An embroidered spoof surface plasmon polariton transmission line for wearable wireless body area networks based on Minkowski fractal structure

Chu-qi Gong; Zhi Chen; Wang Xu; Lin Li

doi:10.1515/freq-2025-0003

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An embroidered spoof surface plasmon polariton transmission line for wearable wireless body area networks based on Minkowski fractal structure

Chu-qi Gong , Zhi Chen , Wang Xu und Lin Li

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. Juni 2025

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Abstract

This paper proposes an embroidered SSPP TL (spoof surface plasmon polariton transmission line) based on a Minkowski fractal geometric structure. Theoretical analysis indicates that transmission lines with Minkowski fractal structures exhibit lower dispersion cutoff frequencies compared to conventional transmission lines. Additionally, the dispersion characteristics of fractal transmission lines can be adjusted by varying the indentation depth and iteration count of the fractal design. Based on this concept, both a conventional transmission line and a fractal transmission line were fabricated. Test results show that the dispersion cutoff frequency of the fractal transmission line is 31 % lower than that of a conventional transmission line of the same width. Measurements conducted on different body parts, combined with SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) analysis, further demonstrate that the proposed transmission line can be safely and efficiently applied in human-body wearable systems.

Keywords: SSPP(spoof surface plasmon polariton); Minkowski fractal geometric structure; embroidery; miniaturization

Corresponding author: Lin Li, School of Information Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, No.2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018 China, E-mail: door@zstu.edu.cn

Research ethics: Not applicable.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Author contributions: C.-Q.G.: Conceptualization, Validation, Investigation, and Initial Draft. Z.C.: Methodology, Formal analysis and Data Curation. W.X: Visualization and Project administration. L.L.: Supervision, Review and Editing.
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
Research funding: None declared.
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2025-01-09

Accepted: 2025-06-12

Published Online: 2025-06-26

Published in Print: 2025-12-17

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https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2025-0003

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

SSPP(spoof surface plasmon polariton); Minkowski fractal geometric structure; embroidery; miniaturization