Startseite Lebenswissenschaften Impact of laurel wilt on the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station
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Impact of laurel wilt on the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 7. Oktober 2024
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Florida Entomologist
Aus der Zeitschrift Florida Entomologist Band 107 Heft 1

Abstract

In late 2020, laurel wilt impacted the avocado collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station in Miami, Florida. Monitoring of the ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) community over the next 18 months suggested that the primary vector, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, was likely not responsible for spreading the fungal pathogen (Harringtonia lauricola [T.C. Harr., Fraerich & Aghayeva] Z.W. de Beer & M. Procter; Ophiostomatales). Rather, eight secondary vectors were detected in greater numbers, with Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) being the most abundant. After detection of laurel wilt, beetle numbers increased for 2–4 months, then gradually declined over the next year. This pest suppression was likely due to several countermeasures, including the prompt removal of infected trees and prophylactic macroinfusions with propiconazole fungicides. In addition, to preserve the genetic diversity of the Miami avocado germplasm, the Subtropical Horticulture Research Station is collaborating with other Agricultural Research Service facilities to establish backup collections at alternative locations free of the laurel wilt pathogen and its beetle vectors.

Resumen

A finales de 2020, la enfermedad marchitez del laurel afectó la colección de aguacates del United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station en Miami, Florida. El seguimiento de una comunidad del escarabajo ambrosíaco (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) durante los 18 meses reveló que probablemente el vector primario, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, no era el responsable de la propagación del hongo patógeno (Harringtonia lauricola [T.C. Harr., Fraerich & Aghayeva] Z.W. de Beer & M. Procter; en contraste, se detectaron, en mayor numero, ocho vectores secundarios, siendo Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) el más abundante. Después de la detección de la marchitez del laurel, durante un periodo de 2 a 4 meses, aumento el número de escarabajos y este luego disminuyó gradualmente durante el año siguiente. Esta supresión de plagas probablemente se debió a varias contramedidas, incluyendo la pronta eliminación de árboles infectados y macroinfusiones profilácticas con fungicidas de propiconazol. Además, para preservar la diversidad genética del germoplasma del aguacate de Miami, la Subtropical Horticulture Research Station está colaborando con otras instalaciones del United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service para establecer colecciones de respaldo en lugares alternativos libres del patógeno de la marchitez del laurel y sus vectores (escarabajos).

Keywords: Persea americana ; Harringtonia lauricola ; Xyleborus glabratus ; Xyleborinus saxesenii ; germplasm repository
Palabras Clave: Persea americana ; Harringtonia lauricola ; Xyleborus glabratus ; Xyleborinus saxesenii ; repositorio de germoplasma

Laurel wilt is a lethal vascular disease of trees and woody shrubs in the family Lauraceae (Fraedrich et al. 2008; Harrington et al. 2008) caused by an exotic fungus, Harringtonia lauricola (T.C. Harr., Fraerich & Aghayeva) Z.W. de Beer & M. Procter (Ophiostomatales) (previously Raffaelea lauricola (de Beer et al. 2022)). The fungus infects xylem tissue, and infected trees launch a series of defensive responses to restrict movement of H. lauricola (Castillo-Argaez et al. 2020), blocking the xylem vessels that ultimately causes systemic wilt and tree death (Hughes et al. 2015). Trees in the genus Persea including redbay, P. borbonia (L.) Spreng (Fraedrich et al. 2008; Hanula et al. 2008), swamp bay, P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg (Mayfield and Hanula 2012; Rodgers et al. 2014), silkbay, P. humilis Nash (Hughes et al. 2012), and avocado, P. americana Mill (Kendra et al. 2014) are susceptible to H. lauricola infection.

Harringtonia lauricola was introduced into the U.S.A. concurrently with the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini), a wood borer native to southeast Asia. Female X. glabratus carry H. lauricola conidia, with other symbiotic fungi, in mycangial pouches at the base of their mandibles (Fraedrich et al. 2008). During gallery excavation, females inoculate host xylem with fungal conidia that propagate forming hyphal gardens that provide nutrition for the founding female, developing larvae, and first generation teneral adults (i.e. freshly molted adults resulting from the first eggs laid) (Ploetz et al. 2017a). Laurel wilt and X. glabratus were first reported in Port Wentworth, Georgia in 2002, likely arriving on imported wood packing materials (Haack 2006; Rabaglia et al. 2006). The complex spread throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains (Bates et al. 2016; Fraedrich 2008; Gazis et al. 2022; Koch and Smith 2008; Loyd et al. 2020; Mayfield et al. 2019; Ploetz et al. 2011b; Smith et al. 2009), and is now established in 12 U.S. states (USDA Forest Service 2022). To date, laurel wilt is responsible for killing over 200,000 avocado trees in Miami-Dade county, Florida (Evans et al. 2010; Hughes et al. 2015; Mayfield et al. 2008; Mosquera et al. 2015; Ploetz et al. 2011a, 2012).

The severity of laurel wilt has not coincided with the prevalence of X. glabratus in avocado groves in Florida (Carrillo et al. 2012; Kendra et al. 2017, 2020; Menocal et al. 2018), leading researchers to conclude that native ambrosia beetles have acquired H. lauricola through lateral transfer from sympatric breeding in trees with laurel wilt (Carrillo et al. 2014; Cloonan et al. 2022; Harrington and Fraedrich 2010; Harrington et al. 2010; Ploetz et al. 2017b). This is supported by experimental studies in which H. lauricola has been recovered from the mycangia of nine ambrosia beetle species (in addition to X. glabratus) (Carrillo et al. 2014; Ploetz et al. 2017b; Saucedo et al. 2018). Of these, six species have been shown to transmit the pathogen to redbay (Carrillo et al. 2014), two species to transmit the pathogen to avocado (Carrillo et al. 2014), and one species (Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff) to survive and reproduce on a laboratory diet containing only H. lauricola (Menocal et al. 2023).

The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Clonal Germplasm Repository at the Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, Florida, maintains a collection of fruit crop accessions including avocado and 38 other taxa. The collection is evaluated for various horticultural and fruit quality traits, which are provided to stakeholders through the U.S. National Germplasm System and its Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN-global.org; Shands et al. 1989). The avocado collection consists of approximately 165 accessions including Mexican, West Indian, and Guatemalan ecotypes as well as cultivars of mixed-race origin. In the current study, we document the onset and spread of laurel wilt, and the community of bark and ambrosia beetles, present in the avocado germplasm at SHRS from 2020 to 2022.

One symptomatic avocado tree was identified in 2020 in the center of a 2-acre avocado grove, followed shortly by a second symptomatic tree on the southern border. On 12 January 2021, wood samples were taken to the Plant Diagnostic Clinic, University of Florida Tropical Research & Education Center, Homestead, which tested positive for H. lauricola. Nearly 150 trees have been lost to laurel wilt in the Florida Avocado Mapping Population (FLAMP) since 2020. Trees in the FLAMP were scouted for early symptoms and suspect trees were pruned to remove infected material. Most of these stubs produced offshoots that eventually succumbed to laurel wilt. Typical signs of ambrosia beetle activity were identified on symptomatic trees in the FLAMP. However, several trees also were found to be infected in the absence of ambrosia beetle activity suggesting natural root grafts may have spread the disease. In 2009, two P. palustris and P. borbonia were planted at the station. These trees are free from the disease so far. In January 2011, when laurel wilt was first detected in Miami-Dade county, propiconazole-containing fungicide products were prophylactically injected into selected avocado cultivars at SHRS, a strategy successful against Dutch elm disease and oak wilt (Harrington et al. 2008) and recommended by the USDA-ARS Recovery Plan for Laurel Wilt of Avocado (Ploetz et al. 2016). Initial injections into flare roots utilized pressurized tanks. In 2013 this was replaced by passive infusions using improvised IV bags connected to the base of tree trunks through tree plugs. This measure was extended to trees in the FLAMP following confirmation of laurel wilt in 2021.

Although lure-baited sticky panel traps are the most effective tool for monitoring ambrosia beetle populations in Florida (Kendra et al. 2020), standard funnel traps were used at SHRS due to ease of servicing and processing captures in liquid, given the COVID-19 pandemic induced maximum telework policies instituted in Spring 2020. Eight black Lindgren traps (8-funnel units; BioQuip; Rancho Dominguez, CA; Figure 1) were deployed in avocado plantings for 18 months from 19 November 2020 through 24 May 2022. Traps were baited with two lures obtained from Synergy Semiochemicals Corp (Delta, British Columbia, Canada): a distilled essential oil product containing 50 % (−)-α-copaene lure attractive to X. glabratus (Kendra et al. 2016a,b), and a low-concentration ethanol lure attractive to other Scolytinae, including secondary vectors of laurel wilt (Kendra et al. 2020; Miller and Rabaglia 2009). Collection cups were filled with 300 mL of an aqueous solution of 10 % propylene glycol (Low-tox antifreeze; Prestone, Danbury, Connecticut) to retain and preserve captures. Traps were serviced at regular intervals throughout the study, and captures were taken into the USDA-ARS laboratory (Miami, Florida) for processing. Specimens were examined under a dissecting microscope and, with the exception of beetles in the genus Hypothenemus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), identified to species level according to Atkinson et al. (2013), Rabaglia et al. (2006), and Smith et al. (2019). As servicing intervals varied in length, captures at each sampling were normalized to beetles/trap/week.

Figure 1: Weekly captures of bark and ambrosia beetles in an 18-month study (November 2020–May 2022) conducted in the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, Florida. Study was initiated following the introduction of laurel wilt at the station. Inset shows a Lindgren funnel trap baited with α-copaene and low-concentration ethanol lures used for beetle monitoring.
Figure 1:

Weekly captures of bark and ambrosia beetles in an 18-month study (November 2020–May 2022) conducted in the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, Florida. Study was initiated following the introduction of laurel wilt at the station. Inset shows a Lindgren funnel trap baited with α-copaene and low-concentration ethanol lures used for beetle monitoring.

Figure 1 shows the weekly beetle captures (all species combined) at each sampling date over the 18-month study. Peak numbers were captured during early 2021 (2–4 months after detection of laurel wilt at SHRS) at 25 beetles/trap/week, then steadily declined to less than 5 beetles/trap/week by early 2022. It is likely that the removal of infested trees and prophylactic fungicide injections caused this observed decrease in population levels. Summed captures of each species are presented in Table 1. Although only a single specimen of X. glabratus was captured, eight of the secondary vectors of H. lauricola were detected at higher numbers, with X. saxesenii (Ratzeburg) representing the highest abundance.

Table 1:

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) captured in the avocado collection, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, Florida (November 2020–May 2022).

Species
Subfamily Scolytinae
 Tribe Xyleborini
  Ambrosiodmus devexulus (Wood) 4
  Ambrosiodmus lecontei Hopkinsa 121
  Euwallacea perbrevis (Schedl) 2
  Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff 202
  Theoborus ricini (Eggers) 21
  Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford)a 3
  Xyleborinus gracilis (Eichhoff)a 2
  Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg)a 826
  Xyleborus affinis Eichhoffa 58
  Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoffa 13
  Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius)a 7
  Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoffa 1
  Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius)a 126
  Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) 4
 Tribe Cryphalini
  Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn) 81
  Hypothenemus spp. 2,036
 Tribe Corthylini
  Corthylus papulans Eichhoff 6
Subfamily Platypodinae
  Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius) 4

  1. aSpecies from which Harringtonia lauricola, causal agent of laurel wilt, has been isolated (Ploetz et al. 2017b).

To safeguard the avocado germplasm collection at the SHRS, scientists are backing up stock at alternative, pest- and disease-free locations. Avocado rootstock seeds are being sent to the USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease & Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, Maryland, where they are germinated and grafted onto pathogen-free budwood. This budwood is then sent to the USDA-ARS research station in Hilo, Hawaii, and grafted onto suitable rootstock or rooted for long-term back-up. These backup collections are expected to be completed within the next three to five years. Importantly, scientists at the USDA, Miami, Florida, are taking active measures to safeguard these avocado accessions from deadly diseases and extreme weather patterns using tissue culture and cryopreservation.

Corresponding author: Kevin R. Cloonan, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL 33158, USA, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Research funding: Research was funded in part by the USDA-ARS National Plant Disease Recovery System and by the Florida Avocado Administrative Committee.

  5. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2023-08-31
Accepted: 2024-06-24
Published Online: 2024-10-07

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter on behalf of the Florida Entomological Society

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Distribution and dispersal of adult spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in organically grown strawberries in Florida
  4. A comparison of the capture of non-target arthropods between control methods and monitoring traps of Anastrepha ludens in citrus agroecosystems
  5. Development of microsatellite markers for colony delineation of the invasive Asian subterranean termite (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in South Florida and Taiwan
  6. Biology and life table of Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) on three host plants
  7. Relative captures and detection of male Ceratitis capitata using a natural oil lure or trimedlure plugs
  8. Evaluation of HOOK SWD attract-and-kill on captures, emergence, and survival of Drosophila suzukii in Florida
  9. Rearing Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) on non-target species reduces their predation efficacy on target species
  10. Response of male Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to methyl eugenol: can they be desensitized?
  11. Monitoring of coccinellid (Coleoptera) presence and syrphid (Diptera) species diversity and abundance in southern California citrus orchards: implications for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid and other citrus pests
  12. Topical treatment of adult house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), with Beauveria bassiana in combination with three entomopathogenic bacteria
  13. Laboratory evaluation of 15 entomopathogenic fungal spore formulations on the mortality of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), related drosophilids, and honeybees
  14. Effect of diatomaceous earth on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larval feeding and survival on cabbage
  15. Bioactivity of seed extracts from different genotypes of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
  16. Assessment of sugarberry as a host tree of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in southeastern USA agroecosystems
  17. The importance of multigeneration host specificity testing: rejection of a potential biocontrol agent of Nymphaea mexicana (Nymphaeaceae) in South Africa
  18. Endophytic potential of entomopathogenic fungi associated with Urochloa ruziziensis (Poaceae) for spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control
  19. The first complete mitogenome sequence of a biological control agent, Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
  20. Exploring the potential of Delphastus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the biological control of Bemisia tabaci MEAM 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
  21. Behavioral responses of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae) to Rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and dog hair volatiles
  22. Illustrating the current geographic distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Campeche, Mexico: a maximum entropy modeling approach
  23. New records of Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora), including three species new to North America
  24. Photuris mcavoyi (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): a new firefly from Delaware interdunal wetlands
  25. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity and synanthropy in a protected natural area and its influence zone in western Mexico
  26. Temperature-dependent development and life tables of Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
  27. Orchid bee collects herbicide that mimics the fragrance of its orchid mutualists
  28. Importance of wildflowers in Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) diet
  29. Bee diversity and abundance in perennial irrigated crops and adjacent habitats in central Washington state
  30. Comparison of home-made and commercial baits for trapping Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in blueberry crops
  31. Miscellaneous
  32. Dr. Charles W. O’Brien: True Pioneer in Weevil Taxonomy and Publisher
  33. Scientific Notes
  34. Nests and resin sources (including propolis) of the naturalized orchid bee Euglossa dilemma (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Florida
  35. Impact of laurel wilt on the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station
  36. Monitoring adult Delia platura (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in New York State corn fields using blue and yellow sticky cards
  37. New distribution records and host plants of two species of Hypothenemus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in mangrove ecosystems of Tamaulipas, Mexico
  38. First record of Trichogramma pretiosum parasitizing Iridopsis panopla eggs in eucalyptus in Brazil
  39. Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as an alternative host for mass rearing the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
  40. Effects of biochar on ambrosia beetle attacks on redbud and pecan container trees
  41. First report of Diatraea impersonatella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Honduras
  42. Book Reviews
  43. Kratzer, C. A.: The Cicadas of North America
https://doi.org/10.1515/flaent-2024-0047
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Persea americana; Harringtonia lauricola; Xyleborus glabratus; Xyleborinus saxesenii; germplasm repository
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Distribution and dispersal of adult spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in organically grown strawberries in Florida
  4. A comparison of the capture of non-target arthropods between control methods and monitoring traps of Anastrepha ludens in citrus agroecosystems
  5. Development of microsatellite markers for colony delineation of the invasive Asian subterranean termite (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in South Florida and Taiwan
  6. Biology and life table of Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) on three host plants
  7. Relative captures and detection of male Ceratitis capitata using a natural oil lure or trimedlure plugs
  8. Evaluation of HOOK SWD attract-and-kill on captures, emergence, and survival of Drosophila suzukii in Florida
  9. Rearing Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) on non-target species reduces their predation efficacy on target species
  10. Response of male Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to methyl eugenol: can they be desensitized?
  11. Monitoring of coccinellid (Coleoptera) presence and syrphid (Diptera) species diversity and abundance in southern California citrus orchards: implications for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid and other citrus pests
  12. Topical treatment of adult house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), with Beauveria bassiana in combination with three entomopathogenic bacteria
  13. Laboratory evaluation of 15 entomopathogenic fungal spore formulations on the mortality of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), related drosophilids, and honeybees
  14. Effect of diatomaceous earth on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larval feeding and survival on cabbage
  15. Bioactivity of seed extracts from different genotypes of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
  16. Assessment of sugarberry as a host tree of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in southeastern USA agroecosystems
  17. The importance of multigeneration host specificity testing: rejection of a potential biocontrol agent of Nymphaea mexicana (Nymphaeaceae) in South Africa
  18. Endophytic potential of entomopathogenic fungi associated with Urochloa ruziziensis (Poaceae) for spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control
  19. The first complete mitogenome sequence of a biological control agent, Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
  20. Exploring the potential of Delphastus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the biological control of Bemisia tabaci MEAM 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
  21. Behavioral responses of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae) to Rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and dog hair volatiles
  22. Illustrating the current geographic distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Campeche, Mexico: a maximum entropy modeling approach
  23. New records of Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora), including three species new to North America
  24. Photuris mcavoyi (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): a new firefly from Delaware interdunal wetlands
  25. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity and synanthropy in a protected natural area and its influence zone in western Mexico
  26. Temperature-dependent development and life tables of Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
  27. Orchid bee collects herbicide that mimics the fragrance of its orchid mutualists
  28. Importance of wildflowers in Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) diet
  29. Bee diversity and abundance in perennial irrigated crops and adjacent habitats in central Washington state
  30. Comparison of home-made and commercial baits for trapping Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in blueberry crops
  31. Miscellaneous
  32. Dr. Charles W. O’Brien: True Pioneer in Weevil Taxonomy and Publisher
  33. Scientific Notes
  34. Nests and resin sources (including propolis) of the naturalized orchid bee Euglossa dilemma (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Florida
  35. Impact of laurel wilt on the avocado germplasm collection at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station
  36. Monitoring adult Delia platura (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in New York State corn fields using blue and yellow sticky cards
  37. New distribution records and host plants of two species of Hypothenemus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in mangrove ecosystems of Tamaulipas, Mexico
  38. First record of Trichogramma pretiosum parasitizing Iridopsis panopla eggs in eucalyptus in Brazil
  39. Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as an alternative host for mass rearing the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
  40. Effects of biochar on ambrosia beetle attacks on redbud and pecan container trees
  41. First report of Diatraea impersonatella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Honduras
  42. Book Reviews
  43. Kratzer, C. A.: The Cicadas of North America
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