12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
Abstract
Recent researchers are keen on developing alternative bioplastic materials from renewable and eco-friendly sources to replace the materials obtained from crude oil and other petroleum-based sources. The measures for these replacements have been made continuously to create a sustainable future for the forthcoming generations. Researchers are focusing on bio-based alternatives due to their numerous benefits, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and structural flexibility. The main problem on the current bio-based material such as poly lactic acid, poly butylene succinate and poly L lactide, polyhydroxybuturate, and polyhydroxyalkalonates is the cost of production. Compare with cassava starch, the cost is much cheaper around 0.32 $/kg compare with other bio-based will cost around 1.2-2.4 $/kg. Conversion of biomass into useful materials has been the order of the day, as it reduces the cost of inventory and aims to develop a nature-derived material. The development of nanocomposites from biological sources has progressively experimented with the researchers and the deriving of polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen has aided the development of nanobiocomposites. Corn starch has been the dominant bioplastic material derived out of corn which can handle a variety of reinforcements and render a biocomposite material with better and enhanced properties. Cassava starch is the most economic and cheap polysaccharide derived from the cassava plant and has a greater potential to act as biopolymer material for the development of biocomposites. The development of cassava starch-based biocomposite film was widely used for a wide range of applications mainly for food packaging applications. This review focuses on the extraction, preparation, and properties of cassava starch from cassava plants. The properties of the cassava starch and its composites were also comprehensively dealt with. The development of biocomposite films based on cassava starch for food packaging applications has been reviewed along with the challenges associated with it.
Abstract
Recent researchers are keen on developing alternative bioplastic materials from renewable and eco-friendly sources to replace the materials obtained from crude oil and other petroleum-based sources. The measures for these replacements have been made continuously to create a sustainable future for the forthcoming generations. Researchers are focusing on bio-based alternatives due to their numerous benefits, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and structural flexibility. The main problem on the current bio-based material such as poly lactic acid, poly butylene succinate and poly L lactide, polyhydroxybuturate, and polyhydroxyalkalonates is the cost of production. Compare with cassava starch, the cost is much cheaper around 0.32 $/kg compare with other bio-based will cost around 1.2-2.4 $/kg. Conversion of biomass into useful materials has been the order of the day, as it reduces the cost of inventory and aims to develop a nature-derived material. The development of nanocomposites from biological sources has progressively experimented with the researchers and the deriving of polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen has aided the development of nanobiocomposites. Corn starch has been the dominant bioplastic material derived out of corn which can handle a variety of reinforcements and render a biocomposite material with better and enhanced properties. Cassava starch is the most economic and cheap polysaccharide derived from the cassava plant and has a greater potential to act as biopolymer material for the development of biocomposites. The development of cassava starch-based biocomposite film was widely used for a wide range of applications mainly for food packaging applications. This review focuses on the extraction, preparation, and properties of cassava starch from cassava plants. The properties of the cassava starch and its composites were also comprehensively dealt with. The development of biocomposite films based on cassava starch for food packaging applications has been reviewed along with the challenges associated with it.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the editors v
- Preface vii
- Contents ix
- List of contributing authors xxi
- 1 Introduction to bio-based packaging materials 1
- 2 Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials 17
- 3 Nanocellulose: from biosources to nanofiber and their applications 35
- 4 Development of nanocellulosefiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review 61
- 5 Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites 103
- 6 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 121
- 7 Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils 141
- 8 Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments 159
- 9 Araucaria Araucana thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 173
- 10 Banana starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 191
- 11 Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 213
- 12 Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 227
- 13 Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 255
- 14 Horse chestnut thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 285
- 15 Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 299
- 16 Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 317
- 17 Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 331
- 18 Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites 349
- 19 Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 373
- 20 Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose 383
- 21 Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose 401
- 22 Regulations for food packaging materials 415
- 23 Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging 439
- Index 459
