the absence of chitin, these two layers recall the outer and inner epicuticle of arthropods.

The Relative Biological Efficiency (RBE) of 6-GeV-bremsstrahlung on 3-days-old seedlings of Vicia faba was investigated with the Deutsches ElektronenSynchrotron. Dosimetry was carried out by means of the butanol-sensitized Fe II /Fe III -reaction. In a Lucite-phantom we observed an increase of the RBE from 0,65 at the surface to values of about 2 at a depth of 40 cm. As changes of that order of magnitude are doubtless beyond the limits of the maximum experimental error we suppose that production of heavy particles by nuclear reactions such as (γ, n) or (γ, p) in deeper layers of matter might cause an increase of the linear energy transfer of the beam.

1. At elevated growth temperatures between 32° and 34 °C synthetic processes of rye seedling plastids like formation of chlorophyll and photosynthetic enzymes (carboxydismutase) are nearly completely prevented, whereas formation of protein, of non-photosynthetic enzymes, and total leaf growth are little or not affected. 2. In the dark, carboxydismutase, which may be taken as representative of plastid behavior, fails to appear at 32°C, whereas it is normally synthesized at 22°C. Plastids of etiolated seedlings remain small at 32°C. Early formation of prolamellary bodies is normal but further differentiation of plastids cannot proceed as usual. They lack larger thylakoids, and ribosomes cannot be detected. But many osmiophilic globuli are accumulated, and characteristic tubulus like structures, which are not found at 22°C, appear in great number. 3. In light the ability of the seedlings to form chlorophyll sharply declines above 28°C. Between 32° and 34°C the leaves still reach full development but are rather chlorotic. Carboxydismutase remains extremly low in far-red as well as in red or blue light. 4. Carboxydismutase activity, which is already present, is not destroyed by high temperature, neither is the synthesis of this enzyme directly inhibited, if it is already proceeding. Maximum sensibility to the effect of high temperature is found in the youngest stages before the formation of photosynthetic enzymes has started. 5. Application of kinetin — alone or in combination with an auxin — does not restore formation of carboxydismutase at 32°C to normal rates of synthesis as observed at 22°C. 6. When seedlings are grown in 32°C between 24 and 96 hours of germination and then put back to 22°C the formation of carboxydismutase is not started again in the dark. But when they are kept in light after having been returned to 22°C a new increase of the enzyme as well as of chlorophyll is initiated. 7. The mode of action of high temperature is discussed. In many respects it corresponds to the well-known heat-bleaching effect of the unicellular alga Euglena.