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Challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq: biochemical network and methodologies. A brief review

  • Daniele Suzete Persike ORCID logo EMAIL logo und Suad Yousif Al-Kass
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. November 2020
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Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
Aus der Zeitschrift Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation Band 41 Heft 4

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multifaceted syndrome due to its complex pathophysiology. Signals of illness include alterations in genes, proteins, cells, tissues, and organism-level physiological modifications. Specificity of sensitivity to PTSD suggests that response to trauma depend on gender and type of adverse event being experienced. Individuals diagnosed with PTSD represent a heterogeneous group, as evidenced by differences in symptoms, course, and response to treatment. It is clear that the biochemical mechanisms involved in PTSD need to be elucidated to identify specific biomarkers. A brief review of the recent literature in Pubmed was made to explore the major biochemical mechanisms involved in PTSD and the methodologies applied in the assessment of the disease. PTSD shows pre-exposure vulnerability factors in addition to trauma-induced alterations. The disease was found to be associated with dysfunctions of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity play a role in PTSD by releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine. Cortisol release from the adrenal cortex amplifies the SNS response. Cortisol levels in PTSD patients, especially women, are later reduced by a negative feedback mechanism which contributes to neuroendocrine alterations and promotes structural changes in the brain leading to PTSD. Gender differences in normal HPA responsiveness may be due to an increased vulnerability in women to PTSD. Serotonin and dopamine levels were found to be abnormal in the presence of PTSD. Mechanisms such as the induction of neuroinflammation and alterations of mitochondrial energy processing were also associated with PTSD.

Keywords: anxiety; biomarkers; diagnosis; psychosomatic disturbance; PTSD; trauma
Corresponding author: Daniele Suzete Persike, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Dohuk, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, Phone: +964 750 288 0486, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the encouragement and support given by the College of Pharmacy, University of Dohuk, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  5. Ethical approval: Not applicable.

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Received: 2020-06-04
Accepted: 2020-09-10
Published Online: 2020-11-06

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  4. Melatonin inhibits high glucose-induced ox-LDL/LDL expression and apoptosis in human umbilical endothelial cells
  5. Effects of metformin and insulin therapy regimens on postpartum oral glucose tolerance test results in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a comparative study
  6. Association of IL-33 gene rs16924159 polymorphism and recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women
  7. Greater effects of high- compared with moderate-intensity interval training on thyroid hormones in overweight/obese adolescent girls
  8. Effect of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract on oxidative stress markers and the TLR4, S100A4, Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
  9. Associations of endothelial biomarkers, nitric oxide metabolites and endothelin, with blood pressure and coronary lesions depend on cardiovascular risk and sex to mark endothelial dysfunction on the SCORE scale
  10. Association of nitric oxide synthase 3 gene rs1799983 G/T polymorphism with idiopathic asthenozoospermia in Iranian Azeri males: a case-control study
  11. Adiponectin and leptin levels in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
  12. Review Articles
  13. Association between vitamin D deficiency and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in female population: a systematic review
  14. Vitamin D and sleep duration: Is there a bidirectional relationship?
  15. Challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq: biochemical network and methodologies. A brief review
  16. Female urine incontinence: vaginal erbium laser (VEL) effectiveness and safety
  17. Breast cancer risk factors in Iran: a systematic review & meta-analysis
  18. Effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2020-0037
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
anxiety; biomarkers; diagnosis; psychosomatic disturbance; PTSD; trauma

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Letter to the Editor
  2. Evidence-based medicine is a valuable tool for a successful decision-making on risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy
  3. Original Articles
  4. Melatonin inhibits high glucose-induced ox-LDL/LDL expression and apoptosis in human umbilical endothelial cells
  5. Effects of metformin and insulin therapy regimens on postpartum oral glucose tolerance test results in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a comparative study
  6. Association of IL-33 gene rs16924159 polymorphism and recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women
  7. Greater effects of high- compared with moderate-intensity interval training on thyroid hormones in overweight/obese adolescent girls
  8. Effect of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract on oxidative stress markers and the TLR4, S100A4, Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
  9. Associations of endothelial biomarkers, nitric oxide metabolites and endothelin, with blood pressure and coronary lesions depend on cardiovascular risk and sex to mark endothelial dysfunction on the SCORE scale
  10. Association of nitric oxide synthase 3 gene rs1799983 G/T polymorphism with idiopathic asthenozoospermia in Iranian Azeri males: a case-control study
  11. Adiponectin and leptin levels in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
  12. Review Articles
  13. Association between vitamin D deficiency and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in female population: a systematic review
  14. Vitamin D and sleep duration: Is there a bidirectional relationship?
  15. Challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq: biochemical network and methodologies. A brief review
  16. Female urine incontinence: vaginal erbium laser (VEL) effectiveness and safety
  17. Breast cancer risk factors in Iran: a systematic review & meta-analysis
  18. Effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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