Impact Factor: 1.0

Zeitschrift

Frequenz

Journal of RF-Engineering and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief: Rolf Jakoby

Sprache: Englisch

Erstveröffentlichung: 1. Januar 1949

Erscheinungsweise: 12 Hefte pro Jahr

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Objective

Frequenz is one of the leading scientific and technological journals covering all aspects of RF-, Microwave-, and THz-Engineering. It is a peer-reviewed, bi-monthly published journal.

Frequenz was first published in 1947 with a circulation of 7000 copies, focusing on telecommunications. Today, the major objective of Frequenz is to highlight current research activities and development efforts in RF-, Microwave-, and THz-Engineering throughout a wide frequency spectrum ranging from radio via microwave up to THz frequencies.

RF-, Microwave-, and THz-Engineering is a very active area of Research & Development as well as of Applications in a wide variety of fields. It has been the key to enabling technologies responsible for phenomenal growth of satellite broadcasting, wireless communications, satellite and terrestrial mobile communications and navigation, high-speed THz communication systems. It will open up new technologies in communications, radar, remote sensing and imaging, in identification and localization as well as in sensors, e.g. for wireless industrial process and environmental monitoring as well as for biomedical sensing.

Topics

Theory, Modeling, Simulation, Experiments, Techniques and Technologies at RF-, Microwave-, and THz-frequencies
Material, Components and Devices: Processing, Characterization, Modeling, Realization, Integration and Proof-of-Concepts
Electromagnetics
RF-, Microwave-, and THz-Electronics
Packaging and Integration Technologies
Metamaterials, Functional and Composite Materials and Processing
Electronically- and Magnetically-controlled Materials, Components, Devices and Systems
Antennas and Propagation
Radar Technology, Remote Sensing, and Imaging
RF and Microwave Identification, Localization, and Navigation
RFIDs and Sensors
Satellite Communications and Technologies
Wireless Communications Technologies (Physical Layer)
Biomedical EM Sensors
Biomedical EM Applications: RF- and Microwave-Ablation and Theranostics
EM Diagnosis Methods and Tools

Article formats

Original research and development articles, papers addressing fundamental and application-oriented research as well as high-quality industrial developments, invited review articles, short communications and "comment-and-reply-notes" on papers already published. International Conferences and Workshops-, Joint Research Projects and Research Programs-, Special Events reports, etc.

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Novel N-way reconfigurable power divider with switchable paths and adjustable frequency

25. August 2025

Wen Tao Li, Suiteng Zhang, Haoran Zhang, Chu Feng Hu, Yong Qiang Hei

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A new N -way reconfigurable power divider with path switching and frequency tuning functions is proposed. The divider successfully realizes flexible path switching and frequency adjustment by using the innovative design of PIN diodes, reconfigurable parallel coupling lines and reconfigurable short-circuit branches. By dynamically adjusting the state of the PIN diode, the port connection and disconnection functions can be realized, and an advanced isolation network is introduced to ensure excellent port isolation performance during port switching. In addition, by embedding a varactor diode ( C v 2 ) between the coupling lines of the input port, the impedance matching during port switching is effectively guaranteed. Furthermore, by loading a reconfigurable short-circuit branch containing a varactor diode ( C v 1 ) on one side of the input port coupling line, the frequency adjustment function is realized. Finally, N transmission modes with 2 N − 1 operating states can be realized. For verification, a four-way reconfigurable power divider is designed and fabricated, and 15 states of four transmission modes of the power divider are realized, each state enabling frequency tuning capability. The results facilitate the potential application of the proposed power divider in wireless communication systems.
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Dual band half mode SIW filter loaded with CSRR and modified T-shaped slots for X & K bands applications

23. Juli 2025

Raheleh Basiri, Taha Raoufi, Ehsan Zareian-Jahromi

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In this manuscript, a dualband bandpass filter is designed and fabricated in X and K frequency bands. The proposed filter is implemented based on the half mode substrate integrated waveguide technology. Two resonant slots and a complementary split ring resonator are etched on the top metallic layer of the proposed structure. Therefore, the proposed filter can be easily integrated to other lateral components. Moreover, an efficient method is presented to extract the equivalent circuit model of the dual band filter. The proposed model is investigated in four separate stages to considerably reduce the encountered complexity. A theoretical background is utilized to provide the primary values of the circuit elements. These circuit elements are further modified using an optimization algorithm to provide best matching with full wave simulations. Finally, the designed filter is fabricated to validate the simulation and equivalent circuit results. The operational frequencies and fractional bandwidths of the dual band filter are 9.9 GHz/48 % and 20.75 GHz/20 %, respectively. The simulation, measurements, and equivalent circuit results are in good agreement together.
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An embroidered spoof surface plasmon polariton transmission line for wearable wireless body area networks based on Minkowski fractal structure

26. Juni 2025

Chu-qi Gong, Zhi Chen, Wang Xu, Lin Li

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This paper proposes an embroidered SSPP TL (spoof surface plasmon polariton transmission line) based on a Minkowski fractal geometric structure. Theoretical analysis indicates that transmission lines with Minkowski fractal structures exhibit lower dispersion cutoff frequencies compared to conventional transmission lines. Additionally, the dispersion characteristics of fractal transmission lines can be adjusted by varying the indentation depth and iteration count of the fractal design. Based on this concept, both a conventional transmission line and a fractal transmission line were fabricated. Test results show that the dispersion cutoff frequency of the fractal transmission line is 31 % lower than that of a conventional transmission line of the same width. Measurements conducted on different body parts, combined with SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) analysis, further demonstrate that the proposed transmission line can be safely and efficiently applied in human-body wearable systems.
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High aperture efficiency millimeter-wave Fabry–Perot cavity MIMO antenna using unprinted and printed dielectric superstrates for n257 band 5G applications

26. Juni 2025

Priyank Mishra, Saptarshi Ghosh

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This paper presents a Fabry–Perot cavity-backed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for millimeter-wave (n257 band) 5G applications. The proposed design comprises three orthogonally placed rectangular patch antenna elements printed on a single substrate, complemented by three different variants of partial reflecting surfaces (PRSs) used as superstrates. The inclusion of the PRS significantly enhances the antenna gain at the operating frequency 28 GHz, starting from 7.21 dBi (without PRS) to 12.24 dBi (with unprinted PRS), and further to 12.74 dBi (with double-sided printed PRS). The orthogonal placement of antenna elements enables high inter-port isolation without requiring additional decoupling structures, and results in a compact form factor (1.4 λ 0 × 2.7 λ 0 , where λ 0 is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz). Furthermore, the design achieves high aperture efficiencies of 87.9 % and 91.5 % for the unprinted and printed superstrate configurations, respectively. Both variants of the MIMO antenna are fabricated and experimentally validated, with results confirming that all key performance parameters fall within desirable limits, thereby making the proposed antenna a strong candidate for advanced 5G applications.
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Improving wireless data efficiency through the development of terahertz antennas with unique photonic crystal air holes

12. Juni 2025

Pandian Ramanathan, Sathish Kumar Danasegaran, Lalithakumari Swaminathan, Rajalakshmi Gopalakrishnan, Neeththi Aadithiya Balakrishnan

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Two important performance measures in wireless communication are data rate and bandwidth. It is necessary to adjust wireless technology to achieve the highest possible data rate. Terahertz (THz) frequency is increasingly being used in a variety of applications because to its non-ionizing properties. THz technology can achieve high data rates of up to Tera bits per second (Tbps). The proposed antenna incorporates THz technology as well as a photonic crystal (PhC) structure to improve antenna performance. This work introduces a unique Double Pie Drilled Patch antenna (DPDPA) and investigates its characteristics using the antenna tool. This study optimizes the suggested antennas by adjusting the PhC air hole shapes, lattice value, and hole dimensions. The optimized DPDPA based on the rectangular air hole PhC model, produces −78.41 dB return loss (RL), 1.0002 VSWR, and 23.5 dBi gain at 2.10 THz frequency. Delivering a rapid data rate in wireless connections and other diverse streams is aided by the suggested patch antenna.
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DGS enabled compact implantable antenna with minimal SAR for biomedical applications

12. Juni 2025

Sapna B. Abdulkareem, Ramasamy Kuppusamy

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In this article, a circular compact implantable microstrip antenna is presented for bio telemetry. The proposed slotted circular patch antenna with a split ring in ground plane is constructed on dual sided Roger 6,010 with superstrate on the radiating patch leading to a volume of 33.35 mm 3 . The antenna resonates at 2.46 GHz ISM band with | S 11 | = −31.22 dB and has a gain of −37.9 dBi. According to IEEE and FCC regulations, human safety is ensured by evaluating the radiation absorption rate in the body and is considerably below the SAR threshold of 1.6 W/kg or 2 W/kg for 1 g or 10 g of body tissues. The maximum input power level for SAR limitation is 8.5 mW for 1 g and 11.5 mW for 10 gms of tissues. Homogeneous and heterogeneous body models are used for practical analysis. Antenna performance is analyzed on various body tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscle, and head phantom and validated using pork liver, heart, minced meat and with saline water. A link budget analysis is also performed for transmission coverage of the antenna using HFSS simulation and experimentally validated with LabVIEW and NI-USRP module. The findings indicate that the antenna is appropriate for implantable application for real time environment covering up to 15 m.
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A N77 band bandpass filter for 5G applications using LTCC technology with wide upper stopband

12. Juni 2025

Bowei Liu, Gang Shi, Zicheng Wang, Shanwen Hu

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A bandpass filter (BPF) designed for the 5G N77 band using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology is presented in this paper. This proposed BPF incorporates a pair of hook-shaped microstrip feeding lines (HSMFLs) on the top layer and a T-junction resonator on the second layer. In order to realize a wider upper stopband, the HSMFL is composed of a stepped-impedance variation microstrip line (SIVML) and a folded microstrip line with enhanced coupling effect at the end. With a compact structure measuring 26.85 × 12.68 × 0.20 mm 3 , which equates to 0.689 × 0.325 × 0.005 λ g 3 , the design achieves an exceptional performance profile. The proposed BPF demonstrates superior performance with an out-of-band suppression higher than 20 dB up to 3.35 f 0 , while maintaining low in-band insertion loss (IL) under 0.3 dB. The proposed BPF offers significant potential for 5G mobile communications due to its wide upper stopband, exceptional out-of-band suppression capability, low in-band IL, simple design, and compact structure.
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A wide band and high gain 3-D printed patch antenna for X-band applications

9. Juni 2025

Manasa Chinnam, Vakula Damera

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This paper presents a novel 3D-printed microstrip patch antenna designed to enhance bandwidth and gain for X-band applications. The proposed antenna features an innovative open book shape (OBS) structure formed by two triangular prism-shaped substrates symmetrically positioned above a planar substrate. The 3-D structure of the antenna increases the substrate thickness to improve the gain and bandwidth. The substrate is fabricated by employing a 3-D printing technique. Later, a copper plate is pasted on the substrate to realise the radiating patch. The proposed antenna has dimensions of 33 × 30.4 mm 2 , achieves a gain of 10.7 dBi and a return loss bandwidth of 31 %, covering the 8.2 GHz–11.3 GHz frequency range. The proposed OBS antenna demonstrates significant performance enhancements compared to existing designs, establishing it as a high-performance solution for X-band applications.
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Square octagon split ring resonator-based metamaterial absorber under S, C, X, and Ku band for absorbing and sensing application

2. Juni 2025

Shashi Kumar Ranjan, Swagatadeb Sahoo

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A square octagon split ring resonator (SOSRR) based six-band polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber (MMA) with a high effective medium ratio (EMR), and excellent absorption is proposed in this study. It can be utilized as an S, C, X, and Ku band frequency absorber and as a sensor at 3.34 GHz (S-band). A unique patch has been introduced in the proposed unit cell to achieve high polarization insensitive properties with excellent absorption of 76 %, 82 %, 92 %, 99 %, 98 %, and 98 % respectively under S, C, X, and Ku band frequency spectrum. The distinctive features of this proposed SOSRR unit cell are its simple, unique structure with a high EMR value of 11.12, and polarization-insensitive up to 90° at 3.34, 5.08, 7.95, 11.68, 14.26, and 15.89 GHz respectively. The designed MMA unit cell is fabricated on a loss FR-4 dielectric substrate with an electrical dimension of 0.089 λ 0 × 0.089 λ 0 . Measurement of absorption value for the unit cell and array structure performance verified by experiment with excellent agreement. The suggested MMA is very attractive for refractive index sensing applications due to several features, including its low profile, excellent angular stability, polarization insensitivity, sensitivity (S), quality factor (QF), and EMR value.
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A novel dual-band 90-degree coupler with harmonic suppression using open-ended stubs and spiral lines

2. Juni 2025

Saeed Gholami, Mehdi Ehsanian

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This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a small-size dual-band 90° coupler optimized for operation at 2.42 GHz and 4.9 GHz, making it suitable for applications in 5G communication systems. The proposed coupler uniquely integrates open-ended stubs and spiral lines to achieve significant harmonic suppression, effectively eliminating unwanted harmonics up to the 7th order. This makes the design highly efficient for 5G bands, where minimizing interference and maintaining signal integrity are critical. The dual-band capability of the coupler is demonstrated with minimal insertion loss, with S21 parameters of 0.3 dB at 2.42 GHz and 0.8 dB at 4.9 GHz, and acceptable coupling S31 of 0.12 dB and 1.36 dB, respectively. The design also maintains a compact footprint, occupying an overall area of just 91.2 mm 2 ( 0.009 λ g 2 $0.009\hspace{0.17em}{\lambda }_{g}^{2}$ ), making it one of the smallest couplers compared to existing designs. The fractional bandwidths (FBW) achieved are 22.72 % at 2.42 GHz and 12.93 % at 4.9 GHz, indicating robust performance across both frequency bands. The measurement results closely align with the simulated data, confirming the accuracy and effectiveness of the design approach. This work uniquely integrates open-ended stubs and spiral lines, demonstrating a novel dual-band coupler with superior harmonic suppression for 5G.
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High isolation metamaterial based MIMO antenna with modified ground for 5G millimeter-wave applications

25. März 2025

Hamid Cheribi, Arab Azrar, Azzedine Bouaraba, Fateh Benmahmoud

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In this paper, a metamaterial-based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna structure with high isolation at the N257 Band (from 26.5 to 29.5 GHz), of the 5G millimeter-wave applications is presented. A resonator structure based on a metamaterial (MTM) cell exhibiting low values of constitutive parameters and achieving a Near-Zero-Index (NZI) at the targeted frequency band is investigated by leveraging the Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) principles. This MTM cell serves as the radiating element of our proposed antenna, placed at the end of a 50 microstrip feed line. A 50 dB isolation between a two elements antenna array is achieved through an isolation technique that combines the characteristics of the MTM cell with a modified ground plane. Furthermore, our antenna exhibits desirable performance metrics, including lower Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC < 0.0007) values, high diversity gain (DG > 9.99 dB) and lower Channel Capacity Loss (CCL < 0.4 bits/s/Hz), making it a promising candidate for 5G MIMO applications in the millimeter-wave range.
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Ultra-compact half-mode substrate integrated waveguide diplexer based on evanescent-mode technique

6. März 2025

Mostafa Danaeian

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An ultra-compact diplexer using a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) structure loaded by the miniaturized metamaterial unit cell is offered in this paper. The evanescent mode technique, the half-mode technique, and the meander technique have been employed, simultaneously to miniaturize the total dimension of the proposed diplexer. In the modified metamaterial unit cell, which is called the meander complementary split-ring resonator (MCSRR) unit cell, the meander slot line is etched inside the interior space of the ring instead of the conventional slot line in the traditional complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) unit cell. Accordingly, the electrical size of the MCSRR unit cell is smaller than the conventional CSRR unit cell with the same physical size. By loading the introduced MCSRR unit cell on the HMSIW structure, a miniaturized diplexer has been designed and simulated. To verify the performance of the proposed component, the designed HMSIW-MCSRR diplexer has been fabricated and measured. A reasonable agreement between simulated and measured results has been achieved. The fractional 3-dB bandwidths of the up and down channels are 3.3 % and 2.8 % at 2.45 GHz and 3.55 GHz, respectively. The total size of the proposed diplexer is about 0.25 λ g × 0.08 λ g .

Special Issue: Electromagnetic Sensors for Life Sciences; Guest Editors: Anja Bosserhoff, Christian Damm and Ulrich Göringer

Special Issue: GeMiC 2019

Special Issue: ESSENCE

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Special Issue: Wireless 100 Gb/s and beyond, Guest Editors: Rolf Kraemer and Stefan Scholz

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Special Issue: GeMiC 2016, Guest Editor: Niels Pohl

Special Issue: Cognitive Radio, Guest editor: Rolf Kraemer

GEMIC 2012

to be implemented...

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Journal Impact Factor	1.0	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	0.9	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.21	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
CiteScore	2.5	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.252	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.467	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Manuscripts may present: theoretical and experimental studies and investigations; concepts and their realization; modeling and simulation; software and hardware solutions of scientific challenges and technological problems; composition and characterization of functional and artificial materials; macro-, micro and nano-scaled structures, devices and systems; innovative ideas and novel approaches, as well as established and emerging technologies, systems and applications
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In this journal, authors have the option to publish their article under an open access license. Open Access allows you as an author to retain copyright and share your findings with colleagues and interested parties worldwide without any restraints.
Please note that authors from institutions with which we have a transformative agreement can publish open access without paying an article processing charge (APC). More information on the eligible institutions and articles can be found under the "Funding and Support" tab here.

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Jakoby, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; E-mail: frequenz@hf.tu-darmstadt.de

Editorial Assistants
Dr. Martin Schüßler, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Eleonore Titow, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Editorial Board
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Bangert; University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
Prof. Dr. Ranjan Bose; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Damm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Prof. Ivan B. Djordjevic; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Prof. Philippe Ferrari; University of Savoy, Grenoble, France
Dr. Rüdiger Follmann; IMST GmbH, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Piotr Gas, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ingo Gaspard; Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Darmstadt), Darmstadt, Germany
Prof. Dr. Jan Hesselbarth, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Hofmann; Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Höft, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Anja Klein; Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alex Kölpin, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Kürner; Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Penirschke, THM Friedberg, Friedberg, Germany
Prof. Dr. David Pouhè; Reutlingen University (Hochschule Reutlingen), Reutlingen, Germany
Prof. Dr. Sascha Preu, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Vossiek; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Weigel; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany

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eISSN:

2191-6349

ISSN:

0016-1136

Sprache:

Englisch

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De Gruyter

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Erstveröffentlichung:

1. Januar 1949

Erscheinungsweise:

12 Hefte pro Jahr

eISSN: 2191-6349

ISSN: 0016-1136

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