Nanoscratching on surfaces: the relationships between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement
-
G. Kaupp
and
M. R. Naimi-Jamal
Abstract
The relationship between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement has been investigated. Surfaces of diverse materials were nanoscratched at constant rate. Nanoindents with cube corner, Berkovich or cono-spherical indenter indicate proportionality of (normal force) ~ (normal displacement)3/2 up to considerable forces, sometimes approaching the 10 mN range, but phase transformations under pressure may change the slope. This differs from the varying Meyer exponents reported at forces higher by two to three magnitudes when applied to Vickers indenters. Nanoscratching on diverse materials consistently reveals proportionality of (lateral force) ~ (normal force)3/2. This relationship is valid for amorphous (fused quartz) and crystalline materials such as silicon, silica, strontium titanate and the polar molecular crystals of thiohydantoin and nin-hydrin with hydrogen bonds, or pure van-der-Waals crystals of tetraphenylethylene. Anisotropies of the crystals and the type of destruction (breaking covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds, or van-der-Waals interactions; abrasion, or molecular movements) do not affect the obviously universal relationship but only the proportionality factor with the dimension μN–0.5 which describes materials response to the scratching action for the particular crystal face and anisotropic direction. The new quantitative relationship is usable for the calculation of scratch work and of other quantities related to the lateral force on the basis of the new empirical constants. Both new relationships from nanoindents and nanoscratches are unified in the (lateral force) ~ (normal displacement)9/4 relationship and experimentally verified.
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© 2004 Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Challenges and interesting observations associated with feedback-controlled nanoindentation
- Nanoscratching on surfaces: the relationships between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement
- Nano-scratch testing on thin diamond-like carbon coatings for microactuators: friction, wear and elastic-plastic deformation
- Comparison of hardness and Young’s modulus by single indentation and multiple unloading indentation
- Nanomechanical characterization of Ti-base nanostructure-dendrite composite
- Surface topography and nanomechanical/tribological behaviour of ultrathin nitride films on silicon
- Viscosity of glass at high contact pressure during indentation experiments
- Dynamic indentation measurements on amorphous materials
- Technique for measuring the residual strain in strained Si/SiGe MOSFET structures using Raman spectroscopy
- Partial atomic volumes of early transition metals in A10 metal-based solid solutions
- Effects of an external electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111
- Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents
- Microstructure evolution in immiscible alloys during rapid directional solidification
- The creep performance of a sand-cast Mg–2.8 Nd–0.8 Zn–0.5 Zr–0.3 Gd alloy at 241 to 262°C
- Punch-shear tests and size effects for evaluating the shear strength of machinable ceramics
- Study of Ti–Si in situ composite processing by multi-stage eutectic solidification
- Twin-roll cast Al–Mg –Si sheet for automotive applications
- Thermodynamics and surface properties of Fe–V and Fe–Ti liquid alloys
- Personal/ Personelles
- Press/ Presse
- Books/Bücher
- Conferences / Konferenzen
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Articles Basic
- Challenges and interesting observations associated with feedback-controlled nanoindentation
- Nanoscratching on surfaces: the relationships between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement
- Nano-scratch testing on thin diamond-like carbon coatings for microactuators: friction, wear and elastic-plastic deformation
- Comparison of hardness and Young’s modulus by single indentation and multiple unloading indentation
- Nanomechanical characterization of Ti-base nanostructure-dendrite composite
- Surface topography and nanomechanical/tribological behaviour of ultrathin nitride films on silicon
- Viscosity of glass at high contact pressure during indentation experiments
- Dynamic indentation measurements on amorphous materials
- Technique for measuring the residual strain in strained Si/SiGe MOSFET structures using Raman spectroscopy
- Partial atomic volumes of early transition metals in A10 metal-based solid solutions
- Effects of an external electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111
- Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents
- Microstructure evolution in immiscible alloys during rapid directional solidification
- The creep performance of a sand-cast Mg–2.8 Nd–0.8 Zn–0.5 Zr–0.3 Gd alloy at 241 to 262°C
- Articles Applied
- Punch-shear tests and size effects for evaluating the shear strength of machinable ceramics
- Study of Ti–Si in situ composite processing by multi-stage eutectic solidification
- Twin-roll cast Al–Mg –Si sheet for automotive applications
- Thermodynamics and surface properties of Fe–V and Fe–Ti liquid alloys
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/ Personelles
- Books/Bücher
- Press/ Presse
- Conferences / Konferenzen
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Challenges and interesting observations associated with feedback-controlled nanoindentation
- Nanoscratching on surfaces: the relationships between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement
- Nano-scratch testing on thin diamond-like carbon coatings for microactuators: friction, wear and elastic-plastic deformation
- Comparison of hardness and Young’s modulus by single indentation and multiple unloading indentation
- Nanomechanical characterization of Ti-base nanostructure-dendrite composite
- Surface topography and nanomechanical/tribological behaviour of ultrathin nitride films on silicon
- Viscosity of glass at high contact pressure during indentation experiments
- Dynamic indentation measurements on amorphous materials
- Technique for measuring the residual strain in strained Si/SiGe MOSFET structures using Raman spectroscopy
- Partial atomic volumes of early transition metals in A10 metal-based solid solutions
- Effects of an external electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111
- Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents
- Microstructure evolution in immiscible alloys during rapid directional solidification
- The creep performance of a sand-cast Mg–2.8 Nd–0.8 Zn–0.5 Zr–0.3 Gd alloy at 241 to 262°C
- Punch-shear tests and size effects for evaluating the shear strength of machinable ceramics
- Study of Ti–Si in situ composite processing by multi-stage eutectic solidification
- Twin-roll cast Al–Mg –Si sheet for automotive applications
- Thermodynamics and surface properties of Fe–V and Fe–Ti liquid alloys
- Personal/ Personelles
- Press/ Presse
- Books/Bücher
- Conferences / Konferenzen
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Articles Basic
- Challenges and interesting observations associated with feedback-controlled nanoindentation
- Nanoscratching on surfaces: the relationships between lateral force, normal force and normal displacement
- Nano-scratch testing on thin diamond-like carbon coatings for microactuators: friction, wear and elastic-plastic deformation
- Comparison of hardness and Young’s modulus by single indentation and multiple unloading indentation
- Nanomechanical characterization of Ti-base nanostructure-dendrite composite
- Surface topography and nanomechanical/tribological behaviour of ultrathin nitride films on silicon
- Viscosity of glass at high contact pressure during indentation experiments
- Dynamic indentation measurements on amorphous materials
- Technique for measuring the residual strain in strained Si/SiGe MOSFET structures using Raman spectroscopy
- Partial atomic volumes of early transition metals in A10 metal-based solid solutions
- Effects of an external electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111
- Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents
- Microstructure evolution in immiscible alloys during rapid directional solidification
- The creep performance of a sand-cast Mg–2.8 Nd–0.8 Zn–0.5 Zr–0.3 Gd alloy at 241 to 262°C
- Articles Applied
- Punch-shear tests and size effects for evaluating the shear strength of machinable ceramics
- Study of Ti–Si in situ composite processing by multi-stage eutectic solidification
- Twin-roll cast Al–Mg –Si sheet for automotive applications
- Thermodynamics and surface properties of Fe–V and Fe–Ti liquid alloys
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/ Personelles
- Books/Bücher
- Press/ Presse
- Conferences / Konferenzen
