A prospective controlled study on Ramadan fasting in the healthy young males in summer in Germany: effect on cytokines
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Samaneh Khoshandam Ghashang
Abstract
Short communication
During the Ramadan fasting (RF) month, participants restrict some activities during day time, particularly consumption of food and beverages. In Germany, Muslims fast about 18–19 h a day when Ramadan falls in the summer. This longer period of restriction could lead to the changes of the body physiology, anthropometric parameters and biological mediators.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-1β. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) during RF in Germany. Correlations of cytokines with anthropometric parameters were also determined.
Methods
Fifty healthy adult males were recruited and divided into two equal groups: fasting group (FG) and non-fasting group (NFG). FG was evaluated at T1: one week before, T2: mid-, T3: last days of, and T4: one week after Ramadan. The NFG were evaluated only at T1 and T3.
Results
In FG significant alterations of IL-1β was observed. Insignificant differences were found between the FG and NFG at T1 and T3 concerning the measured cytokines. Circulating IL-1β increased significantly from T2 to T4 and from T3 to T4. At T3, TNF-α was correlated significantly with anthropometric parameters such as the body weight, the skeletal muscle mass and the fat free mass, whilst IL-12 was correlated significantly with the skeletal muscle mass, the fat free mass and the body water mass at T4.
Conclusions
Significant Alterations of IL-1β during RF in FG were observed. Anthropometric parameters correlate with TNF-α and IL-12 levels during at T3 and T4, respectively.
Acknowledgment
Mr. Ali Tehrani, JD (Juris Doctor) as a native English speaker who checked this manuscript. Urfa Sofrasi-Kiliç Restaurant, Hannover, Germany for providing a free-meal voucher for participants in this study.
Research funding: None to be declared
Author contributions: SKG, CG, BN planned and designed the study. SKG, SR, IH, CG, BN wrote and gave critical input to the manuscript.
Competing of interest: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no competing of interest.
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- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- The effect of Nigella sativa on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Effect of fennel on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Raising burden of non-communicable diseases: importance of integrating Yoga and Naturopathy at primary care level
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- Hydrogen sulfide as a mediator of endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by Moringa oleifera leaf extract in mesenteric arterial beds isolated from L-NAME hypertensive rats
- Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of aqueous leaves extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) in Wistar rats
- Zingerone improves the immune responses in an animal model of breast cancer
- Evaluation of efficacy of Bombax ceiba extract and its major constituent, mangiferin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats
- Bacterial endosymbiont inhabiting Leucaena leucocephala leaves and their antioxidant and antidiabetic potential
- Ameliorative effect of morin on dutasteride-tamsulosin-induced testicular oxidative stress in rat
- The potentiation of beta-lactam and anti-bacterial activities of lipophilic constituents from Mesua ferrae leaves against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Influence of irisin on diet-induced metabolic syndrome in experimental rat model
- Modulatory effect of methanol extract of Annona muricata stem bark on mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in normal rat liver and monosodium glutamate-induced uterine hyperplasia
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- Functional status in adhesive capsulitis – yoga vs. physiotherapy: a quasi experimental study
- Okada Purifying Therapy in combination with duloxetine vs. duloxetine alone in patients with TMD and fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical study
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- Immediate effect of interscapular cupping on blood pressure, oxygen saturation, pulse rate and chest expansion in sedentary smoker students
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- Effect of lumbar stabilization exercises and thoracic mobilization with strengthening exercises on pain level, thoracic kyphosis, and functional disability in chronic low back pain
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