Orthotropic mechano-sorptive creep behavior of Chinese fir during the moisture adsorption process determined in tensile mode via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
Abstract
The orthotropic viscoelastic creep (VEC) at a constant moisture content (MC) and mechano-sorptive creep (MSC) during the adsorption process were examined for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) under tension at 20, 40, 60 and 80% relative humidity (RH) (30°C). Free swelling was performed on matched specimens based on the strain partition assumption to better understand the characteristics of the mechano-sorptive (MS) phenomenon. Expansion, elastic and time-dependent creep behaviors of radial (R) and tangential (T) specimens were affected by the MC to a higher degree than those of the longitudinal (L) specimen. A higher proportion of elastic strain in total strain was found in the L specimen as compared with transverse specimens, regardless of VEC and MSC. The RH level had a greater effect on relaxation behavior in the L specimen for MSC. According to the three tests, expansion mainly dominated the creep strain during adsorption, especially for the L specimen. The MS strain exerted more influence on transverse specimens and had less contribution to the L specimen. Moreover, under all RH isohume (RHI) conditions, the unstable state contributed to MS strain diminishing as MC approached equilibrium moisture content (EMC). A shorter adsorption time to a new equilibrium state was achieved at the expense of intensifying the unstable state of the wood cell wall.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This research was sponsored by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAFYBB2017QB005) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Funder Id: 10.13039/501100001809 (31570548).
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
References
Abe, K., Yamamoto, H. (2006) Behavior of the cellulose microfibril in shrinking woods. J. Wood Sci. 52:15–19.10.1007/s10086-005-0715-xSuche in Google Scholar
Åkerholm, M., Salmén, L. (2003) The oriented structure of lignin and its viscoelastic properties studied by static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 57:459–465.10.1515/HF.2003.069Suche in Google Scholar
Armstrong, L., Christensen, G. (1961) Influence of moisture changes on deformation of wood under stress. Nature 191:869–870.10.1038/191869a0Suche in Google Scholar
Bonarski, J.T., Kifetew, G., Olek, W. (2015) Effects of cell wall ultrastructure on the transverse shrinkage anisotropy of Scots pine wood. Holzforschung 69:501–507.10.1515/hf-2014-0075Suche in Google Scholar
Cao, J., Zhao, G. (2001) Dielectric relaxation based on adsorbed water in wood cell wall under non-equilibrium state 2. Holzforschung 55:87–92.10.1515/HF.2001.014Suche in Google Scholar
Chauhan, S.S., Aggarwal, P. (2004) Effect of moisture sorption state on transverse dimensional changes in wood. Holz. Roh. Werkst. 62:50–55.10.1007/s00107-003-0437-ySuche in Google Scholar
Engelund, E.T., Salmén, L. (2012) Tensile creep and recovery of Norway spruce influenced by temperature and moisture. Holzforschung 66:959–965.10.1515/hf-2011-0172Suche in Google Scholar
Engelund, E.T., Thygesen, L.G., Svensson, S., Hill, C.A.S. (2013) A critical discussion of the physics of wood-water interactions. Wood Sci. Technol. 47:141–161.10.1007/s00226-012-0514-7Suche in Google Scholar
Gao, Z., Huang, R., Lu, J., Chen, Z., Guo, F., Zhan, T. (2016) Sandwich compression of wood: control of creating density gradient on lumber thickness and properties of compressed wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 50:833–844.10.1007/s00226-016-0824-2Suche in Google Scholar
Gierlinger, N., Schwanninger, M., Reinecke, A., Burgert, I. (2006) Molecular changes during tensile deformation of single wood fibers followed by Raman microscopy. Biomacromolecules 7:2077–2081.10.1021/bm060236gSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Gu, H., Zink-Sharp, A., Sell, J. (2001) Hypothesis on the role of cell wall structure in differential transverse shrinkage of wood. Holz. Roh. Werkst. 59:436–442.10.1007/s001070100240Suche in Google Scholar
Hill, C.A.S., Norton, A., Newman, G. (2009) The water vapor sorption behavior of natural fibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 112:1524–1537.10.1002/app.29725Suche in Google Scholar
Hinterstoisser, B., Akerholm, M., Salmén, L. (2001) Effect of fiber orientation in dynamic FTIR study on native cellulose. Carbohyd. Res. 334:27–37.10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00167-7Suche in Google Scholar
Huang, Y. (2016) Creep behavior of wood under cyclic moisture changes: interaction between load effect and moisture effect. J. Wood Sci. 62:392–399.10.1007/s10086-016-1565-4Suche in Google Scholar
Hunt, D., Gril, J. (1996) Evidence of a physical ageing phenomenon in wood. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 15:80–82.10.1007/BF01855620Suche in Google Scholar
Kaboorani, A., Blanchet, P., Laghdir, A. (2013) A rapid method to assess viscoelastic and mechanosorptive creep in wood. Wood Fiber Sci. 45:370–382.Suche in Google Scholar
Kojima, Y., Yamamoto, H. (2004) Effect of microfibril angle on the longitudinal tensile creep behavior of wood. J. Wood Sci. 50:301–306.10.1007/s10086-003-0565-3Suche in Google Scholar
Kojima, Y., Yamamoto, H. (2005) Effect of moisture content on the longitudinal tensile creep behavior of wood. J. Wood Sci. 51:462–467.10.1007/s10086-004-0676-5Suche in Google Scholar
Krzemień, L., Strojecki, M., Wroński, S., Tarasiuk, J., Łukomski, M. (2015) Dynamic response of earlywood and latewood within annual growth ring structure of Scots pine subjected to changing relative humidity. Holzforschung 69:555–561.10.1515/hf-2014-0132Suche in Google Scholar
Morreale, M., Liga, A., Mistretta, M., Ascione, L., Mantia, F. (2015) Mechanical, thermomechanical and reprocessing behavior of green composites from biodegradable polymer and wood flour. Materials 8:7536–7548.10.3390/ma8115406Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Muszyński, L., Lagana, R., Shaler, S.M., Davids, W. (2005) Comments on the experimental methodology for determination of the hygro-mechanical properties of wood. Holzforschung 59:232–239.10.1515/HF.2005.037Suche in Google Scholar
Muszyński, L., Lagana, R., Shaler, S.M. (2006) Hygro-mechanical behavior of red spruce in tension parallel to the grain. Wood Fiber Sci. 38:155–165.Suche in Google Scholar
Navi, P., Stanzl-Tschegg, S. (2009) Micromechanics of creep and relaxation of wood. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: wood machining – micromechanics and fracture. Holzforschung 63:186–195.10.1515/HF.2009.013Suche in Google Scholar
Navi, P., Pittet, V., Plummer, C.J.G. (2002) Transient moisture effects on wood creep. Wood Sci. Technol. 36:447–462.10.1007/s00226-002-0157-1Suche in Google Scholar
Olsson, A.-M., Salmén, L. (2014) Mechano-sorptive creep in pulp fibres and paper. Wood Sci. Technol. 48:569–580.10.1007/s00226-014-0624-5Suche in Google Scholar
Peng, H., Jiang, J., Lu, J., Cao, J. (2017) Application of time-temperature superposition principle to Chinese fir orthotropic creep. J. Wood Sci. 63:455–463.10.1007/s10086-017-1635-2Suche in Google Scholar
Pentoney, R.E. (1953) Mechanisms affecting tangential vs. radial shrinkage. J. For. Prod. Res. Soc. 3:27–32.Suche in Google Scholar
Placet, V., Cisse, O., Boubakar, M.L. (2012) Influence of environmental relative humidity on the tensile and rotational behavior of hemp fibres. J. Mater. Sci. 47:3435–3446.10.1007/s10853-011-6191-3Suche in Google Scholar
Roszyk, E., Mania, P., Moliński, W. (2012) The influence of microfibril angle on creep of Scotch pine wood under tensile stress along the grains. Wood Res-Slovakia 57:347–358.Suche in Google Scholar
Roszyk, E., Kwiatkowski, T., Moliński, W. (2013) Mechanical parameters of pine wood in individual annual rings under tensile stress along the grains in dry and wet state. Wood Res-Slovakia 58:571–580.Suche in Google Scholar
Saifouni, O., Destrebecq, J.-F., Froidevaux, J., Navi, P. (2016) Experimental study of the mechanosorptive behaviour of softwood in relaxation. Wood Sci. Technol. 50:789–805.10.1007/s00226-016-0816-2Suche in Google Scholar
Salmén, L., Burgert, I. (2009) Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: wood machining – micromechanics and fracture. Holzforschung 63:121–129.10.1515/HF.2009.011Suche in Google Scholar
Salmén, L., Olsson, A.-M. (2016) Physical properties of cellulosic materials related to moisture changes. Wood Sci. Technol. 50:81–89.10.1007/s00226-015-0777-xSuche in Google Scholar
Salmén, L., Larsson, P.A. (2018) On the origin of sorption hysteresis in cellulosic materials. Carbohydr. Polym. 182:15–20.10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Salmén, L., Stevanic, J.S., Olsson, A.-M. (2016) Contribution of lignin to the strength properties in wood fibres studied by dynamic FTIR spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Holzforschung 70:1155–1163.10.1515/hf-2016-0050Suche in Google Scholar
Schulgasser, K., Witztum, A. (2015) How the relationship between density and shrinkage of wood depends on its microstructure. Wood Sci. Technol. 49:389–401.10.1007/s00226-015-0699-7Suche in Google Scholar
Skaar, C. Wood-Water Relations. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1988.10.1007/978-3-642-73683-4Suche in Google Scholar
Takahashi, C., Ishimaru, Y., Iida, I., Furuta, Y. (2005) The creep of wood destabilized by change in moisture content. Part 2: the creep behaviors of wood during and immediately after adsorption. Holzforschung 59:46–53.10.1515/HF.2005.008Suche in Google Scholar
Walker, J.C.F., Butterfield, B.G., Harris, J.M., Langrish, T.A.G., Uprichard, J.M. Primary Wood Processing. Springer Verlag, Netherlands, 2006.Suche in Google Scholar
Zhan, T., Lu, J., Jiang, J., Peng, H., Li, A., Chang, J. (2016) Viscoelastic properties of the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) during moisture sorption processes determined by harmonic tests. Materials 9:1020.10.3390/ma9121020Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhan, T., Jiang, J, Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, J. (2018a) Influence of hygrothermal condition on dynamic viscoelasticity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Part 1: moisture adsorption. Holzforschung 72:567–578.10.1515/hf-2017-0129Suche in Google Scholar
Zhan, T., Jiang, J., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, J. (2018b) Influence of hygrothermal condition on dynamic viscoelasticity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Part 2: moisture desorption. Holzforschung 72:579–588.10.1515/hf-2017-0130Suche in Google Scholar
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorials
- Editorial changes at Holzforschung
- Goodbye to Holzforschung
- Thanks to Oskar Faix
- Original Articles
- Orthotropic mechano-sorptive creep behavior of Chinese fir during the moisture adsorption process determined in tensile mode via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
- Differences in the viscoelastic properties between earlywood and latewood in the growth rings of Chinese fir as analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in the temperature range between −120°C and 120°C
- Failure conditions of solid wood on off-axis compression testing
- Effect of knots and holes on the modulus of elasticity prediction and mapping of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) veneer using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI)
- Quantification of slip planes in the stem wood of Eucalyptus grandis
- DNA barcoding authentication for the wood of eight endangered Dalbergia timber species using machine learning approaches
- Chemical analysis and antioxidant activities of bark extracts from four endemic species of Hyrcanian forests in Iran
- Isolation of natural flavoring compounds from cooperage woods by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from lauan (Shorea ssp.) plyboard prepared with kraft lignin, soy flour, gluten meal and tannin: emissions during hot pressing and from panels as a function of time
- Plasma treatment of plastic film or decorative veneer and its effects on the peel strength and curling deformation of plastic film-reinforced pliable decorative sliced veneer (PR-RP-DSV)
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorials
- Editorial changes at Holzforschung
- Goodbye to Holzforschung
- Thanks to Oskar Faix
- Original Articles
- Orthotropic mechano-sorptive creep behavior of Chinese fir during the moisture adsorption process determined in tensile mode via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
- Differences in the viscoelastic properties between earlywood and latewood in the growth rings of Chinese fir as analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in the temperature range between −120°C and 120°C
- Failure conditions of solid wood on off-axis compression testing
- Effect of knots and holes on the modulus of elasticity prediction and mapping of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) veneer using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI)
- Quantification of slip planes in the stem wood of Eucalyptus grandis
- DNA barcoding authentication for the wood of eight endangered Dalbergia timber species using machine learning approaches
- Chemical analysis and antioxidant activities of bark extracts from four endemic species of Hyrcanian forests in Iran
- Isolation of natural flavoring compounds from cooperage woods by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from lauan (Shorea ssp.) plyboard prepared with kraft lignin, soy flour, gluten meal and tannin: emissions during hot pressing and from panels as a function of time
- Plasma treatment of plastic film or decorative veneer and its effects on the peel strength and curling deformation of plastic film-reinforced pliable decorative sliced veneer (PR-RP-DSV)