27 Applicative derivations in Kiranti
-
Guillaume Jacques
Abstract
Among the languages of the Trans-Himalayan family, the Kiranti subgroup stands out in terms of the richness of its applicative morphology. Most Kiranti languages have both an inherited valency-increasing ✶-t suffix with applicative and causative functions (with cognates in the rest of the family) and innovated bipartite verb constructions with one or several applicative auxiliaries. This chapter illustrates the general properties of applicative constructions in Kiranti. It shows that both ✶-t applicatives and bipartite verbs involve a specific set of redundant stem alternations in some languages, in particular Khaling, and that one language, Hayu, has developed a specific applicative conjugation class. The applied object is generally indexed as the direct object of a monotransitive verb, but it can receive the dative marker in some languages, like Thulung. All Kiranti languages have at least one benefactive applicative construction, but we also find applied objects with the semantic roles of patient, source, stimulus and instrument.
Abstract
Among the languages of the Trans-Himalayan family, the Kiranti subgroup stands out in terms of the richness of its applicative morphology. Most Kiranti languages have both an inherited valency-increasing ✶-t suffix with applicative and causative functions (with cognates in the rest of the family) and innovated bipartite verb constructions with one or several applicative auxiliaries. This chapter illustrates the general properties of applicative constructions in Kiranti. It shows that both ✶-t applicatives and bipartite verbs involve a specific set of redundant stem alternations in some languages, in particular Khaling, and that one language, Hayu, has developed a specific applicative conjugation class. The applied object is generally indexed as the direct object of a monotransitive verb, but it can receive the dative marker in some languages, like Thulung. All Kiranti languages have at least one benefactive applicative construction, but we also find applied objects with the semantic roles of patient, source, stimulus and instrument.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter I
- Purpose and Aim of the Series V
- Contents VII
-
Part I: General chapters
- 1 Applicative constructions: An introductory overview 1
- 2 Questionnaire on applicative constructions 57
- 3 Languages examined or referred to in the present book 61
-
Part II: Case studies
-
Individual languages
- 4 Hul’q’umi’num’ Salish applicative constructions 79
- 5 Applicatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac 115
- 6 Applicatives in Toba/Qom (Guaykuruan) 143
- 7 The applicative constructions of Mapudungun 179
- 8 Applicative constructions and non-applicative uses of applicative morphology in Tswana (Bantu) 211
- 9 Applicativization in Amharic 243
- 10 Applicative constructions in Standard Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) 279
-
Areal overviews
- 11 Contact-induced diffusion of applicatives in northwestern Amazonia? 307
- 12 Applicatives in Papuan languages 347
- 13 Applicative constructions in Australian Aboriginal languages 391
- 14 Applicativizing preverbs in selected European languages 419
-
Genealogical overviews
- 15 Applicatives in Northern Uto-Aztecan languages 475
- 16 Applicative constructions in Uto-Aztecan languages from Northwestern Mexico 509
- 17 Applicative constructions in the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) languages 557
- 18 Applicatives across Algonquian 601
- 19 Applicative constructions in Mayan languages: An overview with special focus on Chontal 645
- 20 Applicative constructions in two Otomanguean families: Otomi and Zapotec 679
- 21 The polyfunctional applicative *-ɪd in Bantu languages 719
- 22 B-applicatives and I-applicatives in Atlantic languages (Niger-Congo) 749
- 23 Nilotic applicatives 783
- 24 Applicative constructions in Cushitic 835
- 25 Applicative constructions in the Northwest Caucasian languages 869
- 26 Applicative constructions in Kartvelian 913
- 27 Applicative derivations in Kiranti 943
- 28 Applicative constructions in languages of western Indonesia 971
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Part III: Theoretical/Comparative outlook
- 29 Understanding applicatives 1007
- 30 Applicatives cross-linguistically: Features and distribution 1033
- 31 Applicative and related constructions: Results and perspectives 1045
- Language index 1077
- Subject index 1083
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter I
- Purpose and Aim of the Series V
- Contents VII
-
Part I: General chapters
- 1 Applicative constructions: An introductory overview 1
- 2 Questionnaire on applicative constructions 57
- 3 Languages examined or referred to in the present book 61
-
Part II: Case studies
-
Individual languages
- 4 Hul’q’umi’num’ Salish applicative constructions 79
- 5 Applicatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac 115
- 6 Applicatives in Toba/Qom (Guaykuruan) 143
- 7 The applicative constructions of Mapudungun 179
- 8 Applicative constructions and non-applicative uses of applicative morphology in Tswana (Bantu) 211
- 9 Applicativization in Amharic 243
- 10 Applicative constructions in Standard Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) 279
-
Areal overviews
- 11 Contact-induced diffusion of applicatives in northwestern Amazonia? 307
- 12 Applicatives in Papuan languages 347
- 13 Applicative constructions in Australian Aboriginal languages 391
- 14 Applicativizing preverbs in selected European languages 419
-
Genealogical overviews
- 15 Applicatives in Northern Uto-Aztecan languages 475
- 16 Applicative constructions in Uto-Aztecan languages from Northwestern Mexico 509
- 17 Applicative constructions in the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) languages 557
- 18 Applicatives across Algonquian 601
- 19 Applicative constructions in Mayan languages: An overview with special focus on Chontal 645
- 20 Applicative constructions in two Otomanguean families: Otomi and Zapotec 679
- 21 The polyfunctional applicative *-ɪd in Bantu languages 719
- 22 B-applicatives and I-applicatives in Atlantic languages (Niger-Congo) 749
- 23 Nilotic applicatives 783
- 24 Applicative constructions in Cushitic 835
- 25 Applicative constructions in the Northwest Caucasian languages 869
- 26 Applicative constructions in Kartvelian 913
- 27 Applicative derivations in Kiranti 943
- 28 Applicative constructions in languages of western Indonesia 971
-
Part III: Theoretical/Comparative outlook
- 29 Understanding applicatives 1007
- 30 Applicatives cross-linguistically: Features and distribution 1033
- 31 Applicative and related constructions: Results and perspectives 1045
- Language index 1077
- Subject index 1083
