journal: Turkish Journal of Biochemistry

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Turkish Journal of Biochemistry

Official Journal of the Turkish Biochemical Society (Türk Biyokimya Dergisi)

Editor-in-Chief: Doğan Yücel

Language: English

First published: January 1, 1976

Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year

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Objective
The Turkish Journal of Biochemistry (TJB) is the official journal of the Turkish Biochemical Society. The aim of the journal is to promote the international research and publication culture. TJB publishes contributions in the field of medical sciences, including clinical biochemistry, hematology, immunology, microbiology and molecular biology and genetics. TJB is published bi-monthly. All articles submitted for publication in TJB are subject to double-anonymized peer review by at least two experts in the field, selected and invited by the Editor-in-Chief and a dedicated editorial team. TJB publishes only English-language articles.
TJB is an open access journal. To sustain the publication of all fully peer-reviewed manuscripts, each article accepted for publication in TJB is subject to an article processing charge (APC), paid by the authors' affiliated institutions, funders, sponsors or institutions that have an agreement with us.
Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) is mandatory for submission.

Topics
Biomarkers // Cellular and molecular biochemistry // Clinical biochemistry // Clinical hematology and coagulation // Clinical immunology and autoimmunity // Clinical laboratory management // Clinical microbiology // Laboratory medicine in diseases // Medical biochemistry // Medical metrology // Molecular biology // Molecular genetics // Molecular mechanisms of diseases // New technologies, methodologies, reagents, and instrumentation // Therapeutic drug monitoring // Training and education in biochemistry and clinical biochemistry // Translational laboratory medicine

Article formats
Research Article // Review Article/Mini Review // Opinion Paper // Editorial // Short Communication // Letter to the Editor and Reply // Case Report // Guidelines and Recommendations // Congress Abstracts

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Wide-ranging platform for promoting local and global research in biochemistry
Basic and applied research in the field of biochemistry
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Archive of volumes 1-40 (1976-2015)
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Open Access
A bibliometric analysis of biochemistry theses in Türkiye: comparison with global trends

September 8, 2025

Muammer Özdemіr, Sedat Abuşoğlu, Ali Ünlü

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Objectives This study aims to examine the trends and distribution of research areas and methodologies in biochemistry theses over time by performing a bibliometric analysis in the CoHE database and comparing them with PubMed trends. Methods The study includes biochemistry theses from Türkiye spanning 1969 to 2023, totalling 5,543 theses in the CoHe database. Also, the PubMed database is used to compare the world’s and our country’s scientific trends. Google Sheets, AppSheets and Python are used for data analysis. The study employed various bibliometric techniques like performance analysis, cluster analysis, science mapping and co-occurrence analysis. Results Although several diseases exhibited insignificant associations, pregnancy demonstrated a significant positive correlation between CoHE and PubMed trends (ρ=0.455, p=0.0022). The noted negative associations for atherosclerosis (ρ = −0.429, p=0.0041) and hypertension (ρ = −0.470, p=0.0015) suggest that national trends in thesis production differ from international publication trends for these conditions. Furthermore, oxidant-antioxidant system studies at CoHe have held the first place for over 30 years, despite being decreasing after the 2000s and having a positive but statistically irrelevant connection with global trends (ρ=0.100; p=0.873). Conclusions We propose that biochemistry studies should prioritise diseases such as atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis in parallel with the findings in our work, particularly considering increasing life expectancy. Moreover, placing increased focus on microbiota studies and the utilisation of animal models within research methodologies will be crucial for advancing our understanding in the field.
Open Access
Study on the association of LINC00924 with prognosis and malignant progression of thyroid cancer

September 5, 2025

Luwei Niu, Qing Lu, Ran Li, Jiaxin Zhang

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Objectives This study aimed to investigate the role of LINC00924 and its prognostic value in thyroid cancer (TC). Methods The study included cancer tissues from 101 TC patients and four TC cell lines. LINC00924 and miR-454-3p levels were measured using qRT-PCR. Patients were categorized into two groups according to LINC00924 levels. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were conducted to assess the correlation of LINC00924 with the pathological features of TC patients and its prognostic value. Additionally, validation of LINC00924 and miR-454-3p targeting relationship using dual luciferase reporter assay, and CCK-8 and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate TC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results LINC00924 downregulated in TC tissues and cell lines, while miR-454-3p exhibited a marked upregulation. Lower LINC00924 expression correlated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and poorer overall survival. Cox analysis Kaplan-Meier survival analysis identified LINC00924 as an independent prognostic factor. Mechanistically, LINC00924 directly bound and negatively regulated miR-454-3p, acting as a molecular sponge. Functional experiments showed that LINC00924 suppressed TC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, effects that were partially reversed by miR-454-3p. Conclusions LINC00924 may affect TC cell activity by regulating miR-454-3p. Furthermore, LINC00924 had potential as a clinical prognostic marker for TC.
Open Access
Developing and evaluation of a novel machine learning-derived formula for LDL-C estimation

September 5, 2025

Şaban Yayla, Alper Yayla, Hakan Ayyıldız

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Objectives The Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations are widely used for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We aimed to develop a new machine-learning-based formula to address errors and uncertainties associated with these equations. Methods We collected LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements from 2,270 patients using the Abbott Architect c16000 analyzer for the training dataset. Three independent test datasets were generated using the homogeneous enzymatic method: 40,941 results from Architect c16000, 42,520 from Beckman Coulter AU5800, and 5,813 from Cobas c501 analyzers. Equations were developed using machine learning and symbolic regression in Python. Results The novel equation (mg/dL): (Y-LDL-C)=TC – HDL_C – (√TG) xTC/100. The formula demonstrated better performance across all datasets with the lowest root mean square error (9.9, 8.1, 16.0), mean absolute error (6.8, 5.9, 12.8), and mean absolute percentage error (5.2, 4.6, 9.9 %), along with the highest R 2 values (0.94, 0.95, 0.84) and accuracy rates (95.7, 95.3, 71.1 %). For samples with TG<400 mg/dL(<4.516 mmol/L), analytical accuracy was 96.3, 95.4, and 71.5 %, with minimal clinical error rates (0.6, 0.6, 3.5 %). Even with TG>400 mg/dL(>4.516 mmol/L), accuracy remained high (72.7, 91.2, 65.3 %) with low clinical error rates (3.9, 1.3, 11.7 %). The novel formula consistently outperformed the Friedewald, Sampson, and extended Martin equations. A key limitation is that the equation was derived using enzymatic LDL-C rather than beta-quantification. Conclusions The novel formula shows improved concordance in LDL-C estimations compared to existing equations, demonstrating better performance across diverse patient populations and laboratory systems.
Open Access
Serum aberrant expression of microRNA-125b-5p and its association with carotid artery stenosis

September 2, 2025

Xiaoling Guo, Tong Zhang, Shaoteng Li, Jiahui Guo, Lihua Xu, Huan Deng, Shaojie Yuan

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Objectives This study focused on the aberrantly expressed miR-125b-5p and explored its diagnostic and prognostic value in CAS patients. Methods 218 individuals with informed consent were enrolled including 92 healthy individuals (control) and 126 patients with CAS and they provided blood samples willingly. The miR-125b-5p level was computed through qRT-PCR. For assessing the diagnostic capacity of miR-125b-5p, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) was adopted, supplemented by correlation analysis. The prognostic performance of miR-125b-5p was appraised with the help of the Kaplan-Meier curve plotted according to 5-year follow-up and multivariate Cox regression. Results The expression of serum miR-125b-5p was aberrantly lower in CAS patients than that in the control group. There was a negative correlation between the miR-125b-5p level and the severity of CAS. The ROC curve proved a high credibility in miR-125b-5p diagnosis. The area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.969 with high sensitivity (96.44 %) as well as specificity (86.81 %). Kaplan-Meier curve verified that CAS patients having lower miR-125b-5p were at a higher risk of developing cerebrovascular events (CEs). Both miR-125b-5p and degree of CAS were identified as independent risk factors of developing CEs for CAS patients via multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusions The serum miR-125b-5p was aberrantly lower in CAS patients. Lower miR-125b-5p possessed high diagnostic along with prognostic value in CAS patients.
Open Access
Development of rapid diagnostic tests for multiplexed detection of COVID-19 and influenza diseases

September 1, 2025

Zülal Bilici, Göknur Gizem Dinç, İlkay Göksu Polat, Esin Akçael, Tamer Yağcı

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Objectives This study investigates diagnosis of upper respiratory diseases with similar clinical symptoms, specifically COVID-19, originated from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and Influenza infections associated with influenza viruses. Effective treatment relies on rapid and accurate diagnosis, especially due to pandemic potential. This research aims to develop a multiplex lateral flow assay (LFA) based diagnosis method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A H1N1 viruses simultaneously. Methods Lateral flow assay utilizing gold nanoparticles were developed with specific monoclonal antibodies targeting the nucleocapsid (NP) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of Influenza A H1N1. Multiplexing was achieved by immobilizing two different capture antibodies for both targets on the same test. Recombinant antigens were employed to perform analytical assessments of specificity and cross-reactivity. Results The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed system in both single and multiplex formats was found to be: 1 ng/mL for SARS-CoV-2 NP, 1 × 10 3  PFU/mL for active viruses and 5 ng/mL for Influenza A H1N1 HA. Negative control experiments confirmed no cross-reactivity among target antigens, demonstrating high assay specificity. The low LOD values and absence of cross-reactivity indicate excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity. Simultaneous detection of both pathogens offers significant advantages for rapid clinical decision-making and infection control. Conclusions Our research presents a potential diagnostic approach utilizing a singular LFA platform for the early and accurate detection of COVID-19 and Influenza infections. The proposed multiplex strategy could improve public health outcomes by facilitating rapid therapeutic intervention and successful disease management during respiratory infection epidemics.
Open Access
Study on the mechanism of Wuji Baifeng pill in alleviating rosuvastatin-induced liver injury via SREBF2

August 27, 2025

Xinyang Li, Wang Chen, Junying Zhao, Zhongjun Jing, Xiaoying Li, Ludan Deng

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Objectives This study aims to elucidate the mechanism by which Wuji Baifeng pill alleviates rosuvastatin-induced liver injury, with the goal of providing a reference for precise clinical treatment. Methods This study utilized a high-fat diet (HFD) rat model to assess serum liver function indicators and the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in liver tissues. Additionally, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the expression changes of key genes. Results Wuji Baifeng pill and rosuvastatin reduce triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 ( DGAT1 ) expression, while increasing CGI-58 expression and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, with combined treatment showing the most significant effect. Wuji Baifeng pill significantly reverses rosuvastatin-induced increasing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. It significantly reduces rosuvastatin-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Ten intersection genes were identified, with sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 ( SREBF2 ) as a key therapeutic target of Wuji Baifeng pill. Wuji Baifeng pill significantly reversed rosuvastatin-induced increases in SREBF2 mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of SREBF2 reversed Wuji Baifeng pill’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, reducing glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels and increasing IL-6 and IL-1β secretion. Conclusions Wuji Baifeng pill significantly inhibits drug-induced liver injury (DILI)-related inflammation and protects against rosuvastatin-induced liver injury through SREBF2 , offering a foundation for developing new therapies for DILI using its active ingredients.
Open Access
MicroRNA-766-3p modulates the progression of delayed fracture healing by targeting TGFBR1

August 26, 2025

Guorui Zhang, Laicong Liao, Peijie Liu, Jianhua Ren, Yuan Ruan

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Objectives A certain number of patients frequently encounter delayed fracture healing (DFH) following surgery. This study intended to investigate the functionality of miR-766-3p in the progression of DFH. Methods The research encompassed 100 normal tibial fracture healing patients and 95 DFH patients. RT-qPCR was implemented to measure the expression, and the ROC was used to determine the diagnostic value of miR-766-3p for DFH patients. Cox regression was performed to identify the independent risk factors associated with DFH. Moreover, we further analyzed the regulatory effects of miR-766-3p and TGFBR1 on osteogenic markers. The CCK-8 method and flow cytometry were utilized to detect proliferation and apoptosis. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out to detect the targeted relationship. Results In DFH patients, miR-766-3p exhibited a downward movement. miR-766-3p served as an independent prognostic factor influencing DFH. miR-766-3p increased after the induction and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Elevated miR-766-3p could enhance the expression of osteogenic markers, facilitate proliferation and differentiation, inhibit inflammatory reactions, and reduce apoptosis. Additionally, when TGFBR1 was upregulated, it reversed the effect of miR-766-3p on osteoblasts. miR-766-3p may emerge as a feasible predictive biomarker for patients with DFH. Conclusions miR-766-3p exerted its regulatory function on DFH by targeting TGFBR1 .
Open Access
Systems biology based elucidation and experimental validation of anticancer effects of warfarin in vulvar cancer

August 26, 2025

Jianwei Liang, Qiang Yao, Xingtao Pi, Yuan Liu, Wendong Cao, Shanchen Wei, Wendong Feng

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Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of warfarin in inhibiting vulvar cancer cell growth and explore its molecular mechanisms, including effects on immune-infiltration and pathways utilizing both computational and experimental approaches. Methods The pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of warfarin were computationally evaluated to confirm drug-likeness and safety. Biological targets were then predicted, and the resulting genes were analyzed using a systems biology framework to construct a protein–protein interaction network, identifying key hub-genes. These genes underwent survival analysis to assess prognostic significance and were further analyzed for immune cell infiltration, indicating possible immunomodulatory effects. Molecular docking simulations examined warfarin’s binding affinity to the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint complex, suggesting immune regulatory potential. Experimental validation using SW-962 (vulvar-cancer) and HaCaT (normal) cell lines assessed cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, nuclear morphology, and cell cycle dynamics. Results Warfarin has promising physicochemical properties: high GI-absorption, BBB-permeability, and drug-likeness. Its predicted targets overlap with 20-vulvar cancer-related genes and form a PPI-network of key cancer-related pathways. GO and KEGG analyses reveal that the genes’ involvement in stress response, structural components, and cancer pathways. The top hub genes include AKT1 and CASP3, both of which have poor survival, and studies on immune infiltration show that warfarin interacts with immune cells. The docking analysis shows a strong binding affinity to the PD-1/PD-L1-complex, whereas cytotoxicity tests show selective action against cancer cells through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and G0/G1-cell cycle arrest. Conclusions Warfarin demonstrates promising anti-cancer effects by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, ROS-generation, and immune modulation, therefore warranting further clinical studies.
Open Access
Enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells using GFOGER-modified peptide nanofiber scaffold

August 22, 2025

Seher Yaylaci

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Open Access
MiR-221-3p improves the prognostic value of lung ultrasound score in acute respiratory distress syndrome and modulates the inflammatory response

August 19, 2025

Dan Liu, Di Yang, Yufeng Zhang, Yu Wang, Huijuan Yu, Caimei Liu, Jianhang Ge

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Objectives Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is linked to high mortality rates, with effective assessment of the condition critical to improving patient prognosis. The aim is to explore the value of serum miR-221-3p and lung ultrasound (LUS) score on the prognosis of ARDS, with the aim of providing meaningful references for clinical evaluation and therapeutic strategies. Methods The study cohort comprised 156 patients diagnosed with sepsis-induced ARDS. MiR-221-3p levels were quantified using RT-qPCR. Prognostic significance was determined by the ROC curve and Logistic analysis. Furthermore, a cell injury model was established in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) induced by LPS, and the effects of miR-221-3p on cell viability and apoptosis of HPMECs were examined utilizing CCK-8 and flow cytometry. ELISA was utilized to evaluate the role of miR-221-3p on inflammatory factors and cell adhesion molecules. Results In deceased ARDS patients, elevated levels of serum miR-221-3p demonstrated a notable positive correlation with APACHE II score, SOFA score, procalcitonin, and LUS score. Notably, miR-221-3p and LUS score were identified as prognostic factors associated with patient mortality, and the integration of these two assays resulted in a more accurate assessment of patient prognoses. In HPMECs exposed to LPS, miR-221-3p silencing enhanced cell survival, suppressed apoptosis, and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin). Conclusions MiR-221-3p, combined with LUS assessment, holds prognostic value in ARDS. Its involvement in inflammation and cellular damage suggests a modulatory effect on disease advancement.
Open Access
The potential role and mechanism of miR-1910-5p in the prognosis of glioma

August 15, 2025

Qinxuan Xu, Dong Li, Zeng Liu

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Objectives The suboptimal prognosis of glioma patients after treatment underscores the critical significance of elucidating the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying glioma progression. This study endeavors to excavate reliable biomarkers in order to advance the treatment of gliomas. Methods A total of 133 glioma patients were enrolled in this study, with glioma tissues and adjacent normal tissues collected during surgery. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect miR-1910-5p expression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to assess its predictive value for patient survival within 5 years post- surgery. Bioinformatic approaches were utilized to identify potential targets of miR-1910-5p, which were subsequently validated using a luciferase reporter gene system. Ultimately, the influence of miR-1910-5p/GPX8 on cell proliferation and metastasis was analyzed by CCK8 and Transwell assays. Results miR-1910-5p expression was markedly down-regulated in glioma tissues and cells. Notably, a lower miR-1910-5p level was associated with a poorer 5-year prognosis for glioma patients. GPX8, on the other hand, was significantly up-regulated in gliomas and exhibited a negative correlation with miR-1910-5p expression, suggesting a unidirectional negative regulation of GPX8 by miR-1910-5p. Further analysis revealed that miR-1910-5p overexpression suppressed glioma cell proliferation and metastasis, with these effects being significantly reversed by GPX8 overexpression. Conclusions miR-1910-5p has the potential to serve as a prognostic marker of glioma and may exert its inhibitory effects on glioma cellular behaviors by targeting GPX8.
Open Access
Clinicians’ perspectives and practices on critical outcomes and their expectations from the laboratory

August 1, 2025

Murat Akşit, Merve Zeytinli Aksit, Ayfer Colak, Banu Isbilen Basok, Eyyub Kanat, Inanc Karakoyun, Fatma Demet Arslan, Zafer Cil

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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate clinicians’ awareness, perspectives, and expectations regarding critical value reporting in laboratories through both a survey and retrospective data analysis. Methods Critical value data were retrospectively collected from the hospital information system between September 2021 and February 2022. A 17-item survey, comprising six demographic questions and 11 items related to critical values (eight closed-ended, two semi-open-ended, and one open-ended), was administered to clinicians at two tertiary hospitals using Google Forms. The survey was piloted on 10 clinicians for validation. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft Corp., WA, USA) and SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). Results Over the six-month period, a total of 4,899 critical values were reported, with platelets, hemoglobin, and glucose being the most frequently flagged parameters. The median critical value notification time was found to be 7 min. A total of 321 clinicians participated in the survey. Among them, 97.8 % considered critical value reporting essential; 44.6 % preferred notification via text message, while 10.8 % favored phone calls. Most respondents found the current critical value test list adequate; however, 8.4 % suggested that troponin should be added. Conclusions Our findings indicate a high level of clinician awareness and acceptance of the importance of critical value reporting. Timely notification and the selection of appropriate communication methods were identified as key factors. In addition, recommendations to add tests such as troponin to the critical value list highlight the importance of regularly updating the list based on clinical needs.
Open Access
The prognostic and clinical significance of hemogram parameters: a single-center retrospective analysis

July 31, 2025

Ferhat Demirci, Murat Akşit, İlkay Akbulut, Aylin Demirci, Şeyda Kayhan Ömeroğlu

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Objectives This study explores the prognostic relevance of hemogram parameters and derived ratios in stratifying hospitalization levels, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission, using machine learning models. Methods Clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively obtained from a tertiary-level teaching hospital encompassing a wide range of care settings. Five classification models – Multinomial Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Support Vector Machine, and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP-ANN) – were trained and evaluated. External validation was conducted using an independent dataset from affiliated institutions. SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis was applied to enhance model interpretability. Results Among the evaluated models, GBM and MLP-ANN demonstrated consistent performance across treatment categories, particularly in distinguishing outpatient from higher-acuity hospital admissions. SHAP analysis identified eosinophil and basophil counts as key predictors, with eosinophil levels inversely associated with hospitalization intensity. External validation supported the models’ applicability across patient subsets, although multicenter generalizability remains to be established. Conclusions This study demonstrates that machine learning models trained on routine hemogram data can effectively differentiate hospitalization levels, offering a scalable approach to early clinical risk assessment. Eosinophil count, in particular, emerged as a key variable with consistent predictive power across models, suggesting its potential relevance in acute care stratification. These findings support the integration of hematological parameters into real-time triage systems and pave the way for future research to validate their role in diverse clinical contexts.
Open Access
Diagnostic value and bioinformatics-based mechanistic exploration of serum miR-7977 in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

July 31, 2025

Ziye Lin, Li Liu

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Objectives Peripheral neuropathy, as a complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is easily overlooked in the early stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of microRNA-7977 (miR-7977) for early warning of T2DM combined with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods The study included T2DM patients two groups: those without DPN (n=63) and those with DPN (n=62). Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to detect serum levels of miR-7977 and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2). Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve was used to assess their diagnose potential for DPN. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant markers (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were measured. Bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assays were used to validate MDM2 as a target of miR-7977. Results Serum miR-7977 levels were elevated in T2DM patients compared to healthy controls and further increased in DPN patients. Elevated miR-7977 was an independent risk factor for DPN and was positively correlated with MDA and negatively correlated with antioxidant markers in patients. MDM2, as a target gene of miR-7977, showed an opposite trend of expression to that in patients. Serum MDM2 combined with miR-7977 can efficiently diagnose T2DM combined with DPN. Conclusions miR-7977 and MDM2 may serve as a novel biomarker for early DPN diagnosis. miR-7977 may promote oxidative stress process by targeting MDM2, suggesting a potential therapeutic pathway.
Open Access
Comparison between free light chains and immunofixation electrophoresis: one-year data from a tertiary hospital

July 25, 2025

Fatmagül Can, Fatma E. Koçak, Yavuz Çoban

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Objectives Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a biochemical diagnostic method used in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of monoclonal gammopathies. Paraproteinaemias involve overproduction of immunoglobulins, known as paraproteins or monoclonal proteins (M-proteins). M-protein can be detected as a sharp band on serum protein electrophoresis (SPE). Paraprotein types produced in monoclonal gammopathies can be detected by the IFE method. In our study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the types of paraproteinaemia detected by the IFE method in the laboratory and to compare our data with the literature. Methods A retrospective evaluation of the IFE results of a medical biochemistry laboratory of a tertiary care education and research hospital in Turkey in terms of the frequency and type of monoclonal gammopathy was performed in 2022. Serum free kappa/lambda ( κ / λ ) ratios and IFE results were compared. Results In our study, 1,169 serum IFE results were retrospectively analyzed, and paraprotein bands were detected in 116 different cases. The frequency of detected paraproteins was determined to be 10 %. A comparison between serum free κ / λ ratios and IFE results yielded 87 % concordance. Conclusions In our retrospective analysis, we obtained results similar to those reported in the literature in terms of serum immunofixation data, age, gender, and immunoglobulin types. We identified IgG- κ (20 %) as the most common paraprotein type. We believe that our study will contribute to the literature in terms of the frequency and variety of paraproteinemia. The κ / λ ratio is of limited use, since most abnormal IFE sera have normal free light chain (FLC) ratios.
Open Access
Patient-based quality control: a complementary tool for external quality assessment in analytical performance evaluation

July 22, 2025

Coskun Cavusoglu

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Objectives Medical laboratories generate critical data for disease management, making data quality essential for patient safety. Although internal and external quality control (QC) programs aim to ensure this quality, their QC samples often lack commutability and may not accurately reflect changes in patient results. Additionally, continuous monitoring of the measurement system using commercial QC samples can be challenging. This study aims to monitor patient data trends as a complementary tool to External Quality Assessment (EQA). Methods The study evaluated 11 commonly requested clinical chemistry analytes (Glucose, Creatinine, ALT, AST, Total Cholesterol, Amylase, Lipase, ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK Total) over a 6 month period, encompassing six EQA cycles with samples provided by RIQAS and KBUDEK. Patient results from the same time frame were monitored using moving average graphs to identify trends and were compared with corresponding EQAS outcomes. Results While EQAS results for ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, Amylase, Lipase, CK Total, and Total Cholesterol were consistent with patient data trends, discrepancies were noted for Glucose, Creatinine, and LDH. No deviation was observed in RIQAS results for Glucose; however, a trend was detected in the patient data. Similarly, no issues were noted in KBUDEK results for Creatinine and LDH, whereas trends were evident in the patient outcomes. Conclusions The findings suggest that EQA results alone may not fully capture deviations occurring in routine patient testing. Therefore, patient-based quality control (PBQC) should be implemented as a complementary strategy to enhance the effectiveness of EQAS programs.
Open Access
Serum adropin, clusterin, hemokinin-1, and kisspeptin levels in patients with migraine

July 15, 2025

Turan Akdağ, Ali Ulvi Uca, Mustafa Altaş, Osman Serhat Tokgöz, Faruk Ömer Odabaş, Saadet İbiş

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Objectives Currently, there are no specific biomarkers available for migraine diagnosis. So, we aimed to measure serum levels of adropin, kisspeptin, hemokinin-1, and clusterin in patients with migraine for diagnostic purposes. Methods The study included 150 participants who were divided into three groups: 50 migraine patients with aura, 50 migraine patients without aura, and a control group of 50 healthy individuals. Participants were selected from those who visited the neurology department between March 2021 and January 2022 and were diagnosed according to the International Headache Society criteria. The study was conducted according to the Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Serum levels of adropin, clusterin, hemokinin-1, and kisspeptin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results Serum levels of adropin, clusterin, and kisspeptin did not show significant differences between migraine patients and the control group. However, hemokinin-1 levels in migraine patients with aura were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.01). The cut-off value for hemokinin-1 was determined to be 0.55 ng/L (69.0 % sensitivity and 64.8 % specificity). No significant correlations were found between sociodemographic data, clinical data, and the serum levels of kisspeptin, hemokinin-1, clusterin, and adropin among patients with migraine with aura. Additionally, there was a significant difference in hemokinin-1 levels when comparing migraine patients with aura to those without aura (p<0.01). Conclusions Our study showed that hemokinin-1 levels were higher in migraine patients with aura when compared to the control group. Further investigations are needed to confirm this topic.
Open Access
Evaluating serum FOXs transcription factor proteins in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a comparative analysis

July 14, 2025

Tugba Agbektas, Cemile Zontul, Zuhal Tuncbilek, Ayca Tas, Merve Zirek, Baris Sariakcali, Yavuz Silig

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Objectives Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a complex metabolic autoimmune disease. FOXs participate in many cellular metabolic processes and control many related genes. This study aimed to investigate FOXO1, FOXP1 and FOXP2 protein levels in HT disease. Methods The study included 38 patients diagnosed with HT and 38 healthy individuals at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital. Venous blood samples were taken from the individuals in the study groups and serum was obtained. Serum FOXO1, FOXP1 and FOXP2 protein levels were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Serum FOXO1 and FOXP2 protein levels were found to be lower in the HT patient group compared to the control group (p< 0.001 ). FOXP1 concentration was found to be lower in the patient group, but this decrease was not significant (p> 0.05 ). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti TPO, antithyroglobulin (anti Tg) and AST levels were found to be higher in HT patients compared to the control group, while T4 levels were found to be lower. According to protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, these proteins were found to interact highly with each other and are generally involved in T cell mechanisms. Conclusions HT is a common autoimmune disease and is metabolically associated with many pathways. This cross-sectional study is only a preliminary study on the possible association between HT and FOX family proteins.
Open Access
Potential of the FOX gene family and LncRNAs as biomarkers in differentiated thyroid cancer treated with I-131

July 11, 2025

Tugba Agbektas, Ayca Tas, Baris Sariakcali, Zekiye Hasbek, Yavuz Silig

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Objectives Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) localize within tumor cell nuclei in various cancers, suggesting their involvement in transcriptional regulation. This study aimed to investigate expression changes of FOX family members and selected lncRNAs to explore their potential regulatory roles in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Methods Expression levels of FOX genes and lncRNAs were analyzed using RT-PCR, and protein levels were measured via ELISA in patients diagnosed with DTC who received radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. Results RT-PCR analysis revealed significant differences in FOXO1 and HOXA11-AS expression before and after RAI therapy (p<0.05). FOXO3 , FOXP1 , FOXP2 , and CASC21 showed significant expression differences in pre-RAI samples, while MEG3 and KCNQ1OT1 differed significantly post-RAI (p<0.05). Moreover, strong correlations were identified between FOXO3 , FOXP2 , and key lncRNAs including MEG3 , KCNQ1OT1 , CASC21 , and HOXA11-AS (p<0.05). ELISA results showed a significant change in FOXP1 protein levels, and TSH and Tg levels differed significantly across treatment stages (p<0.05). CASC21 exhibited the highest AUC in ROC analysis. Conclusions Despite the limited sample size, the findings suggest the potential of these genes, particularly CASC21, as biomarkers in DTC. These results may contribute to enhancing RAI therapy efficacy and advancing personalized treatment approaches.
Open Access
Geniposide effect on cardiac zinc level, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats with obesity-linked heart injury

July 11, 2025

Lu Li, Pan Liu

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Objectives Geniposide (GNP) is a natural compound that possesses both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we examined GNP effect on obesity-induced cardiac injury in Wistar rats. Methods Wistar rats were grouped into control, high fat diet (HFD) and HFD+GNP. Levels of cardiac total antioxidants and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. TUNEL assay was applied to detect cardiac cells apoptosis. Gene expression analysis was performed for catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-10 (IL-10), Caspase-3 and -9, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) by Real Time PCR and fold-change ratio was calculated using 2 −ΔΔCt method. Results GNP administration not only decreased hyperlipidemia, atherogenic coefficient (0.65±0.06 vs. 1.70±0.31; p<0.001) and cardiac risk ratio (1.65±0.23 vs. 2.70±0.29; p<0.01), but also it attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and cardiomyocyte vacuolization, and cardiac apoptotic cells (8.22±1.05 % vs. 21.46±2.44 %; p<0.001) compared to HFD alone. GNP significantly increased cardiac TAC (578.11±36.2 μM/g tissue; p<0.01) and zinc (144.17±8.57 vs. 102.13±5.81 ng/g tissue; p<0.001) contents, but significantly decreased MDA content (3.02±0.5 vs. 4.71±0.38 nmol/mg protein, p<0.01). A significant trend was found toward overexpression of Caspase-8, Bax, Caspase-3 and TNF-α in HFD group, but IL-10, SOD, CAT and Bcl2 expression was significantly decreased. Conclusions GNP is a safe and effective natural product that protects obesity-induced cardiac injury by elevating total antioxidant pools, suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Open Access
Effect of blood collection tube variability on biochemistry test reliability: focus on possible contamination and other discrepancies

July 11, 2025

Tevfik Balci, Durmuş Ayan, Kader Zeybek Aydoğan, Onur Küçükkaya, Ayşe Demirtaş, Muammer Özdemir, Ergül Bayram, Bariş Bayraktar

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Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of five different brands of gel separator biochemistry serum tubes (BD-Vacutainer, Greiner Bio One-Vacuette, Samplix, Pirmax and Ayset) on routine biochemistry test measurement results performed with both real patient samples and quality control samples. Methods In the first study, 27 biochemistry test results obtained with QC samples in five brand biochemistry tubes were evaluated in both insufficient (1 mL) and sufficient volume (5 mL) of samples. In the second part of the study, verification was performed with the 10 most requested biochemistry test results from the same five brands of biochemistry tubes with blood samples taken from volunteers. Results The test results were generally found to be suitable for routine studies in all five brands of tubes in both limited and sufficient sample volumes. A striking finding was the finding of inappropriately high results in the Mg test in studies conducted using QC samples and volunteer samples with the Ayset brand tube. Conclusions Our study, which demonstrates generally reliable routine biochemistry test results, with the exception of clinically significant falsely elevated results encountered in the Mg test, has practical implications for laboratory professionals.
Open Access
MiR-26b-5p and its association with inflammatory markers in infants and toddlers with bronchiolitis and respiratory symptoms

July 11, 2025

Lanlan Li, Yanrui Yan, Shuge Wang, Wenlong Yi

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Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of miR-26b-5p on diagnosis of bronchiolitis as well as its relationship with inflammatory factors. Methods This study conducts a retrospective study of infants and toddlers with bronchiolitis, coughing and wheezing as the main symptoms (RSV-positive and RSV-negative). The qRT-PCR was used to examine miR-26b-5p expression levels. Diagnostic accuracy of miR-26b-5p in infant and toddler respiratory diseases was assessed by ROC curve. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to demonstrate the relationship between miR-26b-5p and clinical severity markers, along with immune-related genes such as PTGS2 and TRAF3 . RSV-infected HBECs were used to validate the effect of miR-26b-5p on inflammatory factors. IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA kits. Results MiR-26b-5p expression was reduced in infant and toddler respiratory diseases including bronchiolitis, coughing and wheezing. The ROC curve indicated that miR-26b-5p had a high diagnostic accuracy for differentiating respiratory diseases from healthy infants and toddlers. Notably, miR-26b-5p returned to baseline in infants and toddlers who had recovered from bronchiolitis. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship of miR-26b-5p with PTGS2 and TRAF3 . RSV infection of HBECs reduced miR-26b-5p expression, and transfection with miR-26b-5p mimic reversed this trend. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly elevated and IL-10 levels were reduced in RSV-infected HBECs, which was reversed by overexpression of miR-26b-5p. Conclusions MiR-26b-5p may be involved in disease progression through modulation of inflammatory responses and may be a diagnostic biomarker for infant and toddler respiratory diseases.
Open Access
Investigation of the relationship between vascular events and copeptin levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

July 10, 2025

Aysegul Kirankaya, Levent Deniz, Sevil Tugrul, Sevgi Ozcan, Suat Hayri Kucuk, Zeynep Atam Tasdemir, Ertugrul Okuyan, Irfan Sahin

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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effect of copeptin levels on the prediction of COVID-19-associated vascular events and mortality. Methods This prospective observational study included 172 patients with COVID-19. In this study, the role of copeptin was assessed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients for in-hospital mortality, need for advanced ventilator support, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and vascular events. We performed a regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for major ischemic events and in-hospital mortality in our study population. Results During the hospitalization period of 172 patients, 24 had major ischemic events, 45 were admitted to the ICU, 43 needed advanced ventilator support, and 33 died. Regression analysis revealed that the copeptin level was an independent risk factor for both major ischemic events and in-hospital mortality. A cut-off value of 5.161 for copeptin level was associated with 54.2 % sensitivity and 85.1 % specificity (AUC: 0.727; 95 % CI: 0.654–0.792) in the prediction of major ischemic events, and a cut-off value of 3.304 for copeptin level was associated with 51.5 % sensitivity and 71.9 % specificity (AUC: 0.633; 95 % CI: 0.556–0.705) for predicting in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Copeptin is a promising biomarker for predicting mortality and major ischemic events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Copeptin levels were significantly higher in ICU-admitted patients and those needing advanced ventilatory support. Copeptin may serve as an effective marker for identifying COVID-19 patients who can benefit from closer monitoring or early intensification of care.
Open Access
LncRNA MALAT1 regulates the inflammatory response of dry eye disease via sponging miR-302d

July 10, 2025

Yuling Bai, Xingshuang Li, Qingjie Gai, Yue Hao, Xilan Chen, Yongxin Du

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Objectives Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface, and its pathogenesis remains inadequately elucidated. This research examined the possible regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA MALAT1 in DED to provide biomarkers for DED treatment. Methods qPCR was employed to assess the expression levels of MALAT1 and miR-302d in DED patients’ serum and HCECs cells. ELISA was utilized to measure the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ in DED patients’ serum and in various cell transfection groups. The effects of different cell transfection groups on the proliferation and apoptosis of HCECs were analyzed using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Furthermore, potential regulatory pathways were explored through GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the target genes of miR-302d. Results MALAT1 exhibited a significant up-regulation in DED patients’ serum, while miR-302d was notable down-regulation, with a significant negative correlation between two molecules. MALAT1 was positively correlated with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE), suggesting its potential utility in evaluating the severity of DED. MALAT1 inhibited the proliferation of TNF-α-induced HCECs, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced the release of inflammatory factors. However, the suppression of miR-302d mitigated the impact of MALAT1 silencing on the function of HCECs. Enrichment analysis revealed that the target gene of miR-302d played a role in regulating cellular homeostasis and growth in HCECs. Conclusions The sponging effect of MALAT1 on miR-302d caused changes in HCECs cell function, and led to DED. MALAT1 was an important parameter reflecting the severity of DED patients.
Open Access
Fetuin-A-to-adiponectin ratio, progranulin, and CTRP-3 in overweight individuals: links to adipose tissue inflammation

June 30, 2025

Yıldız Öner-İyidoğan, Nur Çınar-Şirin, Selda Can Arkaya, Pınar Kural Enç

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Objectives This study aimed to investigate serum Fetuin-A (FetA) and adiponectin levels, the FetA/adiponectin ratio (FAR), and their roles in inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight individuals. Instead of evaluating FAR as a predictive biomarker, this study aimed to explore its association with metabolic parameters in this population. Materials The study included 57 participants aged 24–56 years, divided into control (BMI<25 kg/m 2 , n=27) and overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m 2 , n=30) groups. Anthropometric measurements and body composition analyses were performed after a 12-h fasting period. Serum FetA, adiponectin, progranulin, and CTRP-3 levels were measured using ELISA. Insulin resistance was assessed using the HOMA-IR index. Statistical analyses included Mann–Whitney U tests, correlation analyses, and ROC curve analysis. Results Overweight individuals showed significantly higher waist circumference, body fat mass, and HOMA-IR compared to controls, while adiponectin levels were significantly lower (p=0.006). The FAR was elevated in the overweight group (p=0.023) and positively correlated with BMI, body fat mass, and HOMA-IR (p<0.05). Progranulin and CTRP-3 levels showed no significant differences between groups, but a negative correlation between these two adipokines was observed. ROC analysis revealed an optimal FAR cut-off of 40.5 for predicting increased BMI, with 60 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity. Conclusions The findings suggest that FAR is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic parameters in overweight individuals. Although promising, its clinical utility as a diagnostic biomarker requires further investigation.
Open Access
Serum adipokines and gene polymorphisms in peripheral vascular disease

June 20, 2025

Fatih Yanar, Sercan Yuksel, Hasan Basoglu, Ibrahim Yilmaz Basar, Nihal Salmayenli, Elif Ozkok

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Objectives Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is an atherosclerotic disease by the occlusion of arteries in the lower extremities. Buerger’s disease is autoimmune due to inflammation of small and medium-sized vessels. The aim was to investigate the relations among adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and variants of ADIPOQ -11,377   C/G, LEP2548G/A, RETN -420   G/C in PVD and Buerger’s disease. Methods The study group consisted of 151 patients (127 PVD, 24 Buerger’s disease). Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were analyzed by ELISA. ADIPOQ −11377   C/G, LEP2548G/A, and RETN -420   G/C were genotyped with designed primers, and probes in LightCycler 480. Results Adiponectin was found to be insignificantly higher in the PVD than that Buerger’s disease (p=0.17). Leptin was found to be significantly lower in the Buerger’s disease than in the PVD (p=0.018). The relationships were among age and leptin (r= −0.264; p=0.047), ankle brachial index (ABI) (r= −0.206; p=0.045), adiponectin (r=0.210; p=0.026) in PVD. In Buerger’s disease, resistin and leptin had a significant relationship (r= −0.508; p=0.019). Conclusions It is thought that the high serum leptin levels observed in the Buerger group carrying the ADIPOQ GG genotype and the PVD group carrying the RETN GG genotype may be related to the etiopathogenesis of both diseases. Our study is the first to examine the proteins and genetic variations of adipokines in the PVD and Buerger’s disease in Turkish population, and will provide direction for future studies to be conducted with the variants of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and related proteins.
Open Access
Effect of caffeine on acrylamide-induced cellular hepatotoxicity

June 20, 2025

Tugce Karabas, Gulben Sayilan Ozgun

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Objectives This study aims to determine the effects of caffeine on protein oxidation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in acrylamide (AA)-induced cellular hepatotoxicity. Methods First, HepG2 cells were incubated with 10 1 , 10 3 , and 10 4   µM AA. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. The western blot method was used to measure protein carbonyl (PC) levels to evaluate protein oxidation, and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous (CHOP) levels to evaluate ER stress. Then, according to our results, cells were incubated with 10, 50, and 200 µM caffeine simultaneously with 10 4  µM AA and cell viability, PC, GRP78, ATF4 and CHOP levels were measured with the same methods. Results 10 3 and 10 4  µM AA caused a significant decrease in cell viability (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). 10 4  μM AA caused a significant increase in PC (p<0.05), GRP78 (p<0.01), ATF4 (p<0.001), and CHOP (p<0.001) levels. 50 and 200 μM caffeine significantly reduced PC levels in AA-incubated cells (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Caffeine concentrations did not significantly change in cell viability, GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP levels (p>0.05 for all). Conclusions Our study showed that; AA, especially at higher concentrations, caused an increase in cytotoxicity, protein oxidation, and ER stress, and caffeine decreases protein oxidation without changing AA-induced cytotoxicity and ER stress.
Open Access
Can new laboratory parameters be added for clinical scoring systems to determine the severity of RSV bronchiolitis?

June 16, 2025

Hakan Altın, Sevda Ünallı Özmen, Büşra Türk

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Objectives In this study, the aim is to investigate the clinical findings as well as laboratory and echocardiographic differences in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) compared to those hospitalized in the general pediatric ward and thus contribute to the establishment of a novel evidence-based medical scoring. Methods The study was conducted by retrospectively reviewing the files of 58 infants aged 1–12 months who were hospitalized in the PICU and general pediatric ward of Health Sciences University of Bursa City Hospital with a definite diagnosis of RSV bronchiolitis between September 2022 and April 2023. Results There were significant differences in clinical findings (Bronchiolitis Score of Sant Joan de Déu↑), laboratory tests [blood gas (pH↓-PaCO 2 ↑-lactate↑) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP↑)] and echocardiographic parameters [systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP↑), right ventricular Tei index (RVTX↑), left ventricular systolic eccentricity index (LVEls↑) and tricuspid annular planar systolic excursion (TAPSE↓)] in infants hospitalized in PICU compared to those hospitalized in general pediatric ward. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the best indicator to add to the clinical score in terms of PICU hospitalization was NT-ProBNP (OR: 1.007, 95 % CI 1.002–1.011, p=0.003). Conclusions The severity of RSV bronchiolitis can be evaluated more objectively with new scoring methods to be developed by adding laboratory and echocardiographic parameters, especially NT-proBNP, to clinical scoring systems.
Open Access
Comparison of age-related changes in glomerular filtration rate: creatinine-based formulae vs. radioisotopic method

June 5, 2025

Ozge Ulas Babacan, Serkan Bolat, Zekiye Hasbek

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Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health issue worldwide, leading to both cardiovascular diseases and the development of end-stage chronic kidney failure. Guidelines recommend the use of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculations as the first step in the assessment of renal function. In this study, we aimed to assess the performance of three different creatinine-based GFR estimation formulae (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, CKD-EPI 2021; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, MDRD; Cockcroft-Gault, CG) by comparing them to measured GFR using technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid ( 99m Tc-DTPA) with dual plasma sampling, a more reliable method for GFR assessment. Methods A total of 905 patients, 433 male and 472 female, who applied for routine GFR measurement with 99m Tc-DTPA between 2012 and 2016 were included in this study. Results The median GFR value measured by 99m Tc-DTPA using dual plasma sampling was 25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , while the formulae based on creatinine overestimated GFR. Kappa analysis showed moderate levels of agreement in classifying CKD stages. The highest discrepancies were observed in patients with normal creatinine values. Conclusions In older adults, serum creatinine levels and creatinine-based GFR estimation may not reliably reflect renal function due to age-related physiological changes such as decreased muscle mass and creatinine production. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the weight-corrected CG formula may be a suitable alternative to overcome these limitations in patients over 60 years of age when GFR cannot be determined by cystatin C or 99m Tc-DTPA.
Open Access
Does modifying energy metabolism alter cellular signaling and proliferation in KRAS mutant NSCLCs?

June 4, 2025

Sahika Cingir Koker, Irem Dogan Turacli

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Objectives The capacity to sense and respond to cellular energy stress is an important factor in tumorigenesis. We aimed to investigate the proliferation patterns of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines (A549, Calu-1, H2009) under high (HG) and low glucose (LG) conditions w/wo DCA, which alters metabolic pathways and promotes oxidative phosphorylation. Methods Cell viability was detected by MTT assay, protein expressions were determined by Western Blot and RNA expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results NSCLCs exhibited lower proliferation in HG compared to LG conditions. The effect of DCA in reducing the proliferation of the cells, was higher in HG compared to LG condition. We detected lower pRB levels in LG and in DCA treated conditions. LG conditions also showed higher p21 levels w/wo DCA while AMPK activation was more pronounced in 48 h. p-JAK2 was dominant in conditions having LG and p-Stat3 activation varied between all cells. The eIF4e activation was induced in LG w/wo DCA in all the cells. Despite p21-mediated cell cycle arrest, eIF4e and JAK2 signaling promoted proliferation. Conclusions Our results clearly showed the potential for increased aggressiveness and the delicate balance of cellular metabolic adjustments in response to energy stress in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells.
Open Access
Eosin-5′-maleimide (EMA)-binding assay as a diagnostic method of hereditary spherocytosis

May 29, 2025

Mehmet Sezgin Pepeler, Mesude Falay, Mürüvvet Seda Aydın, Ayhan Parmaksız, Ebru Yılmaz Keskin, Güçhan Alanoğlu, Ali Fettah, Gülsüm Özet

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Objectives Erythrocyte membrane disorders are caused by a deficiency of structural proteins in the erythrocyte membrane. Accurate differential diagnosis within this group of disorders (is essential for appropriate management. The eosin-5′-maleimide (EMA) binding assay is a novel test that is used for the differential diagnosis of erythrocyte membrane disorders. In this study, we have examined and reported blood counts, reticulocyte indices, and the EMA binding assay results with clinical findings of cases admitted to our laboratory for suspected red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorder. Methods We performed the EMA binding assay on the blood samples of 103 patients who were screened for hereditary erythrocyte membrane disorders at the Flow Cytometry Laboratory of Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital. The total cohort was grouped as patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) (n=36) and control group (patients without erythrocyte membrane disorders (n=60), and non-HS patients with a preliminary diagnosis of hemolytic anemia (n=7). The control group included during data collection, the results of the EMA binding assay were recorded along with demographic features, clinical information, morphologic features, blood count parameters, RBC and reticulocyte indices, and a conventional osmotic fragility (OF) test. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the EMA binding assay and reticulocyte parameters. Results Both EMA testing and flow cytometric (FC) OF test were significantly lower in overall (n=36), ≤10-year-old (n=12), and >10-year-old (n=24) patients with HS than in healthy controls (p<0.001). The EMA binding assay had 100 % sensitivity and specificity in screening HS. Conclusions Combined with conventional blood tests, clinical findings, and medical history, the EMA binding assay is a reliable and convenient tool for screening for HS and differentiating hereditary erythrocyte membrane disorders.
Open Access
miR-15b-5p affects the innate immune response through PAQR3 in patients with reflux esophagitis

May 27, 2025

Ye Wei, Yixin Zhang, Xiaowen Zheng, Chunlei Li, Qianqian Peng

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Objectives Reflux esophagitis (RE) arises from the regurgitation of gastric fluid that contains acids, bile, and other damaging components, significantly impacting on the quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the functions of miR-15b-5p and AdipoQ receptor family member 3 (PAQR3) in reflux esophagitis, as well as to delve into the effect on innate immune response. Methods The study enrolled 54 patients with RE and 33 healthy subjects. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-15b-5p, PAQR3, TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88. The ELISA kits were employed to assess the alterations in the levels of IFN-β, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the binding relationship between miR-15b-5p and PAQR3. Results miR-15b-5p was significantly elevated in RE patients. Cell model tests demonstrated that miR-15b-5p was upregulated in cells treated with acid medium. Inhibition of miR-15b-5p significantly suppressed the expression of innate immunity related genes induced by acid medium. miR-15b-5p targets and regulates PAQR3. In addition, miR-15b-5p activated innate immune responses by blocking PAQR3. Conclusions miR-15b-5p may be involved in the innate immune response of reflux esophagitis by regulating PAQR3.
Open Access
Evaluating novel therapeutics in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of bexagliflozin and tirzepatide

May 27, 2025

Jia Shi

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Objective This study compares the effectiveness and safety of bexagliflozin and tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes mellitus, focusing on HbA1c, body weight, fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and adverse events using data from randomized controlled trials. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. Eligible studies included head-to-head and placebo-controlled RCTs on bexagliflozin and tirzepatide. Primary outcome: HbA1c reduction; secondary outcomes: body weight, fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and adverse events. In this meta-analysis, the efficacy of bexagliflozin and tirzepatide was compared across key outcomes. Results Tirzepatide showed significant reduction in HbA1c (Mean difference [MD]: −1.29 %, p<0.001), while bexagliflozin had minimal reduction (MD: −0.18 %, p=0.28). In weight loss, tirzepatide outperformed bexagliflozin (MD: −11.18 kg, p<0.001 vs. −1.68 kg, p=0.04). Tirzepatide significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose (MD: −1.48 mmol/L, p<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (MD: −8.01 mmHg, p<0.001), while bexagliflozin showed non-significant effects. Safety analysis revealed no significant differences in major adverse cardiovascular events or serious adverse events. Bexagliflozin was associated with higher odds of treatment-emergent adverse events (OR: 1.71, p=0.009) and a trend toward increased gastrointestinal events (OR: 3.66, p=0.07). Conclusions Tirzepatide had a favorable safety profile with no significant increase in adverse events. Tirzepatide demonstrated superior efficacy in glycemic control, weight reduction, and cardiovascular parameters compared to bexagliflozin, alongside a more favorable safety profile. These findings support tirzepatide as a promising therapeutic option in type 2 diabetes mellitus management.
Open Access
To investigate the action mechanism of lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1/hsa-miR-134-5p/CCND1 axis in cervical cancer based on bioinformatics

May 23, 2025

Weiwei Xiong, Meixing Wang, Xiaohua Wen, Xijuan Wang, Ye Guo, Xingmei Ma, Yanru Liu

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Objectives Cervical cancer (CC) is a malignant tumor that poses a serious threat to women’s lives and has a complex pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying the lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 in CC. Methods The expression of CDKN2B-AS1, hsa-miR-134-5p, and CCND1 was detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting, and their targeted regulatory relationships were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and overexpression/knockdown assay. CCK-8, Transwell, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining experiments were used to assess the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of CC cells (HeLa and SiHa), respectively. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate the clinical value of CDKN2B-AS1 in CC. Results CDKN2B-AS1, CCND1 were high-expressed, and hsa-miR-134-5p was low-expressed in CC cells and tissues. Silencing CDKN2B-AS1 significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of HeLa and SiHa cells, and induced their apoptosis. The overall survival time of CC patients with high CDKN2B-AS1 was shorter (log rank p<0.05). Hsa-miR-134-5p mimic attenuated the luciferase activity of cells transfected with wild-type CDKN2B/CCND1 luciferase vector. Overexpression of CDKN2B-AS1 decreased the intracellular level of hsa-miR-134-5p, while its knockdown was inverse. The inhibition of hsa-miR-134-5p promoted CCND1 expression. Conclusions High CDKN2B-AS1 level predicted a poor prognosis of CC patients, and it promoted CC development by down-regulating hsa-miR-134-5p to enhance CCND1 expression.
Open Access
Dysregulation of miR-709 in diabetic kidney disease and its role in inflammatory response

May 23, 2025

Fang Zhou, Lanlan Chen, Meng Xie, Sen Meng, Jiaze Sun

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Objectives Research has shown that miRNAs play an essential role in the pathophysiology diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study primarily explored the expression of miR-709 in DKD and elucidated its potential clinical significance for patients with DKD. Methods A total of 95 patients with DKD were included in the case group, while 102 T2DM patients constituted the control group. 50 healthy individuals were selected as the healthy group. Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to assess the expression levels of miR-709. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-709 in DKD. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between serum miR-709 levels and various clinical data variables. Furthermore, an in vitro DKD cell model was developed to investigate the effect of miR-709 expression in DKD. Results In DKD patients, serum miR-709 levels are markedly reduced and have high diagnostic value. MiR-709 associated with clinical features and inflammation in DKD. Up-regulation of miR-709 significantly suppressed HG-induced proliferation and inflammatory factor levels in human mesangial cells (HMCs). Conclusions The decreased level of miR-709 is closely linked to DKD and its inflammation, which is expected to become a potential biomarker for clinical screening and a target for therapeutic intervention.
Open Access
Serum miR-142-5p serves as a biomarker to predict onset and short-term prognosis in acute coronary syndrome patients

May 23, 2025

Huimin Yan, Jinxia Zhang, Riliang Fang, Huibin Li, Youdan Zhou, Pan Wang

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Objectives The target of this study was to explore the value of miR-142-5p for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods RT-qPCR was utilized to investigate serum miR-142-5p in 77 ACS patients, 65 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, and 70 healthy volunteers. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were developed to estimate the clinical diagnostic importance of miR-142-5p for ACS. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were utilized to estimate the prognostic value of miR-142-5p for the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during the 6-month post-treatment surveillance period after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ACS. Results Serum miR-142-5p was significantly higher in ACS patients than in healthy controls (HC) and SAP groups. ROC curve indicated that serum miR-142-5p was effective in distinguishing ACS patients from HC and also distinguishing ACS patients from SAP patients. Pearson correlation coefficients confirmed that miR-142-5p was positively correlated with cardiac troponin I (cTnI, r=0.690) and Gensini score (GS, r=0.734). Furthermore, patients with high miR-142-5p expression had a greater probability of developing MACE after PCI treatment (Log Rank=0.016), which is an independent prognostic biomarker for ACS. Conclusions MiR-142-5p expression was significantly elevated in the serum of ACS patients. It not only demonstrates a strong correlation with an elevated risk of MACE following PCI, but also exhibits diagnostic utility and serves as an independent prognostic biomarker. It is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of ACS.
Open Access
Tumor-endothelium reciprocal interactions in co-culture: changes of genetics and phenotypic characteristics of endothelial and laryngeal cells

May 23, 2025

Zeynep Betül Sari, Tülin Çora

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Objectives This study aims to elucidate the interactions between laryngeal cancer cells (HEp-2) and endothelial cells (HUVEC) within the head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) microenvironment using direct and indirect in vitro co-cultivation systems. Methods Conditioned mediums (CM) of HEp-2 and HUVEC were generated, followed by the construction of co-culture systems. Confocal microscopy, XTT assay, trypan blue viability assay, real-time cell analysis system (RTCA), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to assess cell morphology, proliferation, migration, invasion, and the expression of cancer-associated genes ( CDH2 , CCL21 , CXCL8 , ITGB , MMP2 , MMP9 , and VIM ). Results We observed that the HEp2 co-culture effect altered HUVEC morphology, also reduced cell proliferation significantly, increased migration (p<0.05), and invasion of the cells. The mRNA levels of CXCL8 and ITGB were downregulated significantly, while the expression level of CCL21 mRNA was markedly upregulated (88.4-fold) compared to mono-culture HUVECs (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the HEp-2s showed a spindle-shaped and scattered morphology after co-culture with HUVEC. In addition, a higher relative migration rate (p<0.05) but significantly reduced proliferation and invasion rates of HEp2s were detected. Conclusions Reciprocal interactions between HEp2 and HUVEC significantly modulate cellular behaviors and gene expression, suggesting that these interactions play a crucial role in laryngeal cancer progression and offering potential insights for HNSCC treatment strategies.
Open Access
Assessment of the anticancer function of Coronilla orientalis MILLER through comprehensive in vitro and computational studies

May 22, 2025

Halilibrahim Ciftci, Ayhan Oral, Yalcin Coskun, Gülin Renda, Masami Otsuka, Mikako Fujita, Belgin Sever

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Objectives Although many synthetic anticancer drugs are available, a significant proportion of human therapeutics in the anticancer armamentarium are derived from natural products. The aim of this study to examine the anticancer effects of natural compounds against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer, which remain among the world’s greatest obstacles. Methods Coronilla orientalis MILLER (CO) was collected in Erzincan, Türkiye, prepared, and extracted with 70 % ethanol. CO was then tested against A549 NSCLC and MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay. To explore its potential anticancer mechanism, the apoptotic effects of CO in A549 and MCF-7 cells and the kinase inhibitory effects of CO were investigated using the Annexin V/ethidium homodimer III staining assay and the ADP-Glo kinase assay, respectively. Molecular docking studies were also performed for several major components of CO in the ATP binding site of EGFR. Results The results showed that CO, with IC 50 values of 2.37 ± 0.59 μg/mL and 7.60 ± 1.18 μg/mL, exhibited anticancer activity against A549 cells and MCF-7 cells, respectively. CO was also selectively cytotoxic between Jurkat cells and PBMCs (healthy). CO-treated A549 and MCF-7 cells were found to undergo significant apoptosis and CO was found to inhibit EGFR. Molecular docking studies revealed the interaction of some defined components of CO with key residues in the ATP binding site of EGFR. Conclusions Taken together, this research has shown that CO has a great deal of potential as an inhibitor of the anticancer function against NSCLC and breast cancer, and warrants further investigation.
Open Access
lncRNA SNHG6 regulates neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury by inhibiting the expression of miR-101-3p

May 22, 2025

Xizhong Xie, Changtong Zhao, Jiawei He, Wenhui Huang

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Objectives This study was to investigate the altered expression of SNHG6 in individuals suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as the correlation between varying degrees of injury severity and patient’s prognosis, and to explore the impact of SNHG6 on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell damage. Methods A cohort of 121 patients with TBI were included in this study, including 71 mild patients and 50 severe patients. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the levels of SNHG6 and miR-101–3p. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the role of SNHG6 in distinguishing TBI patients with different degrees and TBI patients with different prognosis. The cell model was constructed by OGD damage, the cell proliferation capacity was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the concentrations of inflammatory factors in the cells were detected by ELISA kit. Results Patients with severe TBI had higher levels of SNHG6 expression than those with mild TBI. And the expression of SNHG6 in patients with poor prognosis was higher than that in patients with good prognosis. SNHG6 could distinguish severe TBI patients from those mild TBI patients and predict the prognosis of patients with TBI. SNHG6 regulated cell proliferation and inflammation after OGD injury by inhibiting the expression of miR-101–3p. Conclusions SNHG6 may be a biomarker for TBI, SNHG6 may affect TBI by regulating the expression of miR-101–3p.
Open Access
Homocysteine induces iNOS and oxLDL accumulation in murine immune cells

May 22, 2025

Yusuf Elma, İshak Ozel Tekin, Nilgün Solak, Tunç Hakan Sipahi, Emine Yilmaz Can

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Objectives Increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood are considered to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Endothelial damage induced by Hcy can lead to deterioration of coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vascular beds, contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying Hcy-induced damage have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Hcy on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, both of which are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque formation and regulation of inflammation. Methods L-929 fibroblast-like cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with varying concentrations of Hcy (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL for L-929 cells, 10, 25, 100, 200 μg/mL for RAW 264.7 cells) to assess LDL oxidation and iNOS expression using immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Images obtained from cell culture experiments were quantitatively analyzed using color and brightness histograms, followed by statistical evaluation. Results Hcy significantly and dose-dependently increased LDL oxidation and intracellular oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) accumulation in both cell groups. Hcy also significantly increased iNOS expression in both cell groups in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions These findings suggest that Hcy may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammatory processes. The increased levels of ox-LDL and the elevated iNOS expression, particularly in macrophages, may contribute to the exacerbation of atherosclerosis and related diseases.
Open Access
The possible link between endocannabinoid system gene polymorphisms and overweight/obesity susceptibility in individuals living in the Marmara Region

May 22, 2025

Beril Altun, İsmet Cok, Cemal Onur Noyan, Ela Kadioglu, Alptekin Cetin, Tijen Sengezer, Merih Altintas, Samet Kurnaz, Nesrin Dilbaz

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Objectives Obesity is a global health problem related to reduced life quality and shorter life expectancy. Given the fact that genetic factors play a role in obesity development, studies have suggested that polymorphisms of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 ( CNR1 ), Monoacylglycerol lipase ( MGLL ), and Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase ( FAAH ) genes located in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are related to overweight/obesity risk. Accordingly, we aimed to assess the genetic susceptibility to overweight/obesity in individuals with Turkish ancestral origin concerning these ECS genes. Methods The present study comprised 194 unrelated individuals with Turkish ancestral origin living in the Marmara Region. The study population is categorized into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI) overweight/obese group (BMI≥25) and normal weight group (18.5<BMI<25). Genotyping of the CNR1 rs1049353 , MGLL rs60430 , and FAAH rs324420 polymorphisms was performed using the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results The GG genotype frequency of CNR1 rs1049353 was significantly higher in overweight/obese individuals than in normal weight individuals (75.5 vs. 61.4 %, respectively; p=0.034 ). No difference was observed in terms of MGLL rs604300 and FAAH rs324420 polymorphisms between the groups ( p>0.05 ). The genotype distributions of CNR1 , MGLL , and FAAH genes were compatible with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium ( p>0.05 ). Conclusions Our findings supported that individuals with AA/AG genotype of CNR1 rs1049353 have reduced overweight/obesity risk; however, neither FAAH rs324420 nor MGLL rs604300 showed any association. A relatively smaller sample size and lack of inclusion of obesity-related measurements could be considered the limitations of this study. Further research is needed to confirm or disprove our results.
Open Access
Comparison of various fragmentation methods of alpha-synuclein fibrils for establishing a Parkinson’s Disease-like model in cell culture

May 21, 2025

Hilal Akyel, Elham Bahador Zırh, Selim Zırh, Hare Yazgi, Banu Cahide Tel

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Objectives Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils, which are associated with Lewy-like inclusions, are currently utilized in the modeling of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The fibrils require a length shorter than 100 nm to uptake intracellularly. Our study aims to determine the optimal probe sonication parameters that can be applied in diverse laboratory settings for the fragmentation of fibrils to lengths of ≤100 nm. Methods In our study, human wild-type α-syn fibrils were sonicated with 1, 3, and 5 s-on/off pulse applications at varying ambient temperatures (room temperature, ice, and ice-surrounded by dry ice) for a duration of 1 min, with a total of 40 and 60 cycles, respectively. The length of the fibrils was quantified by transmission electron microscopy imaging. The total α-syn in SH-SY5Y cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining following the administration of fragmented fibrils after 2-, 4-, and 6-day incubations. Results Although fragmentation was observed under all conditions, fibrils of ≤100 nm were obtained with a 5 s-on/off pulse in ice and ice-surrounded by dry ice ambientes. The fibril length of ≤100 nm was observed on days 2 and 4; however, the highest level of observed intensity was detected on day 6. Conclusions The application of 5 s-on/off consecutive pulses in ice, and ice-surrounded by dry ice ambientes are more effective methods for fragmenting and internalizing fibrils, thereby forming a reproducible cellular PD-like model. In summary, our study provides a significant contribution to the development of an economical and effective sonication methodology for the fragmentation of fibrils in a diverse of laboratory settings.
Open Access
Evaluation of hesperidin and taurine for mitigating letrozole-induced uterine toxicity in rats: histopathological, molecular, and biochemical insights

May 21, 2025

Metin Deniz Karakoç, Özlem Özmen, Münevver Nazlıcan Zengin, Osman Çiftçi

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Objectives Letrozole (LTZ), an aromatase inhibitor, is associated with significant side effects such as uterine toxicity. This study investigated the potential of hesperidin (HSP) and taurine (TAU), both natural antioxidant molecules, to mitigate LTZ-induced uterine toxicity. Methods 48 female rats were divided into six groups and treated orally for 30 days as follows: Control (sham), LTZ (1 mg/kg), HSP (100 mg/kg), TAU (100 mg/kg), LTZ+HSP, and LTZ+TAU. Histopathological, gene expression, and biochemical analyses were conducted on uterine tissues and serum samples. Results LTZ caused a significant decrease in serum IL-1β, IL-6, estradiol, and FSH levels (p<0.05). It reduced SOD, CAT activities, and GSH levels while increasing tissue MDA levels. Additionally, it led to a significant increase in Bax, caspase-3, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α gene expression. HSP and TAU did not significantly alter hormone levels (p>0.05). However, HSP significantly reduced oxidative stress (p<0.05), decreased the expression of genes related to apoptosis and inflammation (p<0.05), and significantly lowered serum cytokine levels while increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Both HSP and TAU mitigated LTZ-induced cystic dilatation and hyperemia in the uterine glands. TAU did not significantly affect IL-1β and IL-6 levels or the expression of apoptosis-related genes (p>0.05). Although TAU exhibited effects similar to HSP in certain parameters, its protective efficacy was comparatively less pronounced. Conclusions The results suggest that HSP is a promising agent for mitigating LTZ-induced uterine toxicity. However, further studies with different doses and application protocols are required to more definitively elucidate the potential effects of TAU.
Open Access
Modulation of CaMKII levels in Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells under hydrogen peroxide induced stress conditions

May 5, 2025

Tugba San Erkoc, Irem Nur Gokbayrak Atay, Deniz Oztekin, Mehmet Emin Gunes, Bekir Ugur Ergur, Pinar Akan

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Objectives Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-2 (CaMKII) is a serine/threonine kinase prevalent in neuronal cells, playing a key role in memory, learning, and synaptic plasticity. Nonspecific CaMKII inhibition can prevent apoptosis in neuronal cells and reduce glutamate-induced cell death. Additionally, variations in CaMKK enzyme levels affect hemopoietic stem cell proliferation, although the effects of CaMKII on stem cell responses during stress remain unclear. This study aims to explore CaMKII’s impact on the survival and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells under stress and analyze the expression of its isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) in these conditions. Methods The study included the characterization of MSCs, followed by an evaluation of the effects of KN-93, a CaMKII inhibitor, on the viability and proliferation of stem cells both in the presence and absence of H 2 O 2 treatment. The toxicity caused by the application of 1 mM H 2 O 2 further increased by inhibitor treatment. Additionally changes in the gene expression levels of CaMKII isoforms were analyzed. Results The application of H 2 O 2 significantly decreased the total expression levels of CaMKII, with a significant reduction in the delta isoform. Furthermore, CaMKII inhibition by KN-93 increased the toxicity induced by H 2 O 2 . Viability and proliferation of stem cells were negatively impacted by the combined treatment of KN-93 and H 2 O 2 compared to H 2 O 2 alone. Conclusions Our findings provide a strong foundation to understand the response mechanisms of MSCs under stress conditions and could inform strategies for targeted stem cell therapies in oxidative stress conditions.
Open Access
Relationship between subarachnoid haemorrhage and vasospasm, platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width

May 5, 2025

Zeki Boga, Mujdat Buke, Selçuk Matyar

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Objectives The cause of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is not yet fully understood. In recent studies, the role of platelets in SAH has been investigated. However, no study has been found demonstrating the relationship between vasospasm and platelets. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between four indicators of platelet function, platelet count (PC), (10 9 /L) mean platelet volume (MPV) (fL), platelet distribution width (PDW) (%), MPV/PC, SAH and the subsequent vasospasm. Methods This study included 698 patients with cerebral aneurysms who presented with a diagnosis of SAH within 12 h of symptom onset, and a control group of 703 patients with similar demographic characteristics without aneurysms or SAH. Complete blood count tests were performed on blood samples taken from both groups, and PC, MPV, PDW and MPV/PC values were compared statistically. Results While there was no difference between the two groups in terms of PC values, MPV, PDW and MPV/PC values of the patient group were statistically higher than those of the control group (p<0.001, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). In patients who developed vasospasm, MPV value was significantly higher (p<0.01), and PDW value was significantly lower (p<0.01). Conclusions This study found that patients’ MPV, PDW and MPV/PC values increase significantly after SAH. Higher MPV and lower PDW were found in patients who developed vasospasm after SAH. These findings suggest that the same mediators released by platelets to stop bleeding in SAH may also be responsible for vasospasm.
Open Access
Comparison of lipid, liver, and renal parameters between fasting and non-fasting states in apparently healthy adults

May 5, 2025

Keddagoda Gamage Piyumi Wasana, Nayomi Deshani De Silva, Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake, Thilak Priyantha Weerarathna, Ransika Ransarani Wadasinghe

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Objectives Despite the wide acceptability of laboratory assessments during the fasting state in clinical practice, emerging evidence suggests that non-fasting testing offers a convenient alternative, especially for the estimation of lipid profile. The present study aimed to compare fasting and non-fasting lipid, liver, and renal profiles and define desirable cut-off values for the main determinants of dyslipidemia in non-fasting in apparently healthy adults. Methods A total of 485 apparently healthy adults aged between 30 and 60 years in Southern, Sri Lanka were recruited in the present cross-sectional study. Fasting lipid profile, liver, and renal parameters were estimated in the fasting and non-fasting states on the same day in the same individuals. Results Significant mean differences between non-fasting and fasting triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine were found as +0.048 mmol/L, −0.080 mmol/L, −0.213 mmol/L, +0.013 mmol/L, and −40.842 μmol/L respectively. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol (TC), non-HDL cholesterol, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea between fasting and non-fasting serum samples. Conclusions Small differences and strong correlations in lipid, liver, and renal parameters between fasting and non-fasting states revealed that the non-fasting sample could be used in the screening of healthy adults for dyslipidemia, abnormalities in the liver, and renal functions, except for the estimation of serum creatinine. The optimal cut-off values for non-fasting TC, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol were 5.33 mmol/L, 1.70 mmol/L, and 3.62 mmol/L, respectively, to diagnose dyslipidemia in apparently healthy adults.
Open Access
miR-199a-5p inhibits proliferation and migration of burn-denatured fibroblasts by targeting VEGFA in burn patients

May 5, 2025

Qinghua Wu, Wenna Li

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Objectives The skin altered by burn injury has the capacity to revert to its normal function and structure. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism behind this restoration remains unclear. This study was to examine the function of miR-199a-5p in the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts affected by burn injury. Methods The miR-199a-5p expression was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The proliferation and migration capacity of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells were measured by CCK-8 and Transwell assay. The protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinases (p-PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) were assessed via western blot assay. Results The miR-199a-5p levels were decreased in individuals with burn injuries as well as in burn-denatured HSF cells, at the same time, there was an increase in the VEGFA mRNA levels. miR-199a-5p negatively regulated VEGFA, which in turn suppressed the migration and proliferation of HSF cells. Additionally, miR-199a-5p inhibited the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling pathway through the regulation of VEGFA. Conclusions miR-199a-5p regulates proliferation and migration of burn degenerated fibroblasts by targeting VEGFA.
Open Access
Statistical insights into ethanol testing: demographic variations and laboratory performance – A core laboratory experience

April 30, 2025

Alper Gümüş, Cihan Coskun, Kamil Taha Uçar, Oğuzhan Zengi, Semih Tek, Bülent Saka, Muhammed Emin Düz, Burak Gümüş, Sümeyye Yılmaz

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Objectives This study aims to employ statistical methods to analyze 9,521 ethanol tests, performed for clinical and forensic purposes, conducted between 2020 and 2023 at Istanbul Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital. By assessing the distributions of blood ethanol values across different demographics and laboratory processes, we seek to enrich the literature and provide insights into regional alcohol consumption trends. The data will also cover test turnaround times, rejection rates, and other relevant performance metrics. Methods Ethanol test results were retrospectively reviewed, covering demographic variables such as age, gender, and positivity rates, as well as laboratory data such as blood ethanol level and test request times. Data handling involved statistical analysis to determine trends and correlations among the tested variables. The blood ethanol levels were analyzed spectrophotometrically using an enzymatic method. Results The study observed a predominance of male patients (85 %) with an average age of 32 years. Test results indicated a similar positivity rate between genders, around 16.6 % for males and 17 % for females. The concentration of blood ethanol levels is most noticeable at 100–300 mg/dl in individuals who have consumed ethanol. The test rejection rate was 2.5 %, with hemolysis being the most common cause. The total analytical error value was calculated to be 11.4 %. The analysis also revealed significant gender differences in ethanol elimination rates, with males showing a faster decline (16.8 mg/dL/h for females and 20.5 mg/dL/h for males). Conclusions Our findings underscore the importance of precise and reliable ethanol testing in medical settings, highlighting the impact of test efficiency on patient care and forensic analysis. The study reveals substantial differences in ethanol processing between genders and emphasizes improving test transport and repetition procedures. Ultimately, this research provides valuable contributions to understanding alcohol-related behaviors and enhancing laboratory testing processes in large medical facilities.
Open Access
Notoginsenoside R1 inhibits Ang II-induced VSMCs migration by upregulating Sirt1 expression

April 30, 2025

Pinghong Ming, Yongwu Xia, Yunhong Liu, Rong Zhu, Litao Pan, Ting Cai

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Objectives To investigate whether Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) inhibits angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods VSMCs migration model were established using 1 μM Ang II treatment. Subsequently, the migration VSMCs were treated with varying concentrations of NGR1 (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM), respectively. A scratch wound assay was performed to assess the migration area of VSMCs, and western blotting assay was used to evaluate the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), p38 MAPK, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, and silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) proteins. Results NGR1 inhibited Ang II-induced VSMCs migration, downregulated migration-related proteins MMP-2, MMP-9, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, while upregulating Sirt1 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, upregulation Sirt1 effectively inhibited Ang II-induced VSMCs migration and reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation proteins expression. Notably, upregulation Sirt1 also further enhanced the inhibitory effects of NGR1 on VSMCs migration and decreased MMP-2, MMP-9, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation proteins expression. Conversely, Sirt1 silencing attenuated these effects. Conclusions NGR1 inhibits Ang II-induced migration of VSMCs by upregulating Sirt1, which suppresses p38 MAPK phosphorylation, MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels. These findings suggest that NGR1 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis.
Open Access
Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary Chlamydia psittaci infection using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report and literature review

April 29, 2025

Xinying Wang, Xiaohong Wang, Ren Ren, Xiangfeng XU

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Objectives To present the clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia, review relevant literature, assess the diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in this condition, and enhance clinical understanding of the disease. Methods A case of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia treated at Tai’an Central Hospital, affiliated with Qingdao University, was analyzed. The terms “Chlamydia psittaci” and “pneumonia” were used to search PubMed for case reports published from 2019 to 2024, and 41 selected cases were summarized and analyzed. Results The patient, a 61-year-old female, was diagnosed with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia through mNGS of alveolar lavage fluid. Following treatment with levofloxacin and doxycycline, she was discharged from the hospital. A review of the literature identified 41 related cases. The primary clinical manifestations of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia included fever (100 %), cough (51.2 %), headache (17.1 %), and dyspnea (14.6 %). A history of poultry exposure was noted in 90.2 % of patients. Chest CT imaging revealed bilateral lung involvement in 10 patients (24.3 %), pleural effusion in seven patients (17.1 %), and unilateral lung inflammation in 31 patients (75.6 %). The diagnosis was achieved by mNGS in 38 patients. Most were treated with doxycycline, minocycline, or moxifloxacin, with favorable outcomes. Improvement was observed in 40 patients (97.6 %) following timely and accurate treatment. Conclusions In summary, mNGS is a primary method for detecting Chlamydia psittaci clinically. The main treatment for infections caused by this pathogen involves tetracyclines or combinations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones.
Open Access
Predictive value and clinical significance of miR-186-5p in the development of esophageal varices in cirrhosis patients

April 29, 2025

Xinbo Chen, Wei Li, Bao Wang

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Objectives Timely prediction of esophageal varices (EV) in cirrhotic patients is an effective step in the clinical management of cirrhotic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of microRNA-186-5p (miR-186-5p) a risk factor for EV in cirrhotic patients. Methods Serum miR-186-5p was detected by RT-qPCR assay. ROC curve was employed to assess the possibility of miR-186-5p in the diagnosis of cirrhosis and EV. Moreover, the pathological mechanism of miR-186-5p target genes in EV was elucidated by GO and KEGG analysis. Results miR-186-5p was downregulated in cirrhotic patients and had high diagnostic value in identifying cirrhosis. Meanwhile, miR-186-5p expression was decreased in EV patients with cirrhosis. Downregulation of miR-186-5p may sensitively predict the occurrence of EV in cirrhotic patients. Moreover, pathomechanism analysis elaborated that miR-186-5p downstream target genes were highly accumulated in regulation of mRNA processing, endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, protein serine/threonine kinase activity,and autophagy-animal. Conclusions miR-186-5p has high accuracy in predicting cirrhosis occurrence and identifying EV.
Open Access
Awareness and knowledge levels of patients regarding pre-analytical errors

April 22, 2025

Esin Avci, Sena Yeşildağ Demir, Burak Akdeniz, Neziye Topcu, Ahmet Burak Dağaşan, Hande Şenol

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Objectives Efforts to minimize pre-analytical errors remain significant in laboratory procedures. However, the existing literature has not thoroughly explored the awareness of errors that could influence the process before patients submit samples, and there is yet to be an internationally recognized standard on this matter. In this study, a set of 20 questions was posed to participants in the waiting area to assess their knowledge and awareness regarding the pre-analytical process. Methods In this study, voluntary participants were administered an awareness survey consisting of 4 open-ended and 16 multiple-choice questions. Four voluntary pollsters conducted a 20-item survey of voluntary individuals aged 18 and over who came to the blood sampling department of Pamukkale University Hospital to provide samples. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Results The average age of the 328 participants was 30 ± 14 years, with 55.9 % of them being female. 68 % of the participants responded that they knew the rules before sampling. The % of those who believed fasting would not affect the sample result was 42.7. The 89 % of the participants mostly answered “yes” to the survey’s last question, which asked, “The questions directed to me showed that there may be points I do not know about blood sample giving.” Conclusions This article, which mentions assessing awareness and knowledge levels before blood sampling, highlights the necessity for education among healthcare professionals and patients.
Open Access
Kushen herpes tincture confront senile herpes zoster by inhibiting STAT3 and EGFR

April 21, 2025

Dan Deng, Sijie Du, Ni Wen, Lingling Yang, Xiaoguo Zhang, Jinping Kang, Min You, Yuanming Bai

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Objectives The study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of Kushen Herpes Tincture in treating herpes zoster in aging people based on network pharmacology. Methods Four herbs in Kushen Herpes Tincture were screened for transdermal active ingredients by TCMSP and HERB databases. Topological Polar Surface Area (TPSA) smaller than 60 Å square (Å 2 ) was used to screen the good at cell membrane-penetrating compounds. Potential targets of compounds were gathered from TCMSP, HERB, and SwissTargetPrediction. GeneCards and DisGeNET databases were used to screen herpes zoster-related targets. The targets were analyzed for protein interactions and KEGG enrichment. Among the top 20 targets, STAT3 and EGFR were subjected to cell experiment validation. Results Kushen Herpes Tincture was predicted to act on 51 herpes zoster-related targets. These targets were retraced to 103 cell membrane-penetrating compounds. Protein interactions proposed STAT3 and EGFR as two among the top 10 targets. The key KEGG pathway contained C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. STAT3 and EGFR were upregulated in human keratinocyte and human epithelial cells after varicella-zoster virus infection, while decreased by Kushen Herpes Tincture treatment. Kushen Herpes Tincture restricted varicella-zoster virus replication in vitro . Conclusions Kushen Herpes Tincture may exert its therapeutic effect on aging herpes zoster through multi-component action on multi-targets and multi-pathways, including STAT3 and EGFR.
Open Access
Systematic review and meta-analysis of dysregulated miRNAs in patients with severe pneumonia

April 21, 2025

Chunxia Wang, Xuhui Ye, Jinmei Xu, Qiaoke Li, Mingze Sun, Jianping Yi

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A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically assess the diagnostic efficacy of miRNAs in severe pneumonia, aiming to identify valuable diagnostic markers for this critical condition. Based on the research topic, relevant search terms were carefully formulated, leading to a systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to derive the pooled area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity results. Diagnostic likelihood ratio (DLR) positive, DLR negative, diagnostic score, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated and presented by forest plots. Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate the source of heterogeneity. 12 articles (encompassing 17 tests) were deemed suitable for inclusion based on predetermined criteria. The findings revealed a sensitivity of 0.79 (95 % CI=0.73–0.84) and specificity of 0.88 (95 % CI=0.81–0.93), with an AUC of 0.89 (95 % CI=0.86–0.92). Additionally, the positive DLR was 6.82 (95 % CI=4.25–10.95), while the negative DLR stood at 0.24 (95 % CI=0.19–0.31). The overall diagnostic score reached 3.34 (95 % CI=2.82–3.86), and DOR was calculated at 28.28 (95 % CI=16.80–47.58), underscoring a robust diagnostic capability for pneumonia. Subgroup analyses suggested that the observed high heterogeneity could be attributed to variations in specimen types. Importantly, the assessment indicated no significant publication bias among the included tests. MiRNAs have high diagnostic value in severe pneumonia, demonstrating high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy.
Open Access
Serum aberrant expression of LINC00963 and its diagnostic value in carotid artery stenosis

April 4, 2025

Chen Luo, Chun Li, Xiaofeng Su, Yaping Wang

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Objectives Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) significantly impacts cerebral health. The identification of effective biomarkers for CAS and its progression is of paramount importance. The study aimed to explore a novel biomarker for diagnosing CAS and predicting its poor prognosis. Methods This study involved 109 CAS subjects and 87 healthy individuals. The LINC00963 expression of all subjects was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the diagnostic value of LINC00963 on CAS was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The association between LINC00963 and the CAS clinical indicators was assessed by the chi-square test. The occurrence of cerebral ischemic events (CIE) in CAS was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Multivariate COX regression analysis was employed to evaluate the independent prognostic factors for CAS. Results Upregulation of LINC00963 expression was observed in CAS subjects and showed a diagnostic value on CAS. The blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of CAS subjects were significantly elevated than those of healthy controls. A close association between LINC00963 expression and levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride (TG), LDL-C, and the CAS degree was revealed. CAS subjects with high expression levels of LINC00963 showed a higher incidence of CIE than CAS subjects with low LINC00963 expression. Besides, SBP, LDL-C, CAS degree, and the LINC00963 expression were independent prognostic factors for CAS. Conclusions Upregulated LINC00963 expression in CAS showed a significant diagnostic and prognostic value on CAS and could serve as the independent prognostic factor for CAS.
Open Access
The clinical significance of miR-590-3p in acute myeloid leukemia and potential regulatory mechanism based on bioinformatic prediction

March 28, 2025

Li Ma, Dongxia Qu, Xiaomeng Chi, Aiying Yang, Xin Zou

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Objectives Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) usually has a poor prognosis, and an effective prognostic marker is needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have potential as prognostic markers. Therefore, the prognostic diagnostic role and potential regulatory mechanisms of miR-590-3p in AML were investigated. Methods 113 patients with AML and 83 healthy adults were included. miR-590-3p level was detected in AML patients before and after chemotherapy and in healthy adults using qRT-PCR. Correlating miR-590-3p levels with patient clinical data was assessed through the chi-squared test. The diagnostic potential of miR-590-3p was assessed by ROC curves. Survival of patients with different expression of miR-590-3p was assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival curves. COX regression analyzed the factors influencing the poor prognosis of AML. The potential pathways of miR-590-3p in AML progression were analyzed using GO and KEGG databases. Results In AML patients, miR-590-3p is upregulated, and miR-590-3p levels were notably decreased in complete remission after treatment. miR-590-3p has a good diagnostic value for AML. Patients with high miR-590-3p expression had shorter overall survival. And miR-590-3p was an independent influencing factor of poor prognosis in AML. miR-590-3p target genes are mainly enriched in the CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis process and the PI3K-Akt. Conclusions miR-590-3p has potential as a biomarker of poor prognosis in AML patients. miR-590-3p has the potential to modulate signaling pathways during AML development.
Open Access
Clinical value of lncRNA CARMN expression in threatened abortion and its effect on cell function of HTR-8/SVneo

March 24, 2025

Wei Li, Xinyu Wu, Xuehui Wu, Rong Zhang

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Objectives Threatened abortion (TA) is a common condition in pregnant women. The role of CARMN in the onset and progression of TA is increasingly recognized as significant. However, the precise mechanisms of its influence are not yet fully understood. This study was to investigate the clinical value of CARMN in TA patients and the mechanism of action that may influence TA. Methods This study included 105 patients aged 22–38 years old, 6–8 weeks pregnant and with early TA of single pregnancy. In addition, 63 healthy women of the same age group who were 6–8 weeks pregnant were included as controls. qRT-PCR was employed to assess the expression levels of CARMN and miR-515-5p. The clinical diagnostic utility of CARMN in patients with TA and the predictive value of CARMN in pregnancy outcome of TA patients were analyzed using ROC curve methodology. Cell viability in HTR-8/SVneo cells was measured utilizing a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) kit. Apoptosis rates were quantified through flow cytometry. Cell migration was investigated using a transwell assay. Results The level of serum CARMN decreased and miR-515-5p increased in patients with TA. CARMN could predict pregnancy outcomes in patients with TA. Functionally, CARMN enhanced the viability and migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells by regulating the expression of miR-515-5p, while inhibiting apoptosis. Conclusions LncRNA CARMN may serve as a diagnostic marker for TA and participate in the progression of TA by regulating the expression of miR-515-5p.
Open Access
Establishing continuous reference intervals for liver function analytes using fractional polynomial regression

February 20, 2025

Didem Derici Yıldırım, Şenay Balcı Fidancı, Merve Türkegün Şengül, M. Burak Y. Çimen, Lülüfer Tamer

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Objectives Reference intervals (RIs) play a crucial role in contemporary healthcare by providing critical support for clinical decision-making. RI calculation methods have certain limitations. They cannot capture age-related variations in laboratory values and non-linear relations between variables. Therefore, alternative methods that preserve the continuous type of age and consider non-linear relations must be explored. This study aimed to suggest an alternative method, namely, fractional polynomial (FP) regression models, to overcome these limitations and estimate the reference limits based on this method for ALT and AST markers. Methods This retrospective study is conducted on a large hospital database to establish continuous age and sex-specific RIs for ALT and AST in a Turkish population. The study included 4,386 and 2,834 individuals for ALT and AST, respectively, aged 18–92 years. FP models and a non-parametric approach are used to calculate RIs. Results For AST in females, a linear model indicated the relationship between age and AST in females (p=0.673). However, more complex models (m0=4) were explored for female ALT values. After several comparisons, the FP3 model was chosen as the best fit (p=0.098). For male ALT and AST, FP analysis showed no significant age-related effects (p=0.679 and p=0.507, respectively). Therefore, traditional non-parametric methods were used to calculate RIs. Conclusions Compared with discrete RIs, continuous RIs are more accurate. Laboratories should determine RIs that reflect their population. Future research could explore the application of FP models in the pediatric population.
Open Access
Progression in the study of protective effect of microRNAs against sevoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction and potential mechanisms

December 6, 2024

Jun Chen, Lin-Yan Li, Bo-Ya Zhang, Hui-Jie Ma, Shuo Feng, Min Li, Yin-Gui Sun

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As one of the volatile anaesthetic drugs commonly used in clinical anaesthesia, sevoflurane is extensively used in general anaesthesia surgery because of its rapid induction, hemodynamic stability, and rapid metabolism. However, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is the most prevalent complications of its clinical application. Neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis are currently believed to be the primary mechanisms responsible for the development of cognitive dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can negatively regulate the expression of target genes, thereby influencing neurological and cognitive processes. Therefore, the effects and potential mechanisms of miRNAs on cognitive function may provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of sevoflurane-induced POCD, a topic of intense research interest at the moment. The mechanisms involved in sevoflurane-induced POCD, the regulation of miRNAs expression by sevoflurane, and the effects of miRNAs on target genes and downstream signalling pathways were reviewed in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of miRNAs on cognitive function.
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Acid phosphatases from the breadfruit Artocarpus communis seeds as novel plant phosphorylating biocatalysts

September 4, 2019

Hubert Kouassi Konan, Michel Djary Koffi, Desire Yapi Assoi Yapi, Lucien Patrice Kouame

Article number: 20170108

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Objective Investigation on the phosphotransferase activity of two non-specific acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) designated as AP1 and AP2, previously isolated from breadfruit ( Artocarpus communis ) seeds for further biotechnological and industrial applications. Methods Transphosphorylation reactions were tested with sodium pyrophosphate as the phosphoryl donor and phenol as its acceptor. Transfer products were quantified by using high performance liquid chromatography. Results The two acid phosphatases were able to catalyze phosphoconjugates synthesis using pyrophosphate as the phosphoryl donor and phenol as acceptor. The optimal conditions of transphosphorylation reactions indicated that this synthesis was highly dependent on pH, temperature, time course, donor and acceptor concentrations and enzyme amount. A very short period (1.25 h) was observed for these synthesis reactions catalyzed by acid phosphatases isolated from breadfruit ( Artocarpus communis ) seeds. This suggested energy saving during biotransformation processes. The high average yields of 84.20 and 66.78% obtained for AP1 and AP2, respectively, made them useful to phosphorylate a wide range of nucleophile compounds such as nucleotides often used as food additives and pharmaceutical intermediates. Conclusion The acid phosphatase AP1 would be the most promising on the basis the better synthesis product yield (84.20%). The two biocatalysts could be considered as new valuable tools for bioprocesses.

XXXI Meeting of Balkan Clinical Laboratory Federation 35th National Biochemistry Congress 28 October - 1 November 2024, Antalya, Türkiye

2nd National Nutrition and Metabolism Symposium 2023

Issue 2

Issue s2

VIII. Turkey in vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Symposia: Preclinical Models 29 Kasım - 1 Aralık 2023 Izmir

Issue s1

International Biochemistry Congress 2023 34th National Biochemistry Congress 29 October - 1 November 2023, Fethiye, Türkiye

Issue 1

Issue s4

I.International Nutrition and Metabolism Symposia 16-17 December 2022 Istanbul

Issue s3

IN MEMORY OF PROF GUNES T. YUREGIR 2nd KAHRAMANMARAS BI0CHEMISTRY DAYS

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TBS International Biochemistry Congress 2022 - 33rd National Biochemistry Congress

Issue 6

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VII. Türkiye in vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Symposia: Inflammation 27-29 April 2022 Izmir

TBS International Biochemistry Congress 2021 - 32nd National Biochemistry Congress

Issue s1

3rd International Cancer and Ion channels Congress 2021

XXXI National Congress of The Turkish Biochemical Society 2020

Issue 6

Issue s1

V. Turkey in vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Symposium: Health Biotechnology

XXVII. Balkan Clinical Laboratory Federation Meeting BCLF 2019, XXX. National Congress of the Turkish Biochemical Society TBS 2019

Workshop on PhD Supervision in Biomedicine and Health Sciences: ORPHEUS Perspective

Issue s5

TBS International Biochemistry Congress 2018, 29th National Biochemistry Congress

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TBD-BD Preanalytic Phase Symposium 2018

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FEBS Workshop on Molecular Life Sciences: Training Tomorrow's Scientists

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III. Turkey in vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Symposium Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Biomarkers From Diagnostic To Therapy

Insulin Resistance Symposium | in vitro Diagnostic Biomarkers Symposium

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International Biochemical Congress 2017 | 28th National Biochemistry Congress

1st International Cell Death Research Congress-Turkey: Abstract Issue

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TBS Biochemical Days: Abstract Issue

Journal Impact Factor	0.7	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	0.7	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.13	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
CiteScore	1.3	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.230	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.328	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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EDITOR IN CHIEF
Doğan Yücel, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE

VICE EDITORS
Aylin Sepici Dinçel, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Merve Sibel Güngören, Duzen Lab., Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Güneş Özhan, İzmir Institute of Technology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gulbahce Campus, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Oytun Portakal, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Mehmet Şeneş, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Muhittin Serdar, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE

ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sedat Abuşoğlu, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, TÜRKIYE
Hamit Hakan Alp, Department of Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Van, TÜRKIYE
Sreeparna Banerjee, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Burak Barut, KTÜ Eczacılık Fakültesi, Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi Pharmacy, Trabzon, TÜRKIYE
Tülin Bayrak, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, TÜRKIYE
Murat Bolayırlı, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cerrahpaşa İstanbul University, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE
Abdurrahman Coşkun, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, İstanbul,TÜRKIYE
Özlem Dalmızrak, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC
Birsen Can Demirdöğen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Halef Okan Doğan, Tıp fakültesi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sivas, TÜRKIYE
Perinur Bozaykut Eker, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, TÜRKIYE
Suat Erdoğan, Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, TÜRKIYE
Uzay Görmüş, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SWEDEN
Gürcan Günaydın, Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Semra Koçtürk, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Işıl Aksan Kurnaz, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, TÜRKIYE
Melek Özkan, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, TÜRKIYE
Ebru Saatçi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TÜRKIYE
Alaattin Şen, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, TÜRKIYE
Çağdaş Son, Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Deniz İlhan Topçu, Biochemistry Laboratory, Baskent University, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Serenay Elgün Ülkar, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Ali Ünlü, Medical Biochemistry, Selcuk Universitesi, Konya, TÜRKIYE
Hamdi Uysal, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
İlhan Yaylım, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE
Fatma Meriç Yılmaz, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Meral Yüksel, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Marmara University, Istanbul, TÜRKIYE

STATISTICS EDITORS
Erdal Coşgun, Microsoft Genomics Research Group, Redmond, WA, USA
Sevilay Karahan, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Jale Karakaya, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE

TECHNICAL EDITORS
Serkan Bolat, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, TÜRKİYE
Gizem Yılmaz Çalık, Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Tokat Zile State Hospital, Tokat, TÜRKİYE
Merve Sibel Güngören, Duzen Lab., Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, TÜRKIYE
Duygu Şahin, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, TÜRKIYE
Emel Çolak Samsum, Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
İsmail Sarı, Department of Medical Biochemitry, Faculty of Medicine, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, TÜRKİYE
Z. Onur Uygun, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Kars, TÜRKIYE
Oğuzhan Zengi, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE

CORRESPONDENCE
Nermin Şahan, Hirfanlı Sokak 9/3 Gaziosmanpaşa 06700 Ankara, TÜRKİYE

EDITORIAL BOARD
Khosrow Adeli, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
Cezmi Akdiᶊ, University Zurich, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, SWITZERLAND
Mübeccel Akdiᶊ, University Zurich, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, SWITZERLAND
Reᶊat Apak, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University Cerrahpaºa Research Information System, İstanbul, TURKEY
Diler Aslan, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, TÜRKIYE
Anyla Bulo-Kasneci, Laboratory Department, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, ALBANIA
Elif Demirkan, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Uludağ University, Bursa, TÜRKIYE
Z. Günnur Dikmen, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TÜRKIYE
Mustafa B.A. Djamgoz, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, UNITED KINGDOM
Gökhan Hotamışlıgil, Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Healt, Boston, USA
Ivan G. Ivanov, Institute of　Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BULGARIA
Erdal Karaöz, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE
Mehmet Kesimer, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
İrfan Küfrevioğlu, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TÜRKIYE
Nada Majkic-Singh, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty and Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, SERBIA
Gülgün Oktay, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dokuz Eylül, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Yeşim Özarda, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University, Istanbul, TÜRKIYE
Tomris Özben, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, TÜRKIYE
Nazmi Özer, Faculty of Pharmacy, Girne American University, Nicosia TRNC
Mario Plebani, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
Demetrios Rizos, Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory, Aretaieio Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, GREECE
George Russev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology, Sofia, BULGARIA
Fahri Saatçioğlu, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, NORWA
Ferhan Girgin Sağın, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Aziz Sancar, Deparment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Praveen Sharma, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, INDIA
Emin Sofic, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVIA
Eser Yıldırım Sözmen, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tınaztepe University, İzmir, TÜRKIYE
Sedef Yenice, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Group Florence Nightingale Hospitals, İstanbul, TÜRKIYE

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Heike Jahnke
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eISSN:

1303-829X

Language:

English

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De Gruyter

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First published:

January 1, 1976

Publication Frequency:

6 issues per year

eISSN: 1303-829X

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researchers in chemistry, physics, engineering, pharmacology, molecular biology, biomedicine, and clinicians, addressing recipients in academic, industrial, and regulatory environments, the informed public and policymakers.

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