8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments
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Abstract
The concerning issue regarding petrochemical plastic wastes had prompted scientists and researchers to develop biodegradable plastic in effort to tackle environmental pollution. Alternative bioresources such as poly (lactic acid), sugar palmstarch and nanocellulose fibre were utilized in producing cheap, biodegradable and sustainable plastic with satisfactory mechanical properties for food packaging application. In this study, sugar palmcrystalline nanocellulose (SPCNC)was priorly dispersed in thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS) before melt blended with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and later compressmoulded into a sheet form. Initial biodegradation test of PLA100 and all PLA/TPS blends bionanocomposite samples indicated that PLA60TPS40 has the least variation in weight loss due to the good miscibility between TPS and PLA promoting the reinforcement of SPCNC. Greaterweight losses in seawater (17.54%), river water (18.97%) and sewerwater (22.27%) result in greater mechanical degradation as observed at the reduction of tensile strength from 12.11 MPa to 2.72 MPa in seawater, 1.48 MPa in river water and 0.40 MPa in sewer water. Similarly, higher weight losses in seawater (22.16%), river water (21.6%) and sewer water (23.09%) correlated with the reduction of flexural strength from 18.37 MPa to 3.5 MPa in seawater, 3.83 MPa in river water and 3.6 MPa in sewer water. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tensile fracture morphology demonstrated clear porous structure due to the removal of starch particles by microbial activity. The homogenous structure of PLA60TPS40 had a steady and consistent degradation,whichwholly diminished the interfacial adhesion that led to mechanical properties losses. The mechanical strength reduction clarified that the biodegradation rate within the media used might be able to resolve the excessive non-biodegradable plastic waste in open waters.
Abstract
The concerning issue regarding petrochemical plastic wastes had prompted scientists and researchers to develop biodegradable plastic in effort to tackle environmental pollution. Alternative bioresources such as poly (lactic acid), sugar palmstarch and nanocellulose fibre were utilized in producing cheap, biodegradable and sustainable plastic with satisfactory mechanical properties for food packaging application. In this study, sugar palmcrystalline nanocellulose (SPCNC)was priorly dispersed in thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS) before melt blended with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and later compressmoulded into a sheet form. Initial biodegradation test of PLA100 and all PLA/TPS blends bionanocomposite samples indicated that PLA60TPS40 has the least variation in weight loss due to the good miscibility between TPS and PLA promoting the reinforcement of SPCNC. Greaterweight losses in seawater (17.54%), river water (18.97%) and sewerwater (22.27%) result in greater mechanical degradation as observed at the reduction of tensile strength from 12.11 MPa to 2.72 MPa in seawater, 1.48 MPa in river water and 0.40 MPa in sewer water. Similarly, higher weight losses in seawater (22.16%), river water (21.6%) and sewer water (23.09%) correlated with the reduction of flexural strength from 18.37 MPa to 3.5 MPa in seawater, 3.83 MPa in river water and 3.6 MPa in sewer water. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tensile fracture morphology demonstrated clear porous structure due to the removal of starch particles by microbial activity. The homogenous structure of PLA60TPS40 had a steady and consistent degradation,whichwholly diminished the interfacial adhesion that led to mechanical properties losses. The mechanical strength reduction clarified that the biodegradation rate within the media used might be able to resolve the excessive non-biodegradable plastic waste in open waters.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
