6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
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R. A. Ilyas
Abstract
The growing consciousness about global environmental concerns, particularly landfills, in conjunction with the rapid use of petroleum-based plastics, is a key factor behind the use of natural and biodegradable polymers in short-life applications like food packaging, container, and tray. Sugar palm stem is a biomass that has proven the potential to produce biodegradable polymers such as sugar palm starch. Nevertheless, their applications were limited due to their low tensile strength and excessive hydrophilicity. Plasticization using polyols, reinforcement with sugar palm fiber, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or nanocellulose, blending with thermoplastic polymer, and addition of essential oils has been used to maximize the functional qualities of the starch biopolymer. As the content of plasticizers grew, the glass transition temperature and water absorption ability decreased. Furthermore, the addition of sugar palm nanocellulose to sugar palm starch improves the performances of sugar palm starch-based films as a packaging material. Addition of essential oil contributes to antibacterial properties and slightly improved tensile strength of the film. A comprehensive understanding on the interaction of starch-based biodegradable polymer and nanocellulose constituents for enhancing the physico-chemical properties of starch-based films is prerequisite for researchers in the design of industrial products with enhanced functional attributes. To address the knowledge gap, more studies including the reinforcement of new types of biodegradable polymer and nanocellulose derived from natural sources should be conducted in order to continually populate the database for research purposes.
Abstract
The growing consciousness about global environmental concerns, particularly landfills, in conjunction with the rapid use of petroleum-based plastics, is a key factor behind the use of natural and biodegradable polymers in short-life applications like food packaging, container, and tray. Sugar palm stem is a biomass that has proven the potential to produce biodegradable polymers such as sugar palm starch. Nevertheless, their applications were limited due to their low tensile strength and excessive hydrophilicity. Plasticization using polyols, reinforcement with sugar palm fiber, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or nanocellulose, blending with thermoplastic polymer, and addition of essential oils has been used to maximize the functional qualities of the starch biopolymer. As the content of plasticizers grew, the glass transition temperature and water absorption ability decreased. Furthermore, the addition of sugar palm nanocellulose to sugar palm starch improves the performances of sugar palm starch-based films as a packaging material. Addition of essential oil contributes to antibacterial properties and slightly improved tensile strength of the film. A comprehensive understanding on the interaction of starch-based biodegradable polymer and nanocellulose constituents for enhancing the physico-chemical properties of starch-based films is prerequisite for researchers in the design of industrial products with enhanced functional attributes. To address the knowledge gap, more studies including the reinforcement of new types of biodegradable polymer and nanocellulose derived from natural sources should be conducted in order to continually populate the database for research purposes.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
