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The relationship between macrophyte assemblages and environmental variables in drainage and irrigation canals in Slovakia

  • Peter Baláži EMAIL logo and Richard Hrivnák
Published/Copyright: June 16, 2016
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Biologia
From the journal Biologia Volume 71 Issue 5

Abstract

Our study provides new knowledge about macrophyte assemblages and environmental variables of Slovak drainage and irrigation canals. The canal system, comprising ca. 15% of all flows in Slovakia, is one of the oldest in Central Europe. This information represents a first step toward exploitation of macrophytes as an obligatory biological quality element for the assessment of ecological potential according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Among 61 canals studied, a total of 85 aquatic plant species (35 hydrophytes, 16 amphiphytes and 34 helophytes) were recorded during the years 2012–2014, including three neophytes and 18 threatened species. Physico-chemical variables explained the highest proportion of species variability, whilst hydromorphological variables and landscape variables were much less significant. Chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, electrical conductivity, water pH, flow velocity and water depth were identified as most important drivers of species composition of aquatic macrophytes and explained 21.1% of the variability. The CCA results revealed differences in species composition of canals reflecting the geographical origin and environmental conditions as well, relating to South-Eastern and South-Western Slovakia. In conclusion, macrophytes in drainage and irrigation canals are able to reflect several environmental variables and might provide valuable information for bioindication in assessing the ecological potential.

Key words: aquatic and wetland plants; ecology-macrophyte assemblage relationships; man-made water body; Pannonian lowlands; Water Framework Directive

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the projects “Monitoring and status assessment” (Cohesion Fund Project No. 24110110001) and “Monitoring and status assessment – II. phase” (Cohesion Fund Project No. 24110110158). The authors would like to thank Dr. Dáša Hlúbiková for valuable comments and to all participants from Slovak Water Management Enterprise, who cooperated in sampling and analyzing of physico-chemical variables. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewer for having provided useful comments and suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript.

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Appendix 1 Occurrence of macrophytes in selected canals within three lowlands

All sites N = 61Danubian L. N = 34Záhorská L. N = 5East Slovak L. N = 22
Taxa listAbbrevGFCtFDFDFDFD
MACRO-ALGAL GROWTHS
Cladophora sp.CLA.SPXHY63.94.276.55.780.04.140.91.9
Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) LinkENT.INTHY4.90.38.80.6
Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) LagerhHYD.RETHY1.60.14.50.2
Oscillatoria spOSC.SPXHY1.60.12.90.1
Spirogyra spSPI.SPXHY9.80.58.80.620.00.59.10.4
VASCULAR PLANTS
Acores calamus LACO.CALHE1.60.14.50.3
Agrostis stolonifera LAGR.STOHE1.60.120.01.4
Alisma lanceolatum WithALI.LANAM6.60.38.80.44.50.2
Alisma plantago-aquatica LALI.PLAAM24.61.45.90.259.13.4
Batrachium aquatile (L.) DumortBAT.AQUHYNT, §1.60.12.90.1
Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) SpachBAT.CIRHY3.30.25.90.3
Berula erecta (Huds.) CovilleBER.EREAMLC32.82.352.93.840.01.8
Bidens frondosa LBID.FROHE14.80.85.90.331.81.7
Butomus umbellatus LBUT.UMBAMLC50.83.450.03.260.04.150.03.4
Callitriche cophocarpa SendtnCAL.COPHYLC1.60.14.50.3
Carex acuta LCAR.ACUHE31.12.338.22.880.06.09.10.6
Carex acutiformis EhrhCAR.ACTHE9.80.814.71.34.50.3
Carex buekii WimmCAR.BUEHELC1.60.12.90.1
Carex pseudocyperus LCAR.PSEHE6.60.42.90.213.60.8
Carex riparia CurtisCAR.RIPHE34.42.529.42.240.02.840.92.8
Ceratophyllum demersum LCER.DEMHY45.93.244.13.480.04.140.92.6
Ceratophyllum submersum LCER.SUBHYLC, §6.60.52.90.213.61.1
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) SolmsEIC.CRAHY3.30.29.10.5
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. et SchultELE.ACIHE1.60.14.50.2
Elodea canadensis MichxELO.CANHY1.60.12.90.2
Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. JohnELO.NUTHY13.10.720.61.04.50.3
Epilobium hirsutum LEPI.HIRHE14.80.78.80.327.31.3
Equisetum palustre LEQU.PALHE4.90.413.61.0
Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse DecrFAL.JAPHE3.30.12.90.14.50.1
Galium palustre LGAL.PALHE6.60.420.00.913.60.8
Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) HolmbGLY.MAXHE63.94.847.13.7100.07.381.86.0
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae LHYD.MORHY26.21.629.41.920.00.922.71.3
Impatiens qlandulifera RoyleIMP.GLAHE1.60.120.00.9
Impatiens noli-tangere LIMP.NOLHE1.60.14.50.2
Iris pseudacorus LIRI.PSEHE75.44.570.64.6100.05.577.34.2
Lemna gibba LLEM.GIBHY9.80.75.90.518.21.1
Lemna minor LLEM.MINHY78.75.273.55.1100.05.081.85.4
Lemna trisulca LLEM.TRIHY18.01.126.51.79.10.5
Lycopus europaeus LLYC.EURHE42.62.347.12.520.00.940.92.3
Lycopus exaltatus L. fLYC.EXAHELC6.60.48.80.64.50.3
Lysimachia nummularia LLYS.NUMHE23.01.411.80.640.01.836.42.6
Lythrum salicaria LLYT.SALHE44.32.129.41.577.33.5
Mentha aquatica LMEN.AQUAM24.61.441.22.44.50.2
Myosotis scorpioides LMYO.SCOAM55.73.764.74.060.03.240.93.2
Myosoton aquatica (L.) ScopMYO.AQUHE1.60.14.50.3
Myriophyllum spicatum LMYR.SPIHY14.81.023.51.64.50.3
Najas marina LNAJ.MARHY4.90.32.90.19.10.6
Najas minor AllNAJ.MINHYVU, §1.60.14.50.2
Nuphar lutea (L.) SmNUP.LUTHYVU, §34.42.629.41.940.03.240.93.5
Nymphaea alba LNYM.ALBHYVU11.50.811.80.820.01.49.10.7
Persicaria amphibia (L.) DelarbrePER.AMPAM4.90.22.90.140.01.4
Persicaria hydropiper LPER.HYDHE27.91.923.51.740.02.831.82.1
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) GrayPER.LAPHE4.90.22.90.19.10.4
Persicaria maculosa GrayPER.MACHE1.60.12.90.1
Phalaris arundinacea LPHA.ARUHE47.53.244.12.8100.06.040.93.2
Phellandrium aquaticum LPHE.AQUAM18.01.011.80.631.81.9
Phragmites australis (Cay.) TrinPHR.AUSHE47.53.252.93.680.04.631.82.4
Potamogeton crispus LPOT.CRIHY31.12.044.13.120.00.913.60.7
Potamogeton lucens LPOT.LUCHY3.30.25.90.3
Potamogeton natans LPOT.NATHY1.60.24.50.5
Potamogeton nodosus PoirPOT.NODHYNT14.80.911.80.660.03.79.10.6
Potamogeton panormitanus BivPOT.PANHY1.60.12.90.1
Potamogeton pectinatus LPOT.PECHY34.42.441.23.220.00.927.31.7
Potamogeton perfoliatus LPOT.PERHYNT8.20.614.71.2
Taxa listAbbrevGFCtAll sites
N = 61Danubian L
N = 34Zahorska, L. East Slovak L
N = 5N = 22
FDFDFDFD
Ranunculus repens LRAN.REPHE31.12.032.42.020.00.931.82.3
Ranunculus sceleratus LRAN.SCEHE8.20.414.70.7
Rorippa amphibia (L.) BesserROR.AMPAM9.80.58.80.360.03.2
Rumex hydrolapathum HudsRUM.HYDHE29.51.629.41.340.02.327.31.8
Rumex maritimus LRUM.MARHE9.80.511.80.79.10.4
Sagittaria sagittifolia LSAG.SAGAMLC19.71.211.80.660.03.722.71.5
Salvinia natans (L.) AllSAL.NATHYLC, §13.10.617.60.99.10.4
Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) PallaSCH.LACAM9.80.511.80.89.10.3
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontaniSCH.TABHENT1.60.12.90.1
(C.C.Gmel) Palla
Sium latifolium LSIU.LATAM1.60.12.90.1
Sparganium emersum RehmannSPA.EMEAM32.82.432.42.380.06.022.71.7
Sparganium erectum LSPA.EREAM19.71.98.81.020.01.436.43.4
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) SchleidenSPI.POLHY45.92.444.12.460.02.845.52.5
Stratiotes aloides LSTR.ALOHYNT, §1.60.24.50.5
Symphytum officinale LSYM.OFFHE18.00.917.60.922.71.1
Trapa natans LTRA.NATHYLC, §4.90.313.60.8
Typha angustifolia LTYP.ANGHE32.81.932.41.640.01.431.82.6
Typha latifolia LTYP.LATHE54.13.444.12.460.02.368.25.1
Utricularia australis R. BrUTR.AUSHYLC8.20.611.80.94.50.3
Veronica anagallis-aquatica LVER.ANAAM21.31.432.42.29.10.5
Zannichellia palustris LZAN.PALHY1.60.14.50.2
Number of HY/AM/HE35/15/3527/15/2711/8/1627/11/29

Legend: GF – growth form, AM – amphiphytes, HE – helophytes, HY – hydrophytes; D – dominance, F – frequency; Ct – category of threat: LC – least concern, VU – vulnerable, NT – near threatened, §– species protected in Slovakia, endangered species are in bold and neophytes are underlined.

Received: 2016-3-1
Accepted: 2016-4-22
Published Online: 2016-6-16
Published in Print: 2016-5-1

© 2016 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences

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https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0060
Keywords for this article
aquatic and wetland plants; ecology-macrophyte assemblage relationships; man-made water body; Pannonian lowlands; Water Framework Directive

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  18. Molecular characterization and alternative splicing of a MYB transcription factor gene in tumourous stem mustard and its response to abiotic stresses
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  20. First report of Gussevia asota (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae), destructive parasite of A stronotus ocellatus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Europe
  21. Zoology
  22. Response of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) to salinity stress
  23. Zoology
  24. Biodiversity of zooplankton (Rotifera and crustacea) in water soldier (Stratiotes aloides) habitats
  25. Zoology
  26. Testing for longitudinal zonation of macroinvertebrate fauna along a small upland headwater stream in two seasons
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  28. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of different plant communities in an urban environment
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  30. Seasonal activity of adult leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Orsodacnidae) occurring in Kovada Lake and Kızıldağ National Parks in Isparta province (Turkey)
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