First signs of old-growth structure and composition of an oak forest after four decades of abandonment

References

Abrams M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. Bioscience 42: 346–353.10.2307/1311781Search in Google Scholar

Abrams M.K., Orwig D.A. & Dockry M.K. 1997. Dendroecology and successional status of two contrasting old-growth oak forests in the Blue Ridge Mountains, U.S.A. Can. J. Forest Res. 27: 994–1002.10.1139/x97-042Search in Google Scholar

Anonymus 1953–2005. Felsőtárkány állami erdő üzemterve. 1953–1963; 1963–1973; 1976–1985; 1986–2000; 1996–2005-MGSZH Heves Megyei Erdészeti Igazgatósága, Eger, Vác.Search in Google Scholar

Ammer C., Vor T., Knoke T. & Wagner S. 2010. Der Wald–Wild–Konflikt. Analyse und Lösungsansätze vor dem Hintergrund rechtlicher, ökologischer und ökonomisher Zusammenhänge. Göttinger Forstwissenschaften Band 5, Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 184 pp.10.17875/gup2010-280Search in Google Scholar

Baddeley A. & Turner R. 2005. Spatstat: An R Package for Analyzing Spatial Point Patterns. J. Statist. Software 12: 1–42.10.18637/jss.v012.i06Search in Google Scholar

Bernadzki E., Bolibok L., Brzeziecki B., Ząjaczkowski J. & Żybura H. 1998. Compositional dynamics of natural forests in the Bialowiei ża National Park, northeastern Poland. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 229–238.10.2307/3237122Search in Google Scholar

Bidló A., Gucsik A., Heil B., Illés G., Juhász P., Kovács G. & Varga Zs. 2004. Termőhelyfeltárás a Várhegy erdőrezervátum területén, Research Report, Sopron. ER Archívum (2004/D–006), Vácrátót.Search in Google Scholar

Bobiec A. 2002. Living stands and dead wood in the Bialowieza Forest: suggestions for restoration management. Forest Ecol. Manag. 165: 121–136.10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00655-7Search in Google Scholar

Bobiec A., Kuiper D.P.J., Niklasson M., Romankiewicz A. & Solecka K. 2011. Oak (Quercus robur L.) regeneration in early successional woodlands grazed by wild ungulates in the absence of livestock. Forest Ecol. Manag. 262: 780–79010.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.012Search in Google Scholar

Borhidi A. 2003. Magyarország növénytársulásai. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.10.1556/9789630597463Search in Google Scholar

Bölöni J., Molnár Zs., Biró M. & Horváth F. 2008. Distribution of the (semi-) natural habitats in Hungary II. Woodlands and shrublands. Acta Bot. Hung. 50: 107–148.10.1556/ABot.50.2008.Suppl.6Search in Google Scholar

Bölöni J., Ádám R., Aszalós R. & Ódor P. 2015. Holtfa az észak-magyarországi kezelt és felhagyott cseres–kocsánytalan tölgyesekben. In: Bölöni J. (ed.) 2015. Tanulmányok a félszáraz tölgyesek ökológiai viszonyairól. MTA Ökológiai Kutatóközpont Tanulmányai 1, MTA Ökológiai Kutatóközpont, Tihany, 61 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Bretz Guby N.A. & Dobbertin M. 1996. Quantitative estimates of coarse woody debris and standing dead trees in selected Swiss forest. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 5: 327–341.10.2307/2997588Search in Google Scholar

Busing R. 1998. Composition, structure and diversity of cove forest stands in the Great Smoky Mountains: a patch dynamics perspective. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 881–88910.2307/3237053Search in Google Scholar

Carvalho J.P.F. 2011. Composition and structure of natural mixed–oak stands in northern and central Portugal. For. Ecol. Manage. 262: 1928–1937.10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.020Search in Google Scholar

Chiavetta U., Sallustino L., Garfi V., Maesano M. & Marchetti M. 2012. Classification of the oldgrowthness of forest inventory plots with dissimilarity metrics in Italian National Parks. Eur. J. For. Res. 131: 1473–1483.10.1007/s10342-012-0616-7Search in Google Scholar

Christensen M., Hahn K., Mountford E., Ódor P., Standovár T., Rozenbergar D., Diaci J., Wijdeven S., Meyer P., Winter S. & Vrska T. 2005. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. For. Ecol. Manage. 210: 267–282.10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.032Search in Google Scholar

Collins S. & Klahr S. 1991. Tree dispersion in oak–dominated forests along an environmental gradient. Oecologia 86: 471–47710.1007/BF00318312Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Côté S.D., Rooney T.P., Tremblay J.–P., Dussault C. & Waller D.M. 2004. Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 113–147.10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725Search in Google Scholar

Council of the European Union 1992. Council directive 92/43/ EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/NOT/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043Search in Google Scholar

Csiky J. 2002. A Nógrád-Gömöri bazaltvidék flórája és vegetációja. Doctoral thesis. Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Pécs.Search in Google Scholar

Danszky I. 1972. Erdőművelés. Irányelvek, eljárások, technológiák I. Erdőfelújítás, erdőtelepítés, fásítás. Mezőgazdasági Könyvkiadó Vállalat, Budapest.Search in Google Scholar

Dodds K.J. & Smallidge P.J. 1999. Composition, vegetation, and structural characteristics of a presettlement forest in Western Maryland. Castanea 64: 337–345.Search in Google Scholar

Elliott K.J., Vose J.M., Swank W.T. & Bolstad P.V. 1999. Long-term patterns in vegetation-site relationships in a Southern Appalachian Forest. J Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 320–334.10.2307/2997316Search in Google Scholar

Faliński J.B. 1986. Vegetation dynamics in temperate lowland primeval forests, ecological studies in Białowieża Forest. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht–Lancaster.10.1007/978-94-009-4806-8Search in Google Scholar

Feist M.A., Phillippe L.R., Busemeyer D.T. & Ebinger J.E. 2004. Vegetation survey of Dean Hills Nature Preserve, Fayette County, Illinois. Castanea 69: 52–66.10.2179/0008-7475(2004)069<0052:VSODHN>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Fralish J.S., Crooks F.B., Chambers J.L. & Harty F.M. 1991. Comparison of presettlement, second-growth and old-growth forest on six site types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills. Am. Midl. Nat. 125: 294–309.10.2307/2426234Search in Google Scholar

Franklin J.F., Spies T.A., Pelt R.V., Carey A.B., Thornburgh D.A., Berg D.R., Lindenmayer D.B., Harmon M.E., Keeton W.S., Shaw D.C., Bible K. & Chen J. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas–fir forests as an example. For. Ecol. Manage. 155: 399–423.10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00575-8Search in Google Scholar

Gesztes K. 1887. Az egri érseki uradalom felsőtárkányi erdőbirtokának (A és B üzemosztály) általános leírása (1887/88). IV–415/34 Eger.Search in Google Scholar

Gilg O. 2005. Old–Growth Forests. Characteristics, conservation and monitoring. Habitat and species management. Technical report 74.Search in Google Scholar

Goebel P.C. & Hix DM. 1996. Development of mixed–oak forests in southeastern Ohio: a comparison of second–growth and old–growth forests. For. Ecol. Manage 84: 1–21.10.1016/0378-1127(96)03772-3Search in Google Scholar

Goodburn J.M. & Lorimer C.G. 1999. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods: an examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept. For. Ecol.Manage. 118: 11–29.10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00478-2Search in Google Scholar

Götmark F., Berglund Ĺ., & Wiklander K. 2005. Browsing damage on broadleaved trees in semi-natural temperate forest in Sweden with a focus on oak regeneration. Scand. J. For. Res.20: 223–234.10.1080/02827580510008383Search in Google Scholar

Halamová M., & Saniga M. 2006. Structure, production and regeneration processes in the primeval oak forest in the National Nature Reserve Boky. Folia Oecologica 33: 13–26.Search in Google Scholar

Hale C.M., Pastor J. & Rusterholz K.A. 1999. Comparison of structural and compsitional characteristics in old–growth and mature, managed forests of Minnesota. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1479–1489.10.1139/x99-076Search in Google Scholar

Hardt R.A. 1993. Characterization of oldgrowth forests in the Southern Appalachian region of the United States and implications for their management. Doctoral thesis. University of Georgia, Athens.Search in Google Scholar

Hart J.L., Clark S.L., Torreano S.J. & Buchanan M.L. 2012. Composition, structure, and dendroecology of an old–growth Quercus forest on the tablelands of the Cumberland Plateau, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 266: 11–24.10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.001Search in Google Scholar

Heilmann-Clausen J., Aude E., van Dort K., Christensen M., Piltaver A., Veerkamp M., Walleyn R., Siller I., Standovár T. & Ódor P. 2014. Communities of wood-inhabiting bryophytes and fungi on dead beech logs in Europe – reflecting substrate quality or shaped by climate and forest conditions? J. Biogeogr. 41: 2269–228210.1111/jbi.12388Search in Google Scholar

Hilbert J. & Wiensczyk A. 2007. Old-growth definitions and management: a literature review. BC J. Ecosyst. Manage. 8: 15–31.10.22230/jem.2007v8n1a360Search in Google Scholar

Horánszky A. 1964. Die Wälder des Szentendre-Visegráder Gebirges. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.Search in Google Scholar

Horváth F., Bidló A., Heil B., Király G., Kovács G., Mányoki G., Mázsa K., Tanács E., Veperdi G. & Bölöni J. 2012. Abandonment status and long–term monitoring of strict forest reserves in the Pannonian biogeographical region. Plant Biosyst. 146: 189–200.10.1080/11263504.2011.650728Search in Google Scholar

Isépy I. 1970. Phytozönologische Untersuchungen und Vegetationskartierung im södöstlichen Vértes–Gebirge. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 16: 59–110.Search in Google Scholar

Janik D., Adam D., Hort L., Král K., Šamonil P., Unar P., Vrška T. & Horal D. 2013. Spatiotemporal differences in tree spatial patterns between alluvial hardwood and mountain fir-beech forests: do characteristic patterns exist? J. Veg. Sci. 24: 1141–1153.10.1111/jvs.12018Search in Google Scholar

Király G. 2001. A Fertőmelléki-dombsor vegetációja. Tilia 10: 181–303.Search in Google Scholar

Koop H. & Hilgen P. 1987. Forest dynamics and regeneration mosaic shifts in unexploited beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands at Fontainebleau (France). For. Ecol. Manage. 20: 135–150.10.1016/0378-1127(87)90155-1Search in Google Scholar

Korpeľ Š. 1995. Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart-Jena-New York.Search in Google Scholar

Kotroczó Zs., Veres Zs., Fekete I., Papp M. & Tóth J.A. 2012. Effects of Climate Change on Litter Production in a Quercetum petraeae–cerris Forest in Hungary. Acta Sil. Lign. Hungar. 8: 31–38.10.2478/v10303-012-0003-6Search in Google Scholar

Kovács G. 2005. Holtfa-felmérés a felsőtárkányi Vár-hegy erdőrezervátum területén. MSc Thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Kun A. 2000. Összehasonlító vizsgálatok a hárshegyi homokkő növénytakaróján. Tilia 9: 60–127.Search in Google Scholar

Latham R.E. & Ricklefs R.E. 1993. Continental comparisons of temperate–zone tree species diversity, pp. 294–314. In: Ricklefs R.E. & Schluter D. (eds), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities; University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Search in Google Scholar

Lin Y. & Augspurger C.K. 2008. Long–term spatial dynamics of Acer saccharum during a population explosion in an old–growth remnant forest in Illinois. For. Ecol. Manage. 256: 922–928.10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.051Search in Google Scholar

Lombardi F., Lasserre B., Tognetti R. & Marchetti M. 2008. Deadwood in relation to stand management and forest type in Central Apennines (Molise, Italy). Ecosystems 11: 882–894.10.1007/s10021-008-9167-7Search in Google Scholar

Lorimer C.G. 1984. Development of the red maple understory in northeastern oak forests. Forest Sci. 30: 3–22.Search in Google Scholar

Mázsa K., Balázs B., Bölöni J. & Horváth F. 2013. Strict Forest Reserve Research in the Margin of the Carpathians, the Várhegy Case Study, pp. 257–269 In: Kozak J., Ostapowicz K., Bytnerowicz A. & Wyżga B. (eds), The Carpathians: Integrating Nature and Society Towards Sustainability. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-12725-0_19Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy B.C. & Bailey D.R. 1996. Composition, Structure, and Disturbance History of Crabtree Woods: An Old–Growth Forest of Western Maryland. B Torrey Bot. Club 123: 350–365.10.2307/2996783Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy B.C., Small C.J. & Rubino D.L. 2001. Composition, structure and dynamics of Dysart Woods, an old–growth mixed mesophytic forest of southeastern Ohio. For. Ecol.Manage. 140: 193–213.10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00280-2Search in Google Scholar

Mikan C.J., Orwig D.A. & Abrams M.D. 1994. Age structure and successional dynamics of a presettlement-origin chestnut oak forest in the Pennsylvania Piedmont. B Torrey Bot. Club 121: 13–23.10.2307/2996880Search in Google Scholar

Nilsson S.G., Niklasson M., Hedin J., Aronsson G., Gutowski J.M., Linder P., Ljungberg H., Mikusiński G. & Ranius H. 2002. Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 161: 189–204.10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00480-7Search in Google Scholar

Ódor P., Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Aude E., van Dort K.W., Piltaver A., Siller I., Veerkamp M.T., Walleyn R., Standovár T., van Hees A.F.M., Kosec J., Matočec N., Kraigher H. & Grebenc T. 2006. Diversity of dead wood inhabiting fungi and bryophytes in semi–natural beech forests in Europe. Biol. Conserv. 131: 58–71.10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.004Search in Google Scholar

Old Growth Definition Task Force 1986. Interim definitions for old-growth Douglas–fir and mixed conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest and California. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW–447.Search in Google Scholar

Oliver C.D. & Larson B.C. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. Wiley, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Pallardy S.G. Nigh T.A. & Garrett H.E. 1988. Changes in forest composition in central Missouri: 1968–1982. Am. Midl. Nat. 120: 380–390.10.2307/2426010Search in Google Scholar

Papp M. & Jakucs P. 1976. Phytozönologische Characterisierung des Quercetum petraeae-cerris-Waldes des Forschungsgebeits “Síkfőkut Project” und seiner Umgebund. Acta Biol. Debrec. 13: 109–119.Search in Google Scholar

Parviainen J. 2005. Virgin and natural forest in the temperate zone of Europe, pp. 9–19. In: Cammermot B. (ed.), Natural Forests in the Temperate Zone of Europe: biological, social and economic aspects; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf Haupt, Berne, Stuttgart, Vienna.Search in Google Scholar

Peterken G.F. 1996. Natural woodland: ecology and conservation in northern temperate regions. Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar

Petritan A.M., Nuske R.S., Petritan I.C. & Tudose N.C. 2013. Gap disturbance patterns in an old–growth sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) – European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest remnant in the Carpathian Mountains, Romania. For. Ecol. Manage. 308: 67–75.10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.045Search in Google Scholar

Petritan I.C., Marzano R., Petritan A.M. & Lingua E. 2014. Overstory succession in a mixed Quercus petraea–Fagus sylvatica old growth forest revealed through the spatial pattern of competition and mortality. For. Ecol. Manage. 326: 9–17.10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.017Search in Google Scholar

Petritan A.M., Biris I.A., Merce O., Turcu D.O. & Petritan I.C. 2012. Structure and diversity of a natural temperate sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) – European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 280: 140–149.10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.007Search in Google Scholar

Piovesan G., Di Filippo A., Alessandrini A., Biondi F. & Schirone B. 2005. Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old–growth Fagus forest in the Apennines. J. Veg. Sci. 16: 13–28.10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0013:SDADOA]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team, 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.orgSearch in Google Scholar

Rahman M.M., Frank G., Ruprech H. & Vacik H. 2008. Structure of coarse woody debris in Lange-Leitn Natural Forest Reserve, Austria. J. For. Sci. 54: 161–169.10.17221/3102-JFSSearch in Google Scholar

Reif A. & Gärtner S. 2007. Die natürliche Verjüngung der laubabwerfenden Eichen-arten Stieleiche (Quercus robur L.) und Traubeneiche (Quercus petraea Liebl.) – eine Literaturstudie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Waldweide Zusammenfassung. Waldoekologie Online. 5: 79–116.Search in Google Scholar

Ripley B.D. 1976. The second–order analysis of stationary point processes. J. Appl. Probab. 13: 255–266.10.1017/S0021900200094328Search in Google Scholar

Roleček J. 2005. Vegetation types of dry-mesic oak forests in Slovakia. Preslia, Praha 77: 241–261.Search in Google Scholar

Rouvinen S. & Kuuluvainen T. 2005. Tree diameter distributions in natural and managed old Pinus sylvestris–dominated forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 208: 45–61.10.1016/j.foreco.2004.11.021Search in Google Scholar

Saniga M. & Shütz J.P. 2002. Relation of dead wood course within the development cycle of selected virgin forests in Slovakia. J. For. Sci. 48: 513–528.10.17221/11920-JFSSearch in Google Scholar

Saniga M., Balanda M., Kucbel S. & Pittner J. 2014. Four decades of forest succession in the oak-dominated forest reserves in Slovakia. iForest 7: 324–332.10.3832/ifor0996-007Search in Google Scholar

Shifley S.R., Brookshire B.L., Larsen D.R. & Herbeck L.A. 1997. Snags and down wood in Missouri old–growth and mature second–growth forests. North. J. Appl. Forest. 14: 165–172.10.1093/njaf/14.4.165Search in Google Scholar

Shifley S.R., Roovers L.M., Jensen R.G. & Larsen D.R. 2000. Composition and structure of woody forest vegetation in the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project, pp. 71–106. In: Shifley S.R., Brookshire B.L. (eds), Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project: Site History, Softs, Landforms, Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation, Down Wood, and Inventory Methods for the Landscape Experiment; North Central Research Station Forest Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, Minnesota.10.2737/NC-GTR-208Search in Google Scholar

Shotola S.J., Weawer G.T., Robertson P.A. & Ashby W.C. 1992. Sugar maple invasion of an old–growth oak–hickory forest in southwestern Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 127: 125–138.10.2307/2426328Search in Google Scholar

Shumway D.L., Abrams M.D. & Ruffner C.M. 2001. A 400 year history of fire and oak recruitment in an old–growth oak forest in western Maryland, U.S.A. Can. J. Forest Res. 31: 1437–1443.10.1139/x01-079Search in Google Scholar

Signell S.A., Abrams M.D., Hovis J.C. & Henry S.W. 2005. Impact of multiple fires on stand structure and tree regeneration in central Appalachian oak forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 218: 146–158.10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.006Search in Google Scholar

Sopp L. & Kolozs L. 2000. Fatömegszámítási táblázatok. Állami Erdészeti Szolgálat, Budapest.Search in Google Scholar

Spetich M.A., Shifley S.R. & Parker G.R., 1999. Regional distribution and dynamics of coarse woody debris in midwestern old–growth forests. For. Sci. 45: 302–313.Search in Google Scholar

Standovár T. & Kenderes K. 2003. A review on natural stand dynamics in beechwoods of East Central Europe. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 1: 19–46.10.15666/aeer/01019046Search in Google Scholar

Szepesi A. 1997. Forest health status in Hungary. Environ. Poll.98: 393–398.10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00147-4Search in Google Scholar

Szollát Gy. 1989. A Gerecse-hegység cseres és molyhos-cseres tölgyeseinek cönológiai vizsgálata. Doctoral thesis. ELTE, Budapest.Search in Google Scholar

Szujkó-Lacza J. 1964. Die kalkholden und Eichen-Zerreichenwalder des Börzsöny–Gebirges. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 10:239–256.Search in Google Scholar

Vandekerkhove K., Keersmaeker L.C., Menke N., Meyer P. & Verschelde P. 2009. When nature takes over from man: Dead wood accumulation in previously managed oak and beech woodlands in North–western and Central Europe. For. Ecol. Manage. 258: 425–435.10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.055Search in Google Scholar

Veen P., Fanta J., Raev I., Biris I.A., de Smidt J. & Maes B. 2010. Virgin forests in Romania and Bulgaria: results of two national inventory projects and their implications for protection. Biodivers. Conserv. 19: 1805–1819.10.1007/s10531-010-9804-2Search in Google Scholar

Vera F.W.M. 2000. Grazing ecology and forest history. CABI, Wallingford, USA.10.1079/9780851994420.0000Search in Google Scholar

Ward J.S., Parker G.R. & Ferrandino F.J. 1996. Long–term spatial dynamics in an old-growth deciduous forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 83: 189–202.10.1016/0378-1127(96)03722-XSearch in Google Scholar

Westphal C., Tremer N., von Oheimb G., Hansen J., von Gadow K. & Härdtle W. 2006. Is the reverse J-shaped diameter distribution universally applicable in European virgin beech forests? For. Ecol. Manage. 223: 75–83.10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.057Search in Google Scholar