7 The applicative constructions of Mapudungun
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Fernando Zúñiga
Abstract
This chapter surveys the morphology, syntax, and semantics of the applicative constructions of Mapudungun (isolate; Chile/Argentina). The four markers addressed are the verbal suffixes -l, -nma, -tu, and -ye. With respect to syntax, the Mapudungun constructions introduce to the clausal core an argument in P role (which, given the symmetrical- voice make-up of clausal syntax in the language, appears as either a subject or an object, depending on factors unrelated to applicativization). With respect to the semantic role of the applied phrase, the markers are relatively underspecified, albeit with some tendencies: l- and nma-applicatives center around the notions of approach/benefaction and separation/malefaction, respectively, but they can also express a broader Concernee- Concern relation; tu-applicatives typically introduce Stimuli, Goals, or Patients; and ye-applicatives introduce Comitatives or Speech/Thought Topics. The marker -l also causativizes (with some complicating aspects in the allomorphy found with both processes), -nma appears on verbal/adverbial roots expressing spatial, temporal, and manner notions, and -tu and -ye also function as denominal verbalizers. The suffix -tu also has a number of other functions, including telicization and the derivation of reversionary/ repetitive forms (both of which are frequent), as well as antipassivization (which is severely restricted and infrequent).
Abstract
This chapter surveys the morphology, syntax, and semantics of the applicative constructions of Mapudungun (isolate; Chile/Argentina). The four markers addressed are the verbal suffixes -l, -nma, -tu, and -ye. With respect to syntax, the Mapudungun constructions introduce to the clausal core an argument in P role (which, given the symmetrical- voice make-up of clausal syntax in the language, appears as either a subject or an object, depending on factors unrelated to applicativization). With respect to the semantic role of the applied phrase, the markers are relatively underspecified, albeit with some tendencies: l- and nma-applicatives center around the notions of approach/benefaction and separation/malefaction, respectively, but they can also express a broader Concernee- Concern relation; tu-applicatives typically introduce Stimuli, Goals, or Patients; and ye-applicatives introduce Comitatives or Speech/Thought Topics. The marker -l also causativizes (with some complicating aspects in the allomorphy found with both processes), -nma appears on verbal/adverbial roots expressing spatial, temporal, and manner notions, and -tu and -ye also function as denominal verbalizers. The suffix -tu also has a number of other functions, including telicization and the derivation of reversionary/ repetitive forms (both of which are frequent), as well as antipassivization (which is severely restricted and infrequent).
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Purpose and Aim of the Series V
- Contents VII
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Part I: General chapters
- 1 Applicative constructions: An introductory overview 1
- 2 Questionnaire on applicative constructions 57
- 3 Languages examined or referred to in the present book 61
-
Part II: Case studies
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Individual languages
- 4 Hul’q’umi’num’ Salish applicative constructions 79
- 5 Applicatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac 115
- 6 Applicatives in Toba/Qom (Guaykuruan) 143
- 7 The applicative constructions of Mapudungun 179
- 8 Applicative constructions and non-applicative uses of applicative morphology in Tswana (Bantu) 211
- 9 Applicativization in Amharic 243
- 10 Applicative constructions in Standard Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) 279
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Areal overviews
- 11 Contact-induced diffusion of applicatives in northwestern Amazonia? 307
- 12 Applicatives in Papuan languages 347
- 13 Applicative constructions in Australian Aboriginal languages 391
- 14 Applicativizing preverbs in selected European languages 419
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Genealogical overviews
- 15 Applicatives in Northern Uto-Aztecan languages 475
- 16 Applicative constructions in Uto-Aztecan languages from Northwestern Mexico 509
- 17 Applicative constructions in the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) languages 557
- 18 Applicatives across Algonquian 601
- 19 Applicative constructions in Mayan languages: An overview with special focus on Chontal 645
- 20 Applicative constructions in two Otomanguean families: Otomi and Zapotec 679
- 21 The polyfunctional applicative *-ɪd in Bantu languages 719
- 22 B-applicatives and I-applicatives in Atlantic languages (Niger-Congo) 749
- 23 Nilotic applicatives 783
- 24 Applicative constructions in Cushitic 835
- 25 Applicative constructions in the Northwest Caucasian languages 869
- 26 Applicative constructions in Kartvelian 913
- 27 Applicative derivations in Kiranti 943
- 28 Applicative constructions in languages of western Indonesia 971
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Part III: Theoretical/Comparative outlook
- 29 Understanding applicatives 1007
- 30 Applicatives cross-linguistically: Features and distribution 1033
- 31 Applicative and related constructions: Results and perspectives 1045
- Language index 1077
- Subject index 1083
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Purpose and Aim of the Series V
- Contents VII
-
Part I: General chapters
- 1 Applicative constructions: An introductory overview 1
- 2 Questionnaire on applicative constructions 57
- 3 Languages examined or referred to in the present book 61
-
Part II: Case studies
-
Individual languages
- 4 Hul’q’umi’num’ Salish applicative constructions 79
- 5 Applicatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac 115
- 6 Applicatives in Toba/Qom (Guaykuruan) 143
- 7 The applicative constructions of Mapudungun 179
- 8 Applicative constructions and non-applicative uses of applicative morphology in Tswana (Bantu) 211
- 9 Applicativization in Amharic 243
- 10 Applicative constructions in Standard Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) 279
-
Areal overviews
- 11 Contact-induced diffusion of applicatives in northwestern Amazonia? 307
- 12 Applicatives in Papuan languages 347
- 13 Applicative constructions in Australian Aboriginal languages 391
- 14 Applicativizing preverbs in selected European languages 419
-
Genealogical overviews
- 15 Applicatives in Northern Uto-Aztecan languages 475
- 16 Applicative constructions in Uto-Aztecan languages from Northwestern Mexico 509
- 17 Applicative constructions in the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) languages 557
- 18 Applicatives across Algonquian 601
- 19 Applicative constructions in Mayan languages: An overview with special focus on Chontal 645
- 20 Applicative constructions in two Otomanguean families: Otomi and Zapotec 679
- 21 The polyfunctional applicative *-ɪd in Bantu languages 719
- 22 B-applicatives and I-applicatives in Atlantic languages (Niger-Congo) 749
- 23 Nilotic applicatives 783
- 24 Applicative constructions in Cushitic 835
- 25 Applicative constructions in the Northwest Caucasian languages 869
- 26 Applicative constructions in Kartvelian 913
- 27 Applicative derivations in Kiranti 943
- 28 Applicative constructions in languages of western Indonesia 971
-
Part III: Theoretical/Comparative outlook
- 29 Understanding applicatives 1007
- 30 Applicatives cross-linguistically: Features and distribution 1033
- 31 Applicative and related constructions: Results and perspectives 1045
- Language index 1077
- Subject index 1083
