Abstract
Accumulating studies on teachers’ instructional immediacy consistently show a strong positive correlation with teaching effectiveness. To expand the research in a bilingual and cross-cultural context, the current study investigates the construction of instructional immediacy in a natural classroom setting by theoretically anchoring on translanguaging, which refers to the idea of promoting the integration of all linguistic and nonlinguistic resources to achieve effective pedagogy with multilingual speakers. We quantified the nonverbal facial expressions to compare the teacher’s endeavours in different language modes when constructing instructional immediacy, and we used Multimodal Conversation Analysis (MCA) to examine his endeavours. The results revealed language-specific facial expressions which are attributed to varied teaching purposes. We conclude that translanguaging can serve as an effective tool for fostering instructional immediacy in multilingual classrooms.
Funding source: The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (MOE) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: A Comparative Study of Negation Processing in Chinese and English Speech Comprehension, [grant no. 21YJC740077]
References
Andersen, Janis F. 1979. Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. Annals of the International Communication Association 3(1). 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1979.11923782.Suche in Google Scholar
Baltrusaitis, Tadas, Amir Zadeh, Yao Chong Lim & Louis-Philippe Morency. 2018. Openface 2.0: Facial behavior analysis toolkit. 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/FG.2018.00019.Suche in Google Scholar
Baringer, Doreen K. & James C. McCroskey. 2000. Immediacy in the classroom: Student immediacy. Communication Education 49(2). 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520009379204.Suche in Google Scholar
Benitez-Quiroz, C. Fabian, Ronnie B. Wilbur & Aleix M. Martinez. 2016. The not face: A grammaticalization of facial expressions of emotion. Cognition 150. 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.004.Suche in Google Scholar
Brandt, Adam. 2011. The maintenance of mutual understanding in online second language talk. Unpublished Newcastle University (Newcastle) Doctoral Thesis.Suche in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian. 2001. Using the first language in the classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review 57(3). 399–423. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.57.3.402.Suche in Google Scholar
Deroo, Matthew R. & Christina Ponzio. 2019. Confronting ideologies: A discourse analysis of in-service teachers’ translanguaging stance through an ecological lens. Bilingual Research Journal 42(2). 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2019.1589604.Suche in Google Scholar
Dijkstra, Ton, Jonathan Grainger & Walter J. B. Van Heuven. 1999. Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory & Language 41. 496–518. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2654.Suche in Google Scholar
Ekman, Paul & Wallace V. Friesen. 1978. Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.10.1037/t27734-000Suche in Google Scholar
Emmorey, Karen, Jennifer A. F. Petrich & Tamar H. Gollan. 2012. Bilingual processing of ASL-English code-blends: The consequences of accessing two lexical representations simultaneously. Journal of Memory & Language 67(1). 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.04.005.Suche in Google Scholar
Fang, Fan & Yang Liu. 2020. ‘Using all English is not always meaningful’: Stakeholders’ perspectives on the use of and attitudes towards translanguaging at a Chinese university. Lingua 247. 102959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102959.Suche in Google Scholar
Frymier, Ann Bainbridge. 1994. A model of immediacy in the classroom. Communication Quarterly 42(2). 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379409369922.Suche in Google Scholar
Garcia, Ofelia & Wei Li. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan Pivot.10.1057/9781137385765_4Suche in Google Scholar
Gorham, Joan. 1988. The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning. Communication Education 37(1). 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378702.Suche in Google Scholar
Guerrero, Laura K. & Tammy A. Miller. 1998. Associations between nonverbal behaviors and initial impressions of instructor competence and course content in videotaped distance education courses. Communication Education 47(1). 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529809379108.Suche in Google Scholar
Horst, Marlise, Joanna White & Philippa Bell. 2010. First and second language knowledge in the language classroom. International Journal of Bilingualism 14(3). 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006910367848.Suche in Google Scholar
Li Wei. 2011. Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics 43(5). 1222–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.035.Suche in Google Scholar
Li, Wei. 2014. Translanguaging knowledge and identity in complementary classrooms for multilingual minority ethnic children. Classroom Discourse 5(2). 158–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2014.893896.Suche in Google Scholar
Li Wei. 2018. Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics 39(1). 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx044.Suche in Google Scholar
Li Wei. 2022. Translanguaging as method. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1(3). 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100026.Suche in Google Scholar
Li, Wei. 2023. Transformative pedagogy for inclusion and social justice through translanguaging, co-learning, and transpositioning. Language Teaching 11(1). 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444823000186.Suche in Google Scholar
McCroskey, James C., Aino Sallinen, Joan M. Fayer, Virginia P. Richmond & Robert A. Barraclough. 1996. Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation. Communication Education 45(3). 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529609379049.Suche in Google Scholar
McIntyre, Nora A., Halszka Jarodzka & Robert M. Klassen. 2019. Capturing teacher priorities: Using real-world eye-tracking to investigate expert teacher priorities across two cultures. Learning and Instruction 60(March). 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.003.Suche in Google Scholar
McIntyre, Nora A., M. Tim Mainhard & Robert M. Klassen. 2017. Are you looking to teach? Cultural, temporal and dynamic insights into expert teacher gaze. Learning and Instruction 49. 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.12.005.Suche in Google Scholar
Mcmanus, Kevin & Emma Marsden. 2019. Signatures of automaticity during practice: Explicit instruction about L1 processing routines can improve L2 grammatical processing. Applied Psycholinguistics 40(1). 205–234. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000553.Suche in Google Scholar
Mehrabian, Albert. 1969. Some referents and measures of nonverbal behavior. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1(6). 203–207. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03208096.Suche in Google Scholar
Plax, Timothy G., Patricia Kearney, James C. McCroskey & Virginia P. Richmond. 1986. Power in the classroom vi: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning. Communication Education 35(1). 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528609388318.Suche in Google Scholar
Rychlowska, Magdalena, Yuri Miyamoto, David Matsumoto, Ursula Hess, Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, Shanmukh Kamble, Hamdi Muluk, Takahiko Masuda & Paula Marie Niedenthal. 2015. Heterogeneity of long-history migration explains cultural differences in reports of emotional expressivity and the functions of smiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(19). E2429–E2436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413661112.Suche in Google Scholar
Sathik, Mohamed & Sofia G. Jonathan. 2013. Effect of facial expressions on student’s comprehension recognition in virtual educational environments. SpringerPlus 2(1). 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-455.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. 2023. Multimodal conversation analysis and interpretative phenomenological analysis: A methodological framework for researching translanguaging in multilingual classrooms. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781003351047Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. 2024. A translanguaging perspective on teacher contingency in Hong Kong English medium instruction history classrooms. Applied Linguistics 45(2). 207–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac039.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Adam Brandt. 2018. Creating an imaginary context: Teacher’s use of embodied enactments in addressing learner initiatives in a beginner-level adult ESOL classroom. Classroom Discourse 9(3). 244–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2018.1496345.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Wei Li. 2020. Bringing the outside in: Connecting students’ out-of-school knowledge and experience through translanguaging in Hong Kong English medium instruction mathematics classes. System 95. 102364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102364.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Wei Li. 2023. Embodied enactment of a hypothetical scenario in an English medium instruction secondary mathematics classroom: A translanguaging approach. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231152858 [Epub ahead of Print].Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Wei Li. 2021a. Constructing playful talk through translanguaging in English medium instruction mathematics classrooms. Applied Linguistics 42(4). 607–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amaa043.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Wei Li. 2021b. Co-learning in Hong Kong English medium instruction mathematics secondary classrooms: A translanguaging perspective. Language & Education 35(3). 241–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2020.1837860.Suche in Google Scholar
Tai, Kevin W. H. & Chiu-Yin Wong. 2023. Empowering students through the construction of a translanguaging space in an English as a first language classroom. Applied Linguistics 44(6). 1100–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac069.Suche in Google Scholar
Tang, Chuangao, Pengfei Xu, Zuying Luo, Guoxing Zhao & Tian Zou. 2015. Automatic facial expression analysis of students in teaching environments. In Biometric Recognition: 10th Chinese Conference, CCBR 2015, Tianjin, China, November 13–15, 2015, Proceedings 10, 9428, 439–447. Springer, Cham.10.1007/978-3-319-25417-3_52Suche in Google Scholar
Weisberg, Jill, Stephen McCullough & Karen Emmorey. 2015. Simultaneous perception of a spoken and a signed language: The brain basis of ASL-English code-blends. Brain & Language 147. 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.05.006.Suche in Google Scholar
Williams, Cen. 1994. Arfarniad o Ddulliau Dysgu ac Addysgu yng Nghyd-destun Addysg Uwchradd Ddwyieithog [An evaluation of teaching and learning methods in the context of bilingual secondary education]. Unpublished University of Wales (Bangor) Doctoral Thesis.Suche in Google Scholar
Witt, Paul L., Lawrence R. Wheeless & Mike Allen. 2004. A meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning. Communication Monographs 71(2). 184–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/036452042000228054.Suche in Google Scholar
Zhou, Xingchen, Rob Jenkins & Lei Zhu. 2023. An Honest Joker reveals stereotypical beliefs about the face of deception. Scientific Reports 13(1). 16649. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43716-4.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- (Im)mobility infrastructure and the production of the linguistic precariat
- Imagination and investment: unraveling academic identity in Chinese doctoral candidates’ publishing journeys in U.S. higher education
- “As a Muslim…”: on the importance of intercultural responsibility in transnational cultural exchanges
- The role of speaker categorization in South Korean attitudes toward North Korean accents
- Translanguaging for the construction of instructional immediacy in a Mandarin–Japanese crosslinguistic class
- In search of Polish in the multilingual cityscape: analysing the urban spaces of Ealing, London
- Precarious privilege: identity (re)construction among international students returning to South Korea
- Genre effects on alignment and writing quality in the continuation task by Chinese EFL learners
- Study abroad experiences in homestay: where complexity, dynamicity, and individuality stay
- Special Issue: Cognitive, Affective and Social Dimensions of Migration; Guest Editors: Fabienne Baider and Sviatlana Karpava
- Editorial
- Cognitive, affective and social dimensions of migration
- Research Articles
- On the move: social and linguistic acculturation in a small society
- Greek Cypriot and immigrant students’ attitudes and perceptions of acculturation, ethnic identity and self-esteem in the Republic of Cyprus
- Russian-speaking immigrants’ adaptation in Canada
- First language loss effect on bilingual autobiographical memory: examining memory phenomenology
- Interaction of L1 attrition, language attitudes and identity in Lithuanian diaspora
- Language teaching in the 21st century: incorporating culturally sustaining pedagogies for social and cognitive justice in education
- Conceptualising children’s linguistic rights in formal education in Greece
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- (Im)mobility infrastructure and the production of the linguistic precariat
- Imagination and investment: unraveling academic identity in Chinese doctoral candidates’ publishing journeys in U.S. higher education
- “As a Muslim…”: on the importance of intercultural responsibility in transnational cultural exchanges
- The role of speaker categorization in South Korean attitudes toward North Korean accents
- Translanguaging for the construction of instructional immediacy in a Mandarin–Japanese crosslinguistic class
- In search of Polish in the multilingual cityscape: analysing the urban spaces of Ealing, London
- Precarious privilege: identity (re)construction among international students returning to South Korea
- Genre effects on alignment and writing quality in the continuation task by Chinese EFL learners
- Study abroad experiences in homestay: where complexity, dynamicity, and individuality stay
- Special Issue: Cognitive, Affective and Social Dimensions of Migration; Guest Editors: Fabienne Baider and Sviatlana Karpava
- Editorial
- Cognitive, affective and social dimensions of migration
- Research Articles
- On the move: social and linguistic acculturation in a small society
- Greek Cypriot and immigrant students’ attitudes and perceptions of acculturation, ethnic identity and self-esteem in the Republic of Cyprus
- Russian-speaking immigrants’ adaptation in Canada
- First language loss effect on bilingual autobiographical memory: examining memory phenomenology
- Interaction of L1 attrition, language attitudes and identity in Lithuanian diaspora
- Language teaching in the 21st century: incorporating culturally sustaining pedagogies for social and cognitive justice in education
- Conceptualising children’s linguistic rights in formal education in Greece